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1、1.1.必须具备的阅读能力必须具备的阅读能力词汇和语法知识是阅读必备基础,还要具备运用语言知识和数学知识的能力,包括:(1)根据上下文确定或猜测词义(2)正确理解句与句、段与段的逻辑关系(3)对数学内容做必要的、基本的逻辑推理(4)归纳段落大意和全文主题。第1页/共29页2.2.提高阅读能力的训练提高阅读能力的训练练好英语基本功,逐步扩大常用数学单词和词组的识记和使用范围。多读多练,在阅读中总结提高。努力掌握正确的阅读方法。(1)以意群为单位阅读;(2)既要会精读,又要学会泛读和查阅;(3)三个步骤,即先粗、后细、再加深。第2页/共29页先粗:尽快抓住主旨和大意。可以抓住大小标题、关键词,根据
2、已有专业知识来理解并做大体估计。后细:进一步阐述主旨论据的具体事实和细节;根据英语知识做句子的语法分析,按上下文的数学内容判断词义,辨明意群与句子的意思及它们之间的关系。再加深:抓住长句主要成分,适当分解,弄清意群的含义与相互关系,综合成全句的意思。尽可能深刻理解作者的观点、意图,准确了解全文的意义。第3页/共29页三、专业英语翻译的要求三、专业英语翻译的要求准确:忠实于原文通顺且符合专业规范:习语选用的当,意义明确,句子流畅,简练易懂。译出原文风格:较高要求。为达到要求,须把直译和意译相结合。直译就是在译文语言条件许可时,保留原文内容和形式。由于民族语言差异,原文思想内容与译文的 表达方式有
3、矛盾而不直译时就要意译,即 按原文意思解释,但不拘泥原文形式。第4页/共29页翻译三大忌:(1)误解、添加或遗漏;(2)逐词死译,勉强凑合;(3)文句不符合表达习惯和专业规范。实际应用中,直译省事,但往往要结合意译来吧原文意思表达清楚。例例 日常会话中的“Take your time!”Take your time!”不可直译为“拿走你的时间。”(慢慢来,不着急)“A A takes its value 3.”takes its value 3.”中“take”take”不可译成“拿”,“take value”take value”意思是“取值”。第5页/共29页例 “Long ago,whe
4、n people had to count many things,they matched them against their fingers.”中“match sth.aginst sb.”指“和某人比赛某种技术或别的东西”,但此处应译为“匹配”。译文:远古时,当人们数东西时,就得在那些东西和自己的手指之间进行配对。第6页/共29页例 “To be more accurate,we must measure what fractional part of the book the desk exceeds 5 book-lengths.”这句话要意译:为了得到更准确的值,我们要测量出课桌
5、超过5倍书长的部分是(那本)书的几分之一。第7页/共29页四、专业英语翻译的基本方法四、专业英语翻译的基本方法1.翻译的步骤正确理解原文,恰当表达成中文,认真校对2.长句翻译的实例分析*一般说来,短的句子的句型和成分相对简单,单词之间的关系较容易搞清楚,难点在于理解和翻译中对词义必要的转换和引申。*翻译长句的一般程序是“总-分-总”。第8页/共29页例 The use of The use of logarithms(logarithms(对数)has decreasedhas decreased the labour of computing to the labour of computi
6、ng to suchsuch an extent an extent thatthat many calculations,many calculations,whichwhich would require hours would require hours without the use of logarithms,can be performed without the use of logarithms,can be performed with their aidwith their aid in a small fraction of that in a small fractio
7、n of that timetime.这是一个主从复合句。(1)抓住主句,了解大意:对数的应用在一定程度上减少了计算的劳动量。(2)抓住从句来理清出从关系:进一步说明计算量减少产生的结果。(3)逐步细化:thatthat从句中,with their aid with their aid 是条件,in a small fraction of that timein a small fraction of that time表示时间范围;whichwhich引导的定语从句用虚拟语气说明对calculationscalculations的假定(without the use of logarithm
8、s,can(without the use of logarithms,can 是条件);fractionfraction在“a small fraction of that time”a small fraction of that time”不直译为分数(部分)第9页/共29页The use of logarithms has decreased the labour of computing to such The use of logarithms has decreased the labour of computing to such an extent that many cal
9、culations,which would require hours without an extent that many calculations,which would require hours without the use of logarithms,can be performed with their aid in a small the use of logarithms,can be performed with their aid in a small fraction of that time.fraction of that time.最后翻译:对数的使用把计算的劳
10、动量减少到这样的程度,即许多计算当未采用对数时需消耗数个小时,而现在由于借助对数只要用原来的很少一部分的时间就能完成。第10页/共29页3.3.翻译中的若干技巧翻译中的若干技巧1 1)词义的选择 英语常一词多义,特别是半专业术语要对照上下文和全句选择意思。例例 Energy is the power to do work.Energy is the power to do work.(能是指做功的能力。)The logarithm of a given number is the power to The logarithm of a given number is the power to
11、which another number,called the base,must be raised which another number,called the base,must be raised in order to equal the number.in order to equal the number.(一个已知数的对数是另一个为底的数为了等于该已知数而必须自乘的幂次。)第11页/共29页同一个词有时在同一句子不同处出现,有时译成两个概念。例例 Equations are two kinds identities and equations of Equations are
