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1、 2019 年英语（二）考研真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank andmark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weightfluctuations. 1 ,when done too
2、 often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it 2 .As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generallyhealthy and physically active to focusing 3 on the scale. That was bad to my overallfitness goals. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking o
3、nly of4 thenumber on the scale, I altered my training program. That conficted with how I needed to trainto 5 my goals.I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate 6 of the hardwork and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to noticeany signifi
4、cant changes in your weight 7 altering your training program. The most 8changes will be observed in skill level,strength and inches lostFor these 9 , I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthlyweighing schedule 10 . Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for meto
5、11my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observe and 12 anysignificant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to 13 my training program.I use my bimonthly weigh-in 14 to get information about my nutrition as well. If mytraining intensity remains the same, but Im constantly
6、16 that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.15 and dropping weight, this is aThe 17 to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health,fitness and well-being. Im experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carrythe burden of a 18 morning weigh-in. Ive a
7、lso experienced greater success in achievingmy specific fitness goals, 19 Im training according to those goals, not the numbers on ascale.Rather than 20 over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel how your clothesfit and your overall energy level.1. A Besides B Therefore C Otherwise D Howe
8、ver2. A helps B cares C warns D reduces3. A initially B solely C occasionally D formally4. A recording B lowering C explaining D accepting5. A modify B set C review D reach6. A definition B depiction C distribution D prediction7. A due to B regardless of C aside from D along with8. A orderly B rigid
9、 C precise D immediate9. A claims B judgments C reasons D methods10. A instead B though C again D indeed11. A report B track C overlook D conceal 12. A depend on