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1、 学英语 找长喜 长喜英语北文网校 Lecture 3 第三讲 6 招巧做事实细节题 事实细节题主要测试考生对文章中某项事实内容的辨认和理解，如时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等。事实细节题可大致分为三类：一类是细节辨认类，答案几乎是原文中某处细节内容的再现，在句式和用词上变化不大；另一类是同义转述类，答案是对原文中某处内容的转述，在句式和用词上都有较大变化；还有一类是细节归纳类，答案是根据原文中某两处或两处以上的细节内容归纳总结得出。从四级考试历年真题来看，篇章阅读主要考查的是后两类事实细节题。常见题干表现形式如下：According to the passage,it is that A
2、ccording to the passage,the best solution tois.According to the passage,the problem ofpartly arises from.The author describes as because.解答事实细节题，常用的解题招术如下：第一招：根据题干关键词语在原文中定位根据题干中的人物、地点、时间、陈述对象等关键词语先在原文中定位，然后再根据原文内容进行选择。第二招：只读题目出处内容在原文中定位题目出处以后，要仔细阅读题目出处的细节内容，而对文中其他内容只需一掠而过，无需深入理解。第三招：注意题目与原文的转换在定位题目
3、出处和选择答案时，要注意识别和理解题干和选项对原文内容的转述表达，这样才能快速而准确地定位信息点并选出答案。第四招：识别细微之处的干扰事实细节题是针对文中的细节内容而设置的，因此干扰选项经常被设计成只在非常细微的地方与原文不同。因此，在解答这类题目时，要将四个选项与原文一一仔细对照，识别细微差别，排除干扰项。第五招：过于绝对的选项为答案的可能性较小一般来说，含有模糊性的概括词语，如 some，sometimes，certain，someone，more than，(not)as as，less，probably，possible 等的选项为答案的可能性较大；而含有绝对含义较强的词，如 only
4、，everything，all，none，must，never，always，alone，everyone，entirely，absolute，any，no，completely 等的选项为答案的可能性较小。第六招：符合一般规律的选项为答案的可能性较大篇章阅读题中，尤其是议论文体中，符合一般规律、意义深刻、富有哲理的选项为答案的可能性较大；而那种明显不符合大众思维、违背常理的选项为答案的可能性较小。即讲即练 Exercise 1 Names have gained increasing importance in the competitive world of higher educatio
5、n.As colleges strive for market share,they are looking for names that project the image they want or reflect the changes they hope to make.Trenton State College,for example,became the College of New Jersey nine years ago when it began raising admissions standards and appealing to students from throu
6、ghout the state.“All I hear in higher education is,brand,brand,brand,”said Tim Westerbeck,who specializes in branding and is managing director of Lipman Hearne,a marketing firm based in Chicago that works with universities and other nonprofit organizations.“There has been a sea change over the last
7、10 years.Marketing used to be almost a dirty word in higher education.”Not all efforts at name changes are successful,of course.In 1997,the New School for Social Research became New School University to reflect its growth into a collection of eight colleges,offering a list of majors that includes ps
8、ychology,music,urban studies and management.But New Yorkers continued to call it the New School.Now,after spending an undisclosed sum on an online survey and a marketing consultants creation of“naming structures”,“brand architecture”and“identity systems”,the university has come up with a new name:th
9、e New School.Beginning Monday,it will adopt new logos,banners,business cards and even new names for the individual colleges,all to include the words“the New School”.Changes in names generally reveal significant shifts in how a college wants to be perceived.In 学英语 找长喜 长喜英语北文网校 altering its name from
10、Cal State,Hayward,to Cal State,East Bay,the university hoped to project its expanding role in two mostly suburban countries east of San Francisco.Beaver College turned itself into Arcadia University in 2001 for several reasons:to break the connection with its past as a womens college,to promote its
