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1、会计学1浅谈小学英语测试命题技术浅谈小学英语测试命题技术测试的性质测试的性质n n公平公正n n练习题不等于测试题n n评价是教学的一个环节n n测试题目要有教育意义，但主要是评价意义n n评价学生会了什么，能做什么n n评价对教学的反拨作用考察？考查？第1页/共73页The three periodsThe three periods 测试的三个阶段测试的三个阶段测试的三个阶段测试的三个阶段1设计阶段 Design2编制阶段 Operationalization3 执行（实实施）施）阶段 Administration 第2页/共73页The first period:Design 设计阶段设
2、计阶段n nWhat do you want to test?What do you want to test?测量什么？测量什么？n nWhat are your testing objectives?What are your testing objectives?测试的目的测试的目的测试的目的测试的目的?n nHow many items can you involve in the test?How many items can you involve in the test?你认为哪些方面是需要你认为哪些方面是需要你认为哪些方面是需要你认为哪些方面是需要测量的？测量的？测量的？测量的
3、？n nHow do you want to balance your items?How do you want to balance your items?你计划如何分布各个领域你计划如何分布各个领域的权重？你计划如何赋分？的权重？你计划如何赋分？n nWhat is your construct validity?What is your construct validity?你如何体现你的构想效度？你如何体现你的构想效度？n nWhat is the impact on your students?What is the impact on your students?n nHow m
4、any students are to involve in the test?How many students are to involve in the test?第3页/共73页编制阶段编制阶段Operationalizationn nWriting the test blueprintWriting the test blueprint编制测试蓝图编制测试蓝图编制测试蓝图编制测试蓝图n nForming the structure of the testForming the structure of the test确定确定确定确定试试试试卷卷卷卷结结结结构构构构n nDesign
5、ing the tasks Designing the tasks 设计设计设计设计大大大大题题题题n nWriting the itemsWriting the items设计设计设计设计小小小小题题题题n nRevising and constructing the whole testRevising and constructing the whole test整合整合整合整合试试试试卷卷卷卷n nScoringScoring赋赋赋赋分分分分n nEditing Editing 编辑编辑编辑编辑、修、修、修、修订订订订第4页/共73页1编制测试蓝图编制测试蓝图A.A.试卷结构试卷结构试
6、卷结构试卷结构 (Test Structure)(Test Structure)(1)(1)试题数量试题数量Number of parts and tasksNumber of parts and tasks(2)(2)试题重点试题重点Salience of parts and tasksSalience of parts and tasks(3)(3)试题顺序试题顺序 Sequence of parts and tasks Sequence of parts and tasks(4)(4)试题之间的相关性试题之间的相关性 Relative importance of parts Relati
7、ve importance of parts and tasks and tasks(5)(5)试题中小题的数量试题中小题的数量 Number of tasks per partNumber of tasks per part（6 6）试试试试卷形式卷形式卷形式卷形式The format of the test The format of the test（7 7）页码页码页码页码数数数数量量量量The number of pagesThe number of pages（8 8）试试试试卷的大小卷的大小卷的大小卷的大小The size of the test bookThe size of
8、the test book第5页/共73页B.试卷的具体特点试卷的具体特点Featuresn n目的目的 PurposePurposen n构想的界定构想的界定Definition of constructionDefinition of constructionn n施测的条件与环境施测的条件与环境SettingSettingn n时间分配时间分配Time allotmentTime allotmentn n指导语指导语InstructionInstructionn n语言输入的特点语言输入的特点Characteristics of InputCharacteristics of Input
9、n n预期学生反馈的特点预期学生反馈的特点Characteristicsof expected Characteristicsof expected responsesresponsesn n计分方法计分方法Scoring methodScoring method第6页/共73页2.搭建试卷框架搭建试卷框架n n(1)试卷由几个部分(Parts)组成 n n(2)部分由几个大题(Tasks)组成 n n(3)大题由几个小题(Items)组成 n n(4)题型及其测试功能 n n(5)知识目标分布 n n(6)技能目标分布 n n(7)综合应用目标分布 第7页/共73页形式指标形式指标n n1
