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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Unit 1 Middle Eastern Bazaar 1. Onomatopoeia: is the formation of words in imitation o the sounds associated with the thing concerned. e.g. 1 tinkling bells Para. 1 2 the squeaking and rumbling Para. 9 2. Metaphor: is the use of a word or phrase which describes one thing by
2、stating another comparable thing without using “as” or “like”. e.g. 1 the heat and glare of a big open square Para. 1 2 in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar Para. 7 3. alliteration : is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters. e.g.
3、1 thread their way among the throngs of people Para. 1 2 make a point of protesting 4. Hyperbole: is the use of a form of words to make sth sound big, small, loud and so on by saying that it is like something even bigger, smaller, louder, etc. e.g. a tiny restaurant Para. 7 a flood of glistening lin
4、seed oil Para. 9 5Antithesis : is the setting, often in parallel structure, of contrasting words or phrases opposite each other for emphasis. e.g. 1 a tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leather bellows Para. 5 2 which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their s
5、tone wheels. Para. 5 6. Personification : a figure of speech in which inanimate objects are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form. e.g. as the burnished copper catches the light of Para.5 Unit 2 V: Figures of speech Metaphor: 暗喻 A figure of speech in which a word o
6、r phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison. 暗喻是一种修辞,通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物,从而示意二者之间的相像之处；1. And secondly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had little to do with anything in Nippon railways offici
7、al might say. 2. I was again crushed by the thought Page 13, Para. 4, Line 1 1 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 3. At last the intermezzo came to an end and Page 13, Para. 4, Line 1 4. when the meaning of these last words sank in, jolting me Page 15, Para. 7, Lines 13 Synecdo
8、che: 提喻A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole a hand for sailor , the whole for a part as the law for police officer , the specific for the general as cutthroat for assassin , the general for the specific as thief for pickpocket , or the material for the thing from which it is made
9、 as steel for sword . 举隅法,提喻法：一种修辞方法,以局部代表整体（如用手 代表 水手 ）,以整体代表局部（如用 法律 代表 警官）,以特别代表一般 （如用 直柄剃刀 代表 杀人者）,以一般代表特别（如用 贼 代表 扒手）,或用原材料代表用该材料制造的东西（如用 钢 代表 剑 ）e.g. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between t
10、he kimono and the miniskirt. Para. 7 little old Japan : traditional Japanese houses Metonymy: 换喻A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of “Washington”government”or of “the sword”for “military power ”. for “the Unit
11、ed States 换喻, 转喻：一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法,如用“ 华盛顿”代替“ 美政府”或用“ 剑”代替 “ 军事力气”The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. Para. 7the kimono and the miniskirt: the Japan
12、ese culture and the western culture Irony ：反语The use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their literal meaning to achieve the humorous and ironic effect.反语：用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法,以达到幽默和讽刺的成效；e.g. This way I look at them and congratulate myself on the good fortune that m
13、y illness has brought me. P. 17 Climax: 层进法 A series of statements or ideas in an ascending order of rhetorical force or intensity. 层进法：在不断增强的修辞力度或强度中使用的一系列陈述和方法 No one talks about it any more, and no one wants to, especially the people who were born here or who lived through it. page 1516, Para. 12
14、, Lines 13 Anti-climax: 渐降 Anti-climax, as used in the text, states ones thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity from strong to weak, from weighty to light. It has achieved a 2 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - humorous or surprised or even a sarcastic effe
15、ct when the mayor was introducing his city to the visitors, who were expecting his answer to have something to do with the atom bomb, but who ironically heard “oysters” in the end. 渐降表述概念的方式是使意义剧烈的语言根据步步降低的语气次序排列,语势由强而弱, 语气由重到轻,有此达到取笑、讽刺或是喜剧的成效；e.g. “seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I
16、 am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for itsoysters.”p.15 Sarcasm 讽刺 is an expression or cutting remark clearly meaning the opposite to what is felt. Hiroshimathe “liveliest” City in Japan hyperbole If you want to write this city, do not forget to say th
17、at this city is the gayest city in Japan, even if hyperbole Simile 明喻 is an expression making a comparison in the imagination between two things using the words as or like e.g. Serious looking men spoke to one another as if they were oblivious of the crowds about themUnit 3 Ships in the Desert Perso
18、nification e.g. 1 Where there should have been gentle blue-green waves lapping against the side of the ship, there was nothing but hot dry sand. Para. 1 Hyperbole e.g. the population explosion Para. 5 Metaphor 1 another ghostly image Para. 6 2 these ghosts in the sky Para. 8 Metonymy 1 the relations
19、hip between the two superpowers Para. 23 Unit 5 Speech on Hitler s Invasion of the U.S.S.R. IV: Rhetorical devices 1. Periodic sentences: Periodic sentences achieve forcefulness by suspense 悬念. The essential elements in the sentence are withheld until the end. A sentence in which the main clause or
20、its predicate is withheld until the end; 周期3 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 句（掉尾句）：主句或谓语在句末的句子,有两种句型：一：修饰语（特别是状语）在句首的简洁句；二：从句在前主句在后的复合句a The past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies, flashes away.p.79 b Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have o
21、ur aid. p.80 c If Hitler imagines that his attack on Soviet Russia he is woefully mistaken.p80, L22 d When I awoken on the morning of Sunday, the 22 nd, the news invasion of Russia.p.77 2. Rhetorical question interrogation Interrogation asks a question not in order to obtain an answer, but for the p
22、urpose of making an assertion in a striking and lively way. E.g. but can you doubt what our policy will be. 3. parallel structure a We will never parley We will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gangp.80 b we shall fight him by land we shall fight him by sea we shall fight him in the air. p.