11、growth into a fullfledged(完全成熟的)university and officials acknowledged,to eliminate some jokes about the colleges old name on latenight television and“morning zoo”radio shows.Many college officials said changing a name and image could produce substantial results.At Arcadia,in addition to the rise in
12、applications,the average students test score has increased by 60 points,Juli Roebeck,an Arcadia spokeswoman,said.381 words 1.According to Tim Westerbeck,colleges or universities changing their names to compete for market share.A is inadvisable B is actually a marketing strategy C reflects they dont
13、pay much attention to their inner quality D has positive influence on the development of higher education 2.What changes does the name“College New Jersey”reflect,according to the passage?A The college has more market share than before.B There is no difficulty to enter the college for most applicants
14、.C The colleges scope of student recruitment is enlarged.D The college becomes more famous than ever before.3.The name changing from Cal State,Hayward to Cal State,East Bay shows.A how a university is perceived by the society B that the university wants to expand its influence C that the university
15、wants to project a new image D the obvious change in universitys selfawareness 4.Why does the author say the case of New School for Social Research changing its name is a failure?A Its new name does not coincide with what it can offer.B People do not accept its new name.C Its new name does not attra
16、ct peoples attention to it.D Its new name does not stand for a new image.5.According to Juli Roebeck,the name change of Beaver College.A turns out very successfulB fails to attain its goal C has eliminated some jokesD has transformed its status Exercise 2 Despite a cooling of the economy,high techno
17、logy companies are still crying out for skilled workers.The Information Technology Association of America projects that more than 800,000 technology jobs will go unfilled next year.The lack of qualified workers poses a huge threat to the U.S.economy.The most commonly cited reason for this state of a
18、ffairs is that the country s agrarianage education system,separated from the needs of the business world,fails to prepare students in the primary and secondary grades for twentyfirstcentury work.Yet an inadequate and outmoded education system is only part of the problem.A less tangible but equally p
19、owerful cause is an antique classification system that divides the workforce into two camps:whitecollar 学英语 找长喜 长喜英语北文网校 knowledge workers and bluecollar manual laborers.Bluecollar workers emerged in the United States during the Industrial Age as work migrated from farms to factories.Whitecollar off
20、ice workers became a significant class in the twentieth century,outnumbering their blue collar brethren by midcentury.But the white or blue paradigm has clearly outlived its utility.Corporations increasingly require a new layer of knowledge worker:a highly skilled multidisciplinarian who co mbines t