12、 two kinds identities and equations of conditions,the latter is called equations for short.conditions,the latter is called equations for short.(译文:等式分为两类恒等式和条件等式,后者简称为方程。)如果第一个equationsequations译成方程,那么恒等式就变成了方程中的子类,与数学知识违背。第12页/共29页(2 2)词义的引申 据上下文联系和逻辑关系,将词义做必要的引申例例 Two and three make five.Two and t
13、hree make five.(译文:2 2加3 3等于5 5。),makemake:制造等于。例例 Year after year and century after Year after year and century after century the moon goes through its cycles century the moon goes through its cycles of changes.of changes.(译文:月亮的盈亏变化,一年又一年,一世纪又一世纪,周而复始。)其中的“盈亏变化”、“周而复始”都采用中国的传统说法。第13页/共29页(3)词语的增减
14、依据汉语习惯和数学专业规范对原文词语适当增删例例 An arithmetic or an algebra identity is An arithmetic or an algebra identity is an equation.an equation.(译文:算数和代数的恒等式都是等式。)a a和anan未译出,oror译为“和”,相应加上“都”。例例 The formulas differ only in the signs The formulas differ only in the signs preceding their left numbers.preceding thei
15、r left numbers.(译文:这两个式子的不同之处仅在于它们左边大的数前面的符号之差异。)“两个”是根据上下文推理出来的,“之差异”是根据中文习惯添加的。词的添加的一个重要理由是需要重复译出。第14页/共29页英语并列句中,后面一句的有些成分与前一句相同时,相同成分可以省略。复合句从句中于主句相同的成分也可以省略。译成汉语时,省略的重复成分常重复译出。例 After checking,we see-3 satisfies the original After checking,we see-3 satisfies the original equation,but 3 does not
16、.equation,but 3 does not.(译文:经检验得知,-3-3满足原方程,但3 3不满足原方程。)根据上下文补译省略的“satisfies the original equation”satisfies the original equation”。第15页/共29页(4 4)词序的变动 自然语序的英语陈述句依次译出。倒序的英语句子汉译常按自然语序译出。例例 Such is the case.Such is the case.(译文:情况就是这样的。)英语的短语或从句作定语一般后置(中心词之后),汉语的定语一般前置。英语中有些单个分词或形容词作定语也常后置,翻译可根据情况前置或
17、后置,但ableable、ibleible结尾的形容词通常译成前置。例例 The square root of a negative number is The square root of a negative number is a pure imaginary.a pure imaginary.(译文:负数的平方根是纯虚数。)“of a negative number”of a negative number”是“The The square root”square root”的定语。第16页/共29页例例 An equilateral triangle is one with all
18、its An equilateral triangle is one with all its sides equal.(sides equal.(译文:各边都相等的三角形叫做等边三角形。等边三角形是各边都相等的三角形。)“with all its sides equal”“with all its sides equal”修饰“one”one”。例例 Something new(Something new(某种新东西)、the element known(the element known(已知的元素)、the conclusion required(the conclusion requi
19、red(所需要的结论)例例 The values of the constructed function should The values of the constructed function should not exceed the maximum permissible.not exceed the maximum permissible.(译文:构造的函数的值不应超过所允许的最大数值。)例例 The function differentiable on a,b is The function differentiable on a,b is continuous.continuou
20、s.(译文:在a,ba,b上可微的函数连续。)第17页/共29页(5)词性的转换 由于英汉语言在表达习惯和结构上差别大,有时须把此类作适当的转换。例例 Applied mathematics aims at achieving Applied mathematics aims at achieving the optimization.the optimization.(译文:应用数学的目的是达到最优化)aimsaims译成名词例例 The application of computers makes for The application of computers makes for a t
21、remendous rise in calculation speed.a tremendous rise in calculation speed.(译文:使用计算机可以大大提高计算速度。)“application”application”和“rise”rise”都译成动词。第18页/共29页例例 Rational number can be represented by the quotient of two integers,which is Rational number can be represented by the quotient of two integers,which
22、is different from irrational one.different from irrational one.(译文:有理数可以表示成两个整数的商,这是它与无理数的区别。)“different”different”译成名词。例例 This strait line is perpendicular to the known plane.This strait line is perpendicular to the known plane.(译文:这条直线垂直于已知平面。)“perpendicular”perpendicular”译成动词。第19页/共29页(6)句子成分的转换
23、汉译为了符合汉语习惯和专业要求,可将英语句中的一些成分译成汉语句中其他成分。例例 The same signs and symbols of mathematics are used The same signs and symbols of mathematics are used throughout the world.throughout the world.(译文:全世界都使用同样的数学记号和符号。)地点状语译成主语。另外,“there be”there be”也常如此。例例 The statement of the Gauss thereom is as follows.The s
