《形合与意合汇总.pptx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《形合与意合汇总.pptx（84页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、 Lecture Three形形 合合 与与 意意 合合（Hypotactic vs.ParatacticHypotactic vs.Paratactic）第1页/共84页所谓形合，指的是词语或分句之间用语言形式手段（如关联词）连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系。The American Heritage Dictionary 给形合定义为：“The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives,for example,I shall despair if you dont co
2、me.”英语造句主要采用形合法（hypotaxis）。第2页/共84页所谓意合，指的是词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，其中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。The World Book Dictionary给意合定义为：“The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them.Example:The rain fell;the river flooded;the house washed away.”汉语造句主要采用意合法（paratax
3、is）。第3页/共84页一、英语的形合法一、英语的形合法英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词、语、分句或从句，注重显性接应（explicit cohesion），注重句子形式，注重结构完整，注重以形显义。英语句中的连接手段和形式（cohesive ties）不仅数量大，种类多，而且用得十分频繁。第4页/共84页1.关系词和连接词。关系词包括关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词，如 who,whom,whose,that,which,what,when,where,why,how 等，用来连接主句和主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或定语从句。连接词包括并列连词和从属连词，如 and,or,but,yet
4、,so,however,as well as,(n)either(n)or 及 when,while,as,since,until,sothat,unless,lest 等，用来连接词、词组、分句或状语从句。英语造句几乎离不开这些关系词和连接词，汉语则少用甚至不用这类词。第5页/共84页1)All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell.过了一些时候，从远方传来了消
5、息：在小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。第6页/共84页2)When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect,it seems to me that there are two causes,of which one goes much deeper than the other.为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分。第7页/共84页3)It had been
6、a fine,golden autumn,a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth,and some of them their lives,before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，美好的秋色为那些青年送别。待到战后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，昔日的青年已经失去了青春，有的丧失了生命。第8页/共84页4)It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be ex
7、pressed so clearly that all who run may read,and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.(W.S.Maugham:Lucidity,Simplicity,Euphony)第9页/共84页认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达得很清楚，让任何人都能理解，这是言过其实。这样的作家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己的脑子缺乏精确思考
8、的能力。第10页/共84页5)It was what sentimentalists,who deal in very big words,call a yearning after the ideal,and simply means that women are not satisfied until they have husbands and children on whom they may centre affections,which are spent elsewhere,as it were,in small change.(W.Thackeray:Vanity Fair)第
9、11页/共84页一般情感主义者喜欢用大字眼，称之为对于理想爱情的渴望。换言之，他们认为女人的情感平时只能零星发泄，必须有了丈夫和孩子，情感收聚起来有了归宿，自己才能得到满足。第12页/共84页2.介词。介词包括简单介词（如 with,to,in,of,about,between,through）、合成介词（如 inside,onto,upon,within,without,throughout）和成语介词（如 according to,along with,apart from,because of,in front of,on behalf of,with regard to）。据G.Cur
10、me统计，英语各类介词共约286个。第13页/共84页介词是英语里最活跃的词类之一，是连接词、语或从句的重要手段。英语造句几乎离不开介词，汉语则常常不用或省略介词：第14页/共84页1)The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。第15页/共84页2)He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.他有一种令人疑虑不安的习惯：