21、he mind of the whitecollar worker with the hands of the bluecollar employee.Armed with a solid grounding in mathematics and science(physics,chemistry,and biology),these“goldcollar”workers so named for their contributions to their companies and to the economy,as well as for their personal earning abi
22、lity apply that knowledge to technology.Of course,the goldcollar worker already exists in a wide range of jobs across a wide range of businesses:think of the maintenance technician who tests and repairs aircraft systems at American Airlines;the network administrator who manages systems and network o
23、perations at P&G;the advancedmanufacturing technician at Intel.But until American business recognizes these people as a new class of worker,one whose collar is neither blue nor white,demands that schools do a better job of preparing employees for the twentyfirstcentury workforce will be futile.326 w
24、ords 1.What effects may the insufficiency of qualified workers have,according to the passage?A It decreases the costs of high technology companies.B It emphasizes the importance of unfilled jobs.C It hinders the development of the U.S.economy.D It accelerates the collapse of the old education system
25、.2.According to the passage,what leads to the lack of qualified workers in the U.S.?A The disadvantages of the agrarianage education system.B The shortage of work opportunities due to the declining economy.C The cooling of American economy.D Both the education system and the workforce classification
26、.3.The goldcollar workers differ from their whitecollar and bluecollar counterparts in that they.A do better in combining their contributions and earning ability B have the knowledge and engage in labor work as well C can apply their knowledge to technology D enjoy different salary from others 4.The
27、 demands for goldcollar workers will not be satisfied if.A they are not regarded as a new class of worker B the schools do not make an effort to cultivate their students C the American business does not fund the schools D there is no appropriate education system 5.The best title for the passage may
28、be.A The Cooling of the U.S.Economy B The Training of Goldcollar workers C The Shortage of Technology Jobs D Goldcollar Workers in Need【答案与解析】Exercise 1【文章大意】本文的主要内容是关于大学改名。随着大学之间竞争激烈程度的加剧，以及为了争取更多的市场份额，各大学争相改名，希望通过新名字来突出学校想要传达的自身形 学英语 找长喜 长喜英语北文网校 象以及学校的发展前景。文章以几个大学为例，说明了它们改名的原因以及改名后所发生的变化。1.【解析】选B
29、。推理判断题。文章第二段最后一句中 Tim Westerbeck 指出，Marketing used to be almost a dirty word（营销在高等教育领域中几乎是一个肮脏的字眼），由其中的 used to 可知，marketing 以前是 a dirty word，但现在却不是如此。再结合上文内容可推断，marketing 在本文中指的应是大学通过改换 names 来达到争取 market share（市场份额）等一系列目的，也就是说大学改换名字是一种 marketing strategy（营销策略），故答案为B。2.【解析】选 C。事实细节题。文章第一段最后一句指出，九年前
30、，当 Trenton State College（特伦顿州立大学）开始 raising admissions standards（提高入学要求）以及 appealing to students from throughout the state（面向全州进行招生）之后，改名为 the College of New Jersey（新泽西大学）。由此可知，the College of New Jersey 相对于以前的 Trenton State College 来说，主要有两个变化，主要体现在：admissions standards 的提高以及招生范围的扩大，C为变化之一，故为答案。3.【解析