10、1）文本的大小）文本的大小n n2 2）文本成分（如试题，附表，附加题）文本成分（如试题，附表，附加题）n n3 3）非文本形式（录音，录像等）非文本形式（录音，录像等）n n4 4）版式）版式n n5 5）语言的形式）语言的形式n n -书面的测试输入信息书面的测试输入信息 -录音的测试输录音的测试输入信息入信息n n -指导语的语种指导语的语种 -指导语的年龄关照指导语的年龄关照n n -指导语的明确程度指导语的明确程度n n6 6）图文的配合）图文的配合第8页/共73页3.编写试题编写试题n n(1)选择素材(即原始语料)(2)对应题型 n n(3)改写素材 (4)编写试题 n n(5)
11、调整难度 (6)修改试题 n n(7)整体平衡(各大题难度，内容分布等)n n(8)版式设计(文字，图表，图画，注解)n n(9)撰写绘图说明或提供草图 n n(10)校对(含校对图表和图画)n n(11)定第一稿 第9页/共73页4.整合试卷整合试卷(1)全面评价构想效度(2)局部调整(3)做题思路检验(试做试题)(4)发现问题(5)局部改写(6)局部更换(在成稿后，此步往往被忽略)(7)完成试卷(8)制备附件(录音稿，答案)第10页/共73页5.细化赋分系统细化赋分系统n n(1)总分 n n(2)大题分值及整体权重 n n(3)小题分值 n n(4)高分值的细分 n n(5)不可细分的高
12、分值限度(如写话总分的控制)n n(6)最小分值(避免0.5分)n n(7)细化赋分与试题总量的关系 第11页/共73页试题命制的基本原则试题命制的基本原则n n试题命制的基本程序试题命制的基本程序n n试题命制的基本要求试题命制的基本要求第12页/共73页试题命制的基本程序试题命制的基本程序1 1确定全卷的难度和考点确定全卷的难度和考点2 2根据考点编写确定题干和选项根据考点编写确定题干和选项3 3写选项（以受试者环绕本题的考写选项（以受试者环绕本题的考 点可能会产生的反应为依据）点可能会产生的反应为依据）4 4修整题干和选项（简洁、排列）修整题干和选项（简洁、排列）5 5调整全卷的难度和答
13、案的分布调整全卷的难度和答案的分布第13页/共73页Elements of multiple choice 1）多项选择题的结构）多项选择题的结构 Look!Nancy is _ a kite in the park.A.fly B.flies C.flying Stem题干题干Options选项选项Distractor干扰项The key答案答案第14页/共73页2）题干设计）题干设计 -语境设置：图画、图表、语段-要素分析（语言、逻辑、语用）-测试点:一题一个 -题干调整：简洁，不给暗示第15页/共73页 situational and meaning.situational and me
14、aning.(题干调整题干调整题干调整题干调整)Look!Nancy is _ a kite in the park.Look!Nancy is _ a kite in the park.A.flyA.flyB.flies C.flying B.flies C.flying Look!Nancy _ a kite in the park.Look!Nancy _ a kite in the park.A.flyA.flyB.flies C.is flyingB.flies C.is flying _ is it?Its my mothers._ is it?Its my mothers.A.W
15、hatA.WhatB.WhoB.Who C.Whose C.Whose_ it?Its my mothers._ it?Its my mothers.A.WhatsA.WhatsB.WhosB.Whos C.C.Whose isWhose is第16页/共73页题干中可能重复出现的单词不要出现在选项中题干中可能重复出现的单词不要出现在选项中题干中可能重复出现的单词不要出现在选项中题干中可能重复出现的单词不要出现在选项中Whats the matter with him?A.His arm hurts B.His shoulder hurts C.His finger hurtsWhats th
16、e matter with him?His _ hurts.A.arm B.shoulder C.fingerPicture 1第17页/共73页题干中应避免泄露答案题干中应避免泄露答案n nLook!The monkey has a long _.Look!The monkey has a long _.A.short A.short B.tail B.tail C.leg C.legn n在编写试题时，除了避免试题本身泄露答案以外，在编写试题时，除了避免试题本身泄露答案以外，还应注意一套试题中前后是否泄露前后题答案之处还应注意一套试题中前后是否泄露前后题答案之处第18页/共73页避免暗示或
17、错误答案避免暗示或错误答案1.The car is _ than that one.A.bigB.more bigC.bigerD.bigger2.They are _ the floor.A.sweep B.sweeping C.sweeps D.sweepping第19页/共73页选项要简洁选项要简洁Where is Ann going?A.She is going to the zoo.B.She is going to the park.C.She is going to the museum.Listening 第20页/共73页试题命制的基本要求试题命制的基本要求1 1语言正确、地
18、道、得体、简洁语言正确、地道、得体、简洁 语言测试以何为纲？语言测试以何为纲？意义（信息），还是形式（语码）？意义（信息），还是形式（语码）？2 2避免由于文化等造成的偏颇性避免由于文化等造成的偏颇性3 3考点明确考点明确4 4 避免出诡题（避免出诡题（tricky itemstricky items）5 5 避免透露答案线索避免透露答案线索 第21页/共73页避免由于文化等造成的偏颇性避免由于文化等造成的偏颇性 Its one of the biggest cities in America.A.New York B.Beijing C.Toronto第22页/共73页情景与语言的得体情景与
19、语言的得体周末妈妈要带你去溜冰,在商场买溜冰鞋时,售货员问你A.How big are your feet?B.How tall are you?C.How big are your hands?第23页/共73页情景与语言的得体情景与语言的得体When you are doing shopping for skating,the sales girl asks：A.Whats the size of your shoes?B.Where did you get the coat?C.How big are your bags?第24页/共73页考点明确考点明确n n考点应属于本大题的测试领域