11、一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。第16页/共84页3)This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall,with Mr.Strong in the chair.这是一次精心组织起来的会议。市政厅里济济一堂，热情洋溢，主持会议的是斯特朗先生。第17页/共84页4)Power can be transmitted over a great distance with practically negligible loss if it is carried by an electric cu
12、rrent.电流可以把动力传送到很远的地方，其消耗几乎可以忽略不计。第18页/共84页5)The present onslaught of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace of mind.当前，车辆横冲直撞，严重地威胁着城市生活，路上行人无不提心吊胆。第19页/共84页6)Change of information,if any,concerning the contents of this section will be found in the appendix at the end of
13、 this book.本节内容如有更改，均见本书末附录。第20页/共84页7)She said,with perfect truth,that“it must be delightful to have a brother,”and easily got the pity of tender-hearted Amelia,for being alone in the world,an orphan without friends or kindred.(Vanity Fair)她说道，“有个哥哥该多好啊，”这话说得入情入理。她没爹没娘，又没有亲友，真是孤苦伶仃。软心肠的阿米莉亚听了，立刻觉得她
14、可怜。第21页/共84页3.其它连接手段，如形态变化形式，包括词缀变化，动词、名词、代词、形容词和副词的形态变化（如性、数、格、时、体、语态、语气、比较级、人称等）及其保持前后一致的关系（grammatical and notional concord），广泛使用代词以保持前呼后应的关系，以及使用“it”和“there”作替补词（expletives）起连接作用等等。第22页/共84页英语常常综合运用上述的关系词、连接词、介词以及其它连接手段，把各种成分连接起来，构筑成长短句子，表达一定的语法关系和逻辑联系。第23页/共84页1)He boasts that a slave is free t
15、he moment his feet touch British soil and he sells the children of the poor at six years of age to work under the lash in the factories for sixteen hours a day.(B.Shaw:The Man of Destiny)他吹嘘说，任何奴隶一踏上英国的土地就获得自由，而他却出卖穷人家六岁的孩子到工厂干活，每天十六小时，受尽鞭打责骂。第24页/共84页2)They would have had to live the rest of their
16、lives under the stigma that they had recklessly precipitated an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war.他们恐怕免不了在有生之年要蒙受不洁之名，人们会说他们贸然采取行动，使高峰会议遭到搁浅，而且，可以设想，还可能挑起了一场核战争。第25页/共84页3)Could any spectacle,for instance,be more grimly whimsical than that o
17、f gunners using science to shatter mens bodies while,close at hand,surgeons use it to restore them?(The Personality of Man)例如，炮手用科学毁坏人体，而就在附近，外科医生则用科学使其恢复健康，还有什么比这种情景更加严酷得离奇古怪？第26页/共84页4)There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her gue
18、st so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee,the lightness of the cake,or the attractiveness of the house,which may be her chief interest and pride.(Western Manners)第27页/共84页最令女主人失望的是，她花了许多心神或费用来招待客人，可是这位客人只顾津津有味地与她的丈夫谈政治、谈生意，却没注意
19、到香喷喷的咖啡，松软的糕点，或房子里吸引人的东西，而这些却可能是她感到兴趣并引以自豪的主要所在。第28页/共84页5)Even in its blasted condition,with boards and sackings in most of the windows,with its thick dust and its bare room,with its cracked plaster and its damaged roofs,the hotel had been a new world,a breadth and dignity,full of adventure possibi
20、lities.(Betrayed Spring)第29页/共84页这家旅馆，尽管遭到破坏，窗户大多钉上了木板，并挂着粗麻布，到处是厚厚的尘土，房间空荡荡，墙上的灰泥也破裂了，屋顶也毁坏了，可总是一个宽阔而庄严的新天地，值得去探险。第30页/共84页二、汉语的意合法二、汉语的意合法汉语造句少用甚至不用形式连接手段，注重隐性连贯（implicit coherence），注重逻辑事理顺序，注重功能、意义，注重以神统形。汉语的形合手段比英语少得多：没有英语所常用的那些关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词；介词数量少，大约只有30个，而且大多是从动词“借”来的。第31页/共84页王力指出，汉语“所谓欧