31、】选 B。事实细节题。文章第四段第一句指出，Cal State,Hayward 改名为 Cal State,East Bay 是希望 project its expanding role in（表明它在旧金山东部的两个比较偏僻的乡村中的影响力）。B中的 expand its influence 是 expanding role 的同义表达，故为答案。4.【解析】选B。事实细节题。文章第三段第一句指出，并不是所有的 name changes 都是成功的，接着以 the New School for Social Research 改名为 New School University 失败为例进行说
32、明。通过该段第三句 But New Yorkers continued to call it the New School 可知，the New School for Social Research 改名失败在于它改名后，纽约人仍然称它为 the New School（此处指the New School for Social Research），也就是说人们没有accept its new name，故答案为 B。5.【解析】选A。事实细节题。文章最后一段主要与 Beaver College 改名有关。该段第一句首先指出了 Beaver College 改名的几个原因，第二、三句对改名进行了评
33、价。其中第三句中，Juli Roebeck 指出，在 Beaver College 改名为 Arcadia University 之后，applications 增多了，学生的平均 test score（考试成绩）提高了 60 分，由此可知，Juli Roebeck 认为 Beaver College 改名是 successful 的，故答案为A。【文章译文】在全世界的高等学府中，校名的重要性不断提高。各大学为了争取市场份额而纷纷寻找合适的名字来展现他们想展现的形象，或展示他们希望做出的改变。2例如，特伦顿国家大学九年前开始提高管理水平并吸引全国的学生，从而更名为新泽西大学。蒂姆韦斯特贝克从事
34、品牌研究工作，同时担任李普曼赫恩公司的总经理。李普曼赫恩公司是一家位于芝加哥的营销企业，主要与大学及其他非盈利机构有业务往来。他说：“我在高等学府听到的全是：品牌，品牌，品牌。过去十年中发生了天翻地覆的变化。1过去在高等学府中，营销简直算是个脏字。”4当然，有些名字变更得并不成功。1997 年，社会研究新校更名为大学新校，以此来表明其已经壮大为八所大学形成的联合大学，开设了心理学、音乐、城市研究及管理等一系列专业。但纽约人一如既往地称之为新校。现在的情况是，该学校将未知数额的资金投在了网上调查及营销顾问构建的“命名小组”、“品牌架构”以及“个性系统”上面，随后想出了一个新名字：新校。周一开始，
35、该校将启用新校标、校旗、商业卡片，甚至还有每个学院的新名字，所有这些全都包含这样的文字：新校。3名字的变更普遍展现出了学校希望被大众了解的这一显著变化。加州海沃德学校为表现出其在旧金山东部的两个基本位于郊区的村庄中占有一席之地，从而更名为加州东海湾校。5海狸大学2001 年更名为阿卡迪亚大学有几个原因：打破人们过去将他们与女性大学联系到一起的观念、促进自身发展成为完全成熟的大学并得到官方认可、消除学校原名出现在午夜电视节目及“早间动物园”广播节目当中的笑话。很多大学的官方声称更改名称和形象可以带来重大成效。阿卡迪亚大学发言人朱莉罗柏克表示，在阿卡迪亚大学，不但报名人数增加了，学生 学英语 找长
36、喜 长喜英语北文网校 的考试平均分也提高了 60 分。Exercise 2【文章大意】本文主要是关于美国金领工人短缺这一情况。文章首先指出了美国金领工人短缺这一情况，紧接着提出造成这一情况的两个因素，并指出了金领工人所独有的特点。文章最后指出了一种可能造成金领工人人数发展缓慢的因素。1.【解析】选 C。事实细节题。文章第一段最后一句指出，专业工人短缺 poses a huge threat to the U.S.economy（对美国的经济构成了极大的威胁），也就是说专业工人的缺乏会 hinders the development of U.S.economy（阻碍美国经济的发展），故答案为C
37、。2.【解析】选D。事实细节题。第二段首先指出造成 this state of affairs（指美国的专业工人短缺这一情况）最经常被提及的原因就是该国的 agrarianage education system（农业时代的教育体系）。但是该段第二句中的 Yet 提示美国专业工人短缺还有另一个原因，即 an antique classification system（古老的分级体系）。结合上述内容可知，造成美国专业工人缺乏的原因有两个，即 the education system 和 the workforce classification，故答案为D。3.【解析】选B。事实细节题。文章第三段
38、第四句指出，企业越来越需要 a new layer of knowledge worker，冒号后的内容对其进行了解释。通过冒号后的内容可知，a new layer of knowledge worker 指的就是能够 combines the mind（将白领工作者的思想和蓝领工作者的双手结合于一身）的 highly skilled multidisciplinarian（高技艺的全面的管理者）。而通过下文可知，highly skilled multidisciplinarian 指的就是“goldcollar”workers。通过上述分析可知，“goldcollar”workers 和 w
39、hitecollar workers 以及 bluecollar workers 的不同之处在于，“goldcollar”workers 既有 knowledge 又能做 labor work，故答案为B。4.【解析】选A。事实细节题。文章最后一段指出只有 American business 将 these people（指上文出现的 goldcollar workers，即既有知识又有技术的人）作为是 a new class of worker（新的工人阶层），demands that才不会变得futile（无效），由此可知如果goldcollar workers不被当作是 a new cl
40、ass of worker，那么对金领工人的 demands就不会被满足，故答案为A。5.【解析】选D。主旨大意题。本文首段第一句就指出，skilled workers 极其缺乏，通过下文可知，本文中的 skilled workers 指的就是 goldcollar workers。第二段论述了 goldcollar workers 缺少的原因；第三段讲述与 whitecollar workers 和 bluecollar workers 相比，goldcollar workers 的独特特点，最后一段指出可能会阻碍 goldcollar workers 数量发展的因素，由此可知，本文主要是与