24、tatement of the Gauss thereom is as follows.(译文:高斯定理叙述如下。)主语译成谓语。词性转换时也常把句子成分 作转换。第20页/共29页7)语态与人称的改变根据需要,可以把被动语态译成主动语态或反过来。例例 Recently,The International conference of Recently,The International conference of Mathematicians 2002 was held in Beijing.Mathematicians 2002 was held in Beijing.(译文:最近,北京举办
25、了20022002年国际数学家大会。)译为主动语态,地点状语作主语。例例 We call a triangle an obtuse triangle when one We call a triangle an obtuse triangle when one angle is obtuse angle.angle is obtuse angle.(译文:有一个角为钝角的三角形被称为钝角三角形。)译为被动语态,条件从句译成定语。例例 A great deal of practical problems can be A great deal of practical problems can
26、be solved with the differential equations.solved with the differential equations.(译文:使用微分方程,人们可以解决大量的实际问题。)第21页/共29页无人称语句“It”It”可照样译成无人称句,必要时可用“人们”、“有人”、“我们”等词译成人称句。“It”It”作形式主语事可译成无人称句;必要时可译成人称句,采用主语的逻辑主语;无逻辑主语可据需要补上“人们”、“有人”、“我们”等。第22页/共29页例例 It should be noted that equations(1)It should be noted
27、that equations(1)and(2)are merely two different ways of and(2)are merely two different ways of expressing precisely the same expressing precisely the same relations.relations.(译文:应当指出,方程(1 1)和(2 2)仅是同一关系的两种不同表达方式而已。例例 It is necessary for college students to It is necessary for college students to un
28、derstand the basic concepts of set understand the basic concepts of set theory.theory.(译文:大学生有必要了解集合论的基本概念。逻辑主语college studentscollege students译成主语。例例 It was found that the demension of a It was found that the demension of a fractal might be not an integer.fractal might be not an integer.(译文:人们发现,分形
29、的 维数可以不是整数。第23页/共29页(8)数量表达方式的变更 英语中数量的增减和倍数的表达方式有多处和汉语不同,翻译时要相应调整和更动。例例 This year the output of our city has increased This year the output of our city has increased by three times as compared with that of 2009.by three times as compared with that of 2009.(译文:今年我市的产值比20092009年增加3 3倍。)在“increaseincr
30、ease(bebe,go upgo up)by by 数字或倍数”中,byby后面是净增加数和倍数,此处照译不改。例例 This year the output of ourThis year the output of our city has increased three times city has increased three times as compared with that of 2009.as compared with that of 2009.(译文:今年我市的产值比20092009年增 加2 2倍。)少一个“by”by”时净增的倍数减1 1。第24页/共29页例例
31、The cost of MP4 decreasd by 60%.The cost of MP4 decreasd by 60%.(译文:MP4MP4的成本降低了60%60%。)在“decrease(fall,drop,decrease(fall,drop,lower)by lower)by 数字”中 byby后面的数量是纯减少的量,所以照译不改。例例 The cost of MP4 decreasd to 60%.The cost of MP4 decreasd to 60%.(译文:MP4MP4的成本降到了原来的40%40%。)在“decrease(fall,decrease(fall,dr
32、op,lower)to drop,lower)to 数字”中 toto表示“到”,常译为“降到(减少到)”。例例 With a new algorithm the computing time of the With a new algorithm the computing time of the problem is shorted three times.problem is shorted three times.(译文:采用 新的算法,该问题的计算时间缩短到原来的三分 之一。)英语中减少的是倍数时,汉译要换 成分数或百分数,即把去倍数n n的倒数表示减少后的结果,译成“减少到原来的
33、n n分之一”。第25页/共29页附:附:人名的翻译人名的翻译外国的数学家名字有时以本国文字出现,通常是拉丁文语系(包括英语)的国家的数学家,如Newton(Newton(牛顿,英)、Cauchy(Cauchy(柯西,法),Hilbert(Hilbert(希尔伯特,德)等;有时按读音翻译成英文,如Urysohn(Urysohn(乌雷松,俄文音译)。译成中文均用音译。音译的不同译法(如,哥西vsvs柯西)会带来混乱。第26页/共29页现在国内翻译英文文献是基本上采用如下方法:(1)著名数学家的名字按数学辞典或中国大百科全书数学卷的规定统一译法;(2)其他数学家的名字一般不译出,即把姓名原文抄录在
34、译文中,姓的部分全写,名的部分可缩写,要译出时在译名后加括号注明原文;(3)在同一篇译文中数学家的名字要么全部不予译出,要么全部译出且对其中不大为人知的,特别是不在大百科全书数学卷中出现的名字后加括号注上原文。第27页/共29页例 David Hilbert posed 23 mathematics problems in 1900.David Hilbert posed 23 mathematics problems in 1900.三种译法(1 1)19001900年大卫希尔伯特提出2323个数学问题。(著名数学家,不用加括号注上原文)(2 2)19001900年David HilbertDavid Hilbert提出2323个数学问题。(3 3)19001900年D.HilbertD.Hilbert提出2323个数学问题。第28页/共29页感谢您的观看。第29页/共29页