21、化的介词当中，其实有大部分不是真的介词，只是靠着西文的反映，就显得它们有介词性罢了。”汉语一些介词，如“在”、“向”、“进”、“到”、“沿”、“过”、“从”、“为”、“给”、“用”、“拿”、“依”等，原均为动词。介词和连词常常可以省略，甚至不用，尤其是口语，用了反而显得多余。第32页/共84页高名凯指出，“汉人平常说话不喜欢用太多没有基本意义的虚词，只是把事情或意思排列起来，让人去了解这两个事情或两个意思之间所生的关系如何。不过这并不是说汉人说话不合逻辑，因为不加虚词，我们也知道这句话的意思。”第33页/共84页汉语没有词的形态变化，没有“it”和“there”这类替补词，代词也用得较少，总之
22、，句子不受严谨的主谓结构的约束，少用或不用关联词语，摆脱形式的束缚，“抛弃一切不必要的附属成分，只留下纯粹的思想”，直接表达现实和思维过程，重意合而不重形合，词语之间的关系常在不言之中，语法意义和逻辑联系常隐含在字里行间。第34页/共84页汉语的意合法往往还采用以下手段：1.语序。汉语的许多主从复句，虽然不用关联词，形式类似并列复句，但分句含义却有主有次。从句若前置，一般有“因为”、“如果”、“虽然”、“即使”等含义。据统计，汉语中三分之二的因果句不到必要时，不用关联词。先“因”后“果”，几乎不用“因为”，属常态；先“果”后“因”，大多用“因为”，属变态。第35页/共84页1)（因为）她不老实
23、，我不能信任她。Because she is not honest,I cant trust her.我不能信任她，因为她不老实。I cant trust her,because she is not honest.第36页/共84页2)人（若）不犯我，我（则）不犯人。We will not attack unless we are attacked.第37页/共84页3)说是说了，没有结果。（=我虽然说了，但是没有结果。）Ive made proposals,but they proved futile.第38页/共84页4)打肿脸充胖子，吃亏是自己。If you get beyond yo
24、ur depth,you will suffer.第39页/共84页5)人到事中迷，就怕没人提。When a man is lost in a labyrinth,what he needs badly is a hint.第40页/共84页6)抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解。Once the principal contradiction is grasped,all problems can be readily solved.第41页/共84页2.反复、排比、对偶、对照等。这些句式词句整齐、匀称，往往不用关联词：1)他不来，我不去。（=如果他不来，我就不去。）If he wont
25、 come here,Ill not go there.第42页/共84页2)种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。As you sow,so will you reap.第43页/共84页3)不怕慢，只怕站。Its better to move ahead slowly than just to mark time.第44页/共84页4)吃苦在前，享乐在后。Be the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts.第45页/共84页5)聪明一世，糊涂一时。Smart as a rule,but this time a fool.第46页/共84
26、页6)不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall,how can you know the sweetness of honey?第47页/共84页7)东边闪电出日头，西边闪电必有雨，南边闪电天气热，北边闪电有雷雨。If it lightens in the east,it will be sunny;if it lightens in the west,it will be rainy;if it lightens in the south,it will be sultry;if it lightens in th
27、e north,it will be stormy.第48页/共84页3.紧缩句。这类意合句式是由复句紧缩而成的。所谓“紧”，就是紧凑，是取消各分句之间的语音停顿，让它们紧紧地挨在一起；所谓“缩”，就是压缩，是略去原来分句的一些词语，让它们简约一些。这类句式简明紧凑，分句之间的语法关系和逻辑联系往往是隐含的：第49页/共84页1)有饭大家吃。（=如果有饭的话，那就让大家吃吧）Let everybody share the food if there is any.第50页/共84页2)不到黄河心不死。Until all is over,ambition never dies.第51页/共84页
28、3)狐狸再狡猾也斗不过好猎手。However sly a fox may be,it is no match for a good hunter.第52页/共84页4)狼披羊皮还是狼。A wolf remains a wolf even though it is in sheeps clothing.第53页/共84页5)问遍千家成行家。Learn from numerous advisers,and youll become a master.第54页/共84页6)上梁不正下梁歪。If the upper beam is not straight,the lower ones will go
29、 aslant.When those above behave unworthily,those below will do the same.第55页/共84页4.四字格。四字格是汉语里广为运用的语言形式。吕叔湘指出，“2+2的四音节是现代汉语里的一种重要的节奏倾向。四音节的优势特别表现在现代汉语里存在着大量四音节熟语即四字格这一事实上。”四字格往往历经锤炼，言简意赅，常常是意合法的佳作：第56页/共84页1)不进则退He who does not advance falls backward.Move forward,or youll fall behind.第57页/共84页2)酒醉智昏
30、When wine is in,wit is out.第58页/共84页3)物极必反Once a certain limit is reached,a change in the opposite direction is inevitable.第59页/共84页4)玩火自焚Whoever plays with fire will perish by fire.第60页/共84页5)欲盖弥彰The more one tries to hide,the more one is exposed.第61页/共84页6)远交近攻Befriend those far away while attacki