41、 goldcollar workers 的缺少有关，D最能概括全文，故为答案。【文章译文】尽管经济萧条，但高科技企业仍迫切需要技术工人。1美国信息技术协会预测，明年将有超过 80 万个技术岗位空缺，而合格工人的缺乏将对美国经济造成巨大威胁。2 人们普遍认为出现这种情况的原因是美国的农业时代教育体系与世界商业的需求不符，不能使中低年级学生为 21 世纪的工作做好准备。然而不适当的、过时的教育体系只是问题的一部分。另外一个不那么明显但同样重要的原因是陈旧的分级制度，这一制度将劳动力分成两个阵营：白领知识工人和蓝领体力工人。随着农场工作转变为工厂工作，工业时代期间美国出现了蓝领工人。白领办公室工人阶
42、层于 20 世纪形成规模，数量在世纪中叶就超过了他们的蓝领同胞。但白领和蓝领的范例显然比它的实际效用存在的时间长。3企业越来越需要一个新的知识工人阶层：一批训练有素的复合型人才，集白领工人的头脑和蓝领工人的劳动技能于一身。有了巩固的数学和自然科学（物理、化学和生物）基础，这些“金领”工人这种称呼得自于他们对公司和经济所做出的贡献以及自身的赚钱能力将这些知识应用到技术上。当然，金领工人已经存在于各行各业之中：想想那个在美国航空公司测试并修理飞机系统的维修技师；那个在宝洁公司管理网络操作系统的网络管理员；还有那个因特尔公司的高级制造技师。4 但如果美国商业领域不承认这些既不是蓝领也不是白领的人是新
43、的工人阶层，那么就不能指望要求学校更好地为 21 世纪劳动力培养员工。学英语 找长喜 长喜英语北文网校 Lecture 4 第四讲 5 招巧做推理判断题 推理判断题主要测试考生根据文章中的细节或局部内容，利用上下文的逻辑关系和内容上的关联，推断出隐含在事实细节中的深层含义，理解文字所表达的言外之意。这类题目不但要求考生充分理解文章所表达的字面含义，还要掌握一定的逻辑思维和推理判断能力。此类题的题干中一般都含有 imply，infer，deduce，conclude 等表示推理和判断的词语。常见的题干表现形式如下：It can be inferred from the passage that.
44、What do we learn from the last paragraph?It can be concluded from the passage that.解答推理判断题，常用的解题招术如下：第一招：根据题干关键词在原文中定位推理判断题一般也是针对文中的某个事实细节而设置，因此也可以根据题干中的人物、地点、时间、陈述对象等关键词语在原文中定位，然后再根据原文内容进行正确的推理和判断。第二招：不要试图在原文中直接寻找答案推理判断题的答案是根据文中的细节或局部内容推理得出的，是文中细节内容中隐含的深层含义，因此不可能在原文中直接找到对应的陈述。第三招：注意原文中事实细节的干扰推理判断题的
45、干扰选项往往根据文中其他的事实细节而设，这些选项本身与原文相符，但与题干要求并不相符。因此，在解答推理判断题时，一定要注意结合题干要求，不要受到其他细节的干扰。第四招：理清上下文的逻辑关系解答推理判断题，除了仔细分析题干出处的细节内容的含义以外，还要理清上下文的逻辑关系，根据这些逻辑关系线索，从上下文的陈述中推出答案。第五招：不要只在只言片语中寻找答案推理判断题虽然大多是针对文中的事实细节而设，但一般并不能直接从该细节中得出答案，往往需要结合细节前后的内容甚至细节所在的段落内容综合推断得出，因此，在解答这类题时，不要只是根据只言片语硬推答案，而是要充分结合上下文。即讲即练 Exercise 1
46、 It is a pleasure to see men of a certain age worrying about their weight.Listening to them is not such a pleasure.Because the men are new at the game,they dont hesitate to discuss the fat problem incessantly.However women of the same age do not discuss the fat problem,especially not in mixed compan
47、y.They prefer to face the problem with quiet dignity.Discussing the problem might only draw attention to some stray body part that may be successfully tucked away under an article of clothing.The age at which a man begins to explore the fat problem can vary.The actual problem can manifest itself in
48、the early 30s,but broadrange discussion usually starts later.There are early nonverbal symptoms.Ive watched the rugged journalist who shares my apartment sneak by with a Diet Coke.His shirts are no longer neatly tucked in to display a trim waist.Recently he has begun to verbalize his anxiety.He tell
49、s me,with a sheepish grin,that he is taking his suits to Chinatown to have them“tailored”.Stillolder men have lost their dignity and rattle on unabashedly.Often wives and children play important roles in their fatinspection rituals.Take my oldest brother,a former college football player.His daughter
50、 says that several times a day he will stand at attention and call out,“Fat,medium or thin?”She knows the correct answer:medium.Thin would be an obvious stretch,and fat may not get her that new video.According to his wife,he stands in front of the mirror in the morning,puts his hands behind his head