20、考点应属于本大题的测试领域考点应属于本大题的测试领域考点应属于本大题的测试领域 n n立足于每题只考一个考点，或考能够糅合为立足于每题只考一个考点，或考能够糅合为立足于每题只考一个考点，或考能够糅合为立足于每题只考一个考点，或考能够糅合为一的多个考点（考点因素），但必须避免牵一的多个考点（考点因素），但必须避免牵一的多个考点（考点因素），但必须避免牵一的多个考点（考点因素），但必须避免牵扯不相关、互相干扰的考点扯不相关、互相干扰的考点扯不相关、互相干扰的考点扯不相关、互相干扰的考点n n每题无论是一个或几个考点，但考点必须明每题无论是一个或几个考点，但考点必须明每题无论是一个或几个考点，但考点
21、必须明每题无论是一个或几个考点，但考点必须明确确确确第25页/共73页 Lucy _ to school by bus._mother Lucy _ to school by bus._mother goes to work on foot.goes to work on foot.A.goes,His B.goes,Her C.is going,SheA.goes,His B.goes,Her C.is going,Shen nLucy goes to school by bus，and _ mother goes to work on foot.A.his B.her C.theirn n
22、Lucy _ to school by bus,but her mother goes to work on foot.A.goes B.go C.is going第26页/共73页考点？考点？Jack Jack s uncle is _astronaut._ is 40.s uncle is _astronaut._ is 40.A.a,She B.the,She C.an,He A.a,She B.the,She C.an,HeWe _ be good to wild animals.We _ hunt them.We _ be good to wild animals.We _ hunt
23、 them.A.shouldnA.shouldn t t should should B.shouldB.should shouldn shouldn t t C.should C.should should should第27页/共73页答案的唯一答案的唯一Do you have _water?Yes,I do.A.some B.any C.a-Do you have _water?-Yes,I do.A.some/any B.little C.few第28页/共73页干扰项的命制干扰项的命制（MCMC）n n选择项不能互相牵连、覆盖n n选择项尽可能一致（长短、结构、类属、难度）第29页/
24、共73页选择项的一致选择项的一致3.How do Chinese people celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival?A.They have a big dinner with their family,enjoy the moon and the moon cakes and tell the story of Change.B.Give thanks to God.C.People eat turkey and pumpkin pies.第30页/共73页Listen and chooseListen and choose（根据录音选择正确答案，读三遍）（根据
25、录音选择正确答案，读三遍）1.After you play some sport,you feel_.1.After you play some sport,you feel_.A.A.thirsty thirsty B.hungry B.hungry C.tiredC.tired2.So you want to _.2.So you want to _.A.A.have a meal have a meal B.B.drink some water or drink some water or juicejuice C.have a restC.have a rest3.Anything c
26、old is _for your stomach.3.Anything cold is _for your stomach.A.good A.good B.warm B.warm C.C.badbad4.If you are ill,your parents will _you.4.If you are ill,your parents will _you.A.A.worry aboutworry about B.talk to B.talk to C.look C.look at at5.If you are ill,you can5.If you are ill,you can t _.t
27、 _.A.A.go to schoolgo to school B.B.play outsideplay outside C.A and B C.A and BA or B选项的牵连、覆盖、穿帮第31页/共73页选项排列方式要适当选项排列方式要适当n nA.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.n n A.C.A.B.A.C.A.B.B.D.C.D.B.D.C.D.n nA.A.B.B.C.C.D.D.第32页/共73页4）设计失误分析）设计失误分析n n-题干无语境n n-题干过短，题支过长n n-随意干扰n n-干扰性过弱n n-各干扰项的内容交叉：无法选n n-选项长度失衡n n-题干包含多余信息
28、第33页/共73页不同题型试题的命制不同题型试题的命制n n试题的指示语n n听力理解试题n n语言知识考查试题n n阅读理解试题n n书面表达试题第34页/共73页试题的指示语试题的指示语n n听力部分听力部分n n笔试部分笔试部分n听力部分听力部分n语言知识部分语言知识部分n语言综合运用部分语言综合运用部分第35页/共73页试题的指示语试题的指示语n n看图听短文，想一想大家在做什么，将人物与事情用线条连接。短文读三遍。n nListen and choose(听对话，想一想对话中人物谈论了什么事情，根据问句选择相应的答语，将标号填写在括号内。每段对话读三遍。)简洁、明晰简洁、明晰第36页