31、ng those nearby.第62页/共84页王力指出，“西洋语的结构好像连环，虽则环与环都联络起来，毕竟有联络的痕迹；中国语的结构好像无缝天衣，只是一块一块的硬凑，凑起来还不让它有痕迹。西洋语法是硬的，没有弹性的；中国语法是软的，富于弹性的。惟其是硬的，所以西洋语法有许多呆板的要求，如每一个clause里必须有一个主语；惟其是软的，所以中国语法只以达意为主，如初系的目的位可兼次系的主语，又如相关的两件事可以硬凑在一起，不用任何的 connective word.”第63页/共84页E.Nida也认为，英汉在语言学上最重要的一个区别就是形合和意合的不同。第64页/共84页英语注重形合，注重
32、结构、形式，常常借助各种连接手段，因而比较严谨（preciseness）；汉语注重意合，注重功能、意义，常常不用或少用连接手段，因而比较简洁（conciseness）。英译汉时，往往要先分析句子的结构、形式，才能确定句子的功能、意义；汉译英时，往往要先分析句子的功能、意义，才能确定句子的结构、形式。第65页/共84页1)A body in motion remains in motion at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force.没有外力作用，运动的物体就连续作匀速直线运动。第66
33、页/共84页2)There is no more difference,but there is just the same kind of difference,between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher who weighs out his goods in common scales and the operations o
34、f a chemist who performs a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graduated weights.(T.H.Huxley)第67页/共84页科学家的思维活动和普通人的思维活动之间存在着差别，这种差别就像一个面包师或者卖肉者和一个化验师在操作方法上的差别一样。前者用普通的秤称东西的重量，而后者则用天平和精密砝码进行艰难复杂的分析。其差别不过如此而已。第68页/共84页3)The growth of class consciousness among the workers
35、was inhibited by continued high levels of employment and rising earnings for almost 15 years,combined with the propaganda of views in the labor movement reflecting the influence of Keynesian theories about the ability of capitalism to solve permanently the problem of“boom and bust”through a“managed
36、economy”of built-in stabilizers.第69页/共84页将近十五年来，就业率一直保持高水平，工资收入不断增长。凯恩斯有一套理论，认为资本主义制度有能力通过名曰“内在稳定因素”的“国家调节经济”永远解决繁荣与萧条交替出现的问题。而劳工运动则宣传反映凯恩斯理论影响的观点。这种种因素结合在一起，就使工人阶级觉悟的提高受到阻碍。第70页/共84页4)从其交友知其为人。Tell me whom you associate with and Ill tell you who you are.第71页/共84页5)我过去所受的那些委屈和刺激，比起他来，也只是小巫见大巫，算不得什么。
37、（李六如：六十年的变迁）What little pain and adversity Ive experienced so far are simply nothing compared to what hes gone through.第72页/共84页6)我们约他做攻守同盟，本想彼此提携，有福同享，有祸同当，不料他倒先来沾我们的光了。（茅盾：子夜）When we got him to go in with us it was on the understanding that we sink or swim together,but now it turns out that he was
38、 only out to sponge on us!第73页/共84页7)再试纺，顶多忙一阵子，过了几天，还不是外甥打灯笼找舅（照旧）。（周而复：上海的早晨）And if were now going to have a check spinning itll only mean that well be busier than ever for a spell and then after a few days things will be back to what they were before.第74页/共84页三、形合、意合与文体三、形合、意合与文体英语和汉语都有形合句和意合句。一般
39、地说，英语形合句多，汉语意合句多，但其多少与文体密切相关。书面语没有口语的辅助语言手段，如表情、手势、语调等，又要表达复杂的逻辑关系，必须常常借助关联词语和其它形式手段，因而形合句比口语多。现代汉语受西方语言的影响，形合句比古代汉语多。第75页/共84页从古代汉语流传下来的大量成语、谚语，大多匀称对偶，节奏铿锵，琅琅上口，言简意赅，至今仍为汉语意合句的重要组成部分。现代庄重文体、科技文体和论述文体较多采用形合句，以表达清晰的逻辑关系和复杂的思想内容。第76页/共84页意合法在汉语里属“常态”，在英语里属“变态”。这类“变态”常见于一些简练的谚语、表达复合句内容的简单句，以及表达状语从句意义的定
40、语从句。第77页/共84页1)Man proposes,God disposes.谋事在人，成事在天。第78页/共84页2)The best shortcut would still take five hours.（即使）抄近路也要五小时。第79页/共84页3)A successful old age is easiest for those who have strong impersonal interest involving appropriate activities.(Bertrand Russell)如果老年人对个人以外的事情怀有强烈的兴趣，并参加适当的活动，他们的晚年是最容易过得好的。第80页/共84页4)不打不相识。Out of blows friendship grows.No discord,no concord.第81页/共84页5)敌进我退，敌驻我扰，敌疲我打，敌退我追。The enemy advances,we retreat;the enemy camps,we harass;the enemy tires,we attack;the enemy retreats,we pursue.第82页/共84页本单元结束本单元结束第83页/共84页感谢您的观看！第84页/共84页