23、80 c behind all this glare behind all this storm I see p.80 d I see the Russian soldiers standing I see them guardingI see the ten thousand villagesI see advancing upon p.79 4. Inversion A change in normal word order, such as the placement of a verb before its subject a From this nothing will turn u
24、snothing P. 80 5. Repetition The repeated use of the same synonymous words, to add force, clearness or balance to a sentence We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose. p.78 He has so long thrived and prospered. p.81 We will never parley, we will never negotiate p.80 6. simile A figure
25、of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in “ How like the winter hath my absence been” or “ So are you to my thoughts as food to life Shakespeare. 明喻：一种修辞手法,把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较,通常在由 like 或 as 引导的短4 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 10 页精选学习
26、资料 - - - - - - - - - 语中,如 “ 我的离开好象是冬天来临”或 “ 你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要”（ 莎士比亚）I see also the dull German soldiers crawling locusts.p79-80 7. metaphor A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison. 暗喻是一种修辞,通常
27、用指某物的词或词组来指代他物,从而示意二者之间的相像之处；a I see the Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native landthreshold refers to the threshold of their nation. p.79 b Behind all this glare, behind all this storm, I see that small group of p.80 Glare: a fierce or angry stare; Here it refers to war fire. S
28、torm: strong wind and rain; Here it refers to war or Hitler s assault on the other countries. c delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey the Russian soldiers. p.80 d I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes. Page 77, Para. 1, the last sentence e We are resolved to destroy
29、 Hitler and every vestige of the Nazi regime. Page80, Para. 3, Lines 68 f we have rid the earth of his shadow influence and liberated its peoples from his yokecontrol. p.80 8. alliteration The repetition of the same consonant sounds or of different vowel sounds at the beginning of words or in stress
30、ed syllables, as in 头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复；如：“ on scrolls of silver snowy sentences” Hart Crane“ 写满银色雪般句子的卷轴上”哈特 克兰 a Hearth and home p.82 b I also see the dull, drilled, docile , brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.p.79 Let us learn the lessons alr
31、eady taught by such cruel experience. p.82 9. Personification A figure of speech in which inanimate objects or abstractions are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky, still smarting from many a British whipping, deli
32、ghted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey. p.79-80 10. hyperbole A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton. 夸张法： 一种比如, 使用夸张来强调或产生某种成效,比如在我能睡一年或 这书有一吨重中5 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 10 页精选学习资料
33、- - - - - - - - - If Hitler invaded Hell I would make at least a favourable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons. Hitler is much eviler than the devil. p.78 e.g. I will love you till the seas goes dry, the rocks melt with the sun. 我爱你到海枯石烂Unit 9 Mark Twain V. Rhetorical devices 1. Simile :
34、 Please refer to Lesson 2. Mirror of America e.g. 1 Indeed, this nation s best-loved author was every bit as adventurous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. Para. 1 2 Tom s mischievous daring, ingenuity, and the sweet innocence of his affection for Becky Thatcher are almo
35、st as sure to be studied in American schools today as is the Declaration of Independence . Para. 15 2. Metaphor e.g. 1 who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night . Para. 1 2 main artery of transportation in the young nation s heart. Para. 3 3. Sarcasm: it is a figure of speech which attacks in a ta
36、unting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. It is most often restricted to the making of brief, unpleasant remarks that are motivated by hostility and contempt. e.g. 1 I knew more about retreating than the man that invented retreati
37、ng. Para. 6 2 one could set a trap anywhere and catch a dozen abler man in a night. Para. 13 4. Alliteration: please refer to Lesson 1. e.g. It was a splendid population for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home. It was that population and rushing them through with a magnifice
38、nt dash and daring and a recklessness of cost or consequences”5. Antithesis : please refer to Lesson 1. e.g. 1 of the difference between what people claim to be and what they really are. Para. 5 2 a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever . 6. euphemism e.g. 1 He tried soldiering
39、for two weeks with a motley band of Confiderate guerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy . 2 he commented with a crushing sense of despair on man s final release from earthly struggles 7. metonymy 6 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - e.g. but for making money, h
40、is pen would prove mightier than his pickax . Unit 10 The Trial that Rocked the World VII: Rhetorical devices 1. Metaphor: No one,. that may case would snowball into. .our town .had taken on a circus atmosphere. The street .sprouted with . He thundered in his sonorous organ tones. .champion had not
41、scorched the infidels. after the preliminary sparring over legalities2. Simile: .swept the arena like a prairie fire .a palm fan like a sword. 3. Metonymy .tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers. The Christian believes that man came from above. .below. 4. Hyperbole: The trial that rocked
42、the world His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world . 5. Ridicule: Bryan, ageing and paunchy , was assisted . Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence. 6. Sarcasm: There is some doubt about that. And it is a mighty strong combination . 7. Transferred epithet Darrow
43、had whisper throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder. 8. Antithesis The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below . 9. Assonance: when bigots lighted faggots to burn. 7 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 10. Repe
44、tition: The truth always wins.the truth.the truth. 11. synecdoche 1 the case had erupted round my head 12. oxymoron 冲突修饰法 Dudley Field Malene called my conviction a , “ victorious defeat ”Unit 11 What s a Dictionary For. IV. Rhetorical devices 1. Personification: The storm.that greeted. . An article
45、 in the Atlantic viewed it as a disappointment. The Yew York Times, . .felt it The Journal .saw. 2. Alliteration: .very little light on Lincoln .on Life3. Sarcasm: a concept of how things get written that Life . throws very little light on Lincoln but a great deal on .so simple a thing that the writ
46、er takes plain, downright, man-in-the-street attitude that a door is a door and any damn fool knows that. 4. Assonance: The difference between the much-touted . and the much clouted . 5. Synecdoche: But neither his vanity nor his purse is .metonymy What of those sheets and jets of air that are now being used, in place of old-f