29、/共73页试题的指示语试题的指示语n n看图听短文，想一想大家在做什么，将人物与事情用线条连接。短文读三遍。n n看图听独白，将人物与事情连线。短文读三遍。简洁、明晰简洁、明晰第37页/共73页试题的指示语试题的指示语n nListen and choose(Listen and choose(听对话，想一想对话中听对话，想一想对话中人物谈论了什么事情，根据问句选择相应的人物谈论了什么事情，根据问句选择相应的答语，将标号填写在括号内。每段对话读三答语，将标号填写在括号内。每段对话读三遍。遍。)n n听对话回答问题。每段对话读三遍。听对话回答问题。每段对话读三遍。将答案的标号填写在括号内将答案的
30、标号填写在括号内 简洁、明晰简洁、明晰第38页/共73页试题的指示语试题的指示语 听短文，根据短文内容选择正确答案。短文读三遍。()1.Name A.JohnB.JackC.Joe()2.Age A.8B.9C.10明晰？明晰？听5段对话，回答5个问题听第二段对话，回答2、3题。第39页/共73页试题的指示语试题的指示语将左右两边相关联的词用线连接起来。visit the flowers cook the violin play the phone water dinner answer grandparents A组B组第40页/共73页试题的指示语试题的指示语将A、B栏中的动词与名词搭配连
31、线。A B visit the flowers cook the violin play the phone water dinner answer grandparents 第41页/共73页试题的指示语试题的指示语nameagefavorite foodHow many brothers does she have?What do they often do after school?play一致性一致性第42页/共73页试题的指示语试题的指示语nameagefavorite foodHow many brothersAfter school activitiesplayNameAgeFa
32、vorite一致性一致性第43页/共73页Listen and number(Listen and number(根据你听到的单词为下面根据你听到的单词为下面的的图标出顺序号，读两遍图标出顺序号，读两遍10%)10%)明确？第44页/共73页听力理解试题听力理解试题n n选材的多样化与语言的真实性n n设计在倾听中能够解决的问题n n听力理解试题的难度与区分度设计第45页/共73页听力理解微技能听力理解微技能n n理解主旨和要义n n获取具体的、事实性的信息n n对所听内容作出判断n n理解说话者的意图、观点和态度第46页/共73页听力理解试题听力理解试题n n边听边选n n听后答题n n听后
33、做事n n边听边记笔记第47页/共73页直接性还是间接性的考直接性还是间接性的考题？题？一判断下列单词的划线部分的发音是否相同，把与其它三个不同的字母代号填在括号里。(每题1分，共5分)()1.A.name B.take C.same D.map()2.A.word B.short C.world D.workWhen?Why?第48页/共73页设计不同层面的问题设计不同层面的问题Where is the man?A.He is in a restaurant.B.He is in a hospital.C.He is in a shop.第49页/共73页设计不同层面的问题设计不同层面的问题
34、n nWhere is the man?A.In a restaurant.B.In a hospital.C.Is in a shop.n nWhat are they talking about?n nWhat are they going to do next?第50页/共73页 Look at this boy.He is from England.And he Look at this boy.He is from England.And he lives in London.His name is lives in London.His name is TomTom and he
35、is and he is 1212 years old.Tom is an active boy.He years old.Tom is an active boy.He is crazy is crazy aboutabout basketballbasketball and he can play it very well.and he can play it very well.Sometimes he plays basketball with Sometimes he plays basketball with HappyHappy his his pet dogpet dog.To
36、m.Tom s favourite colour iss favourite colour is blue blue.So he always wears a blue T-shirt or blue jeans.So he always wears a blue T-shirt or blue jeans.He wants to make new friends with Chinese He wants to make new friends with Chinese children.You can write e-mail to him.This is children.You can
37、 write e-mail to him.This is his e-mail address:his e-mail address:.NameAgeHobbyPet animalFavorite colorE-mail addressHappy*2 第51页/共73页Spot dictation Mr.Green is our _ teacher.He is from America.Hes _.Hes over thirty years old.He likes_ very much.After _ he often plays it with us.He is _.He usually
38、tells us stories in class.He can speak a little _.We like him very much.第52页/共73页Spot dictation Mr.Green is our English teacher.He is from America.Hes tall.Hes over thirty years old.He likes football very much.After class he often plays it with us.He is funny.He usually tells us stories in class.He
39、can speak a little Chinese.We like him very much.第53页/共73页语言知识考查试题语言知识考查试题n n测什么？测什么？知道知道 理解理解 应用应用“人们日常说的、写的人们日常说的、写的英语语法英语语法”“有意义的、真实的语有意义的、真实的语法法”“产出性的语法产出性的语法”第54页/共73页语言知识考查试题语言知识考查试题n n如何测？如何测？不是再现语法知识，而是不是再现语法知识，而是考查考生是否理解和运用考查考生是否理解和运用在特定的社会交际情境中在特定的社会交际情境中说话人所要运用语言和所说话人所要运用语言和所要表达的意义、态度等。要表
40、达的意义、态度等。第55页/共73页学会了，能做什么？学会了，能做什么？读单词，将单词根据字典中的读单词，将单词根据字典中的顺序，用数顺序，用数字排列出来。字排列出来。pipe，hole,fire,visit,animal ()()()()()第56页/共73页Banked MCA.Good morning!B.Can you tell me the way to the post office?C.Can I take your order,please?D.Can I help you?E.Whos that?A:Hello.B:Hello.May I speak to Lucy?A:Th
41、is is Lucy speaking._B:Its Sam here.五组对话五组对话第57页/共73页1.This _ is fat.1.This _ is fat.2.He has to _.2.He has to _.3.The ball is _the chair.3.The ball is _the chair.4.I have a pink _.4.I have a pink _.5.She has to_.5.She has to_.6.He is _.6.He is _.7.She is a _.7.She is a _.8.I have to _.8.I have to _
42、.A.walk the dog B.make his bed C.dress D.teacher E.swimming F.panda G.under H.feed the fish 学会了什么？能做什么？考点？第58页/共73页答案的惟一？答案的惟一？-What is your favorite subject?Why?-_A.English.Its the most interesting subject.B.Science.Its the most difficult subject.第59页/共73页阅读理解试题阅读理解试题选材n n阅读量的要求n n语篇质的要求n n语言和文体的要求
43、n n内容要求可读性信息可读性信息第60页/共73页阅读理解试题阅读理解试题试题命制n n考点的以信息为目标n n以未知信息为考点n n探问多种层次，多种范畴的信息生词标注原则第61页/共73页阅读理解微技能阅读理解微技能n n理解主旨和要义n n理解文中具体信息n n根据上下文推断生词的词义n n作出判断和推理n n理解文章的基本结构n n理解作者的意图、观点和态度试题示例第62页/共73页True-false items是非题（是非题（1）背景信息的设置）背景信息的设置听觉信息听觉信息 n n足够的事实 n n具体事实之间的细微差异 n n时间和空间的信息 n n参与人的信息 n n情景的
44、具体要素 n n听时可能发生的误解 第63页/共73页文字信息文字信息n n信息分布 n n单位信息的异同 n n语言表述的差异 n n深层信息 第64页/共73页图表设置图表设置 n n信息的有序安排 n n重要信息和次要信息的比例 n n图表中的语言形式 图画信息图画信息 n n信息分布 n n图画中不同类型的信息 n n构图要素 n n文字与图画的关系与整合第65页/共73页(2)是非陈述的设计是非陈述的设计n n语言正误判断 n n局部信息错误点的设置n n整体信息错误点的设置n n正误比例数量的设置第66页/共73页 She has a cat.She likes playing w
45、ith it.But Shes seven now and her father tells her to go to school.The teachers do not let her take the cat to the classroom.She has to leave it at home.So she doesnt want to listen to her teachers and cant answer questions.Now Class Three is having math.“Whats two and two,Sue?”She cant answer.“Your
46、 mother gives you two pencils.I give you two,too.How many pencils do you have?”“Five,Miss Green.“Youre wrong!You have four.”“I dont think so.I have one in my pencil-box.”第67页/共73页 1.Sue has a dog.2.Sues seven now.3.She has to leave it at school.4.Sue and her classmate are having math.5.“How many pen
47、cils do you have?”her teacher asks her.第68页/共73页 1.Sue doesnt listen to her father.2.The maths teacher asks a question.3.Sue thinks two and two is four.4.Sue is not very clever.5.Sue likes her cat and doesnt like her math teacher.Can you make another set of sentences?第69页/共73页 1.Sue is seven and she wants to go to school.2.The math teacher asks an easy question.3.Sue thinks two and two is four.4.Sue is not interested in math.5.Sue likes her cat and doesnt like her math teacher.第70页/共73页书面表达试题书面表达试题第71页/共73页第72页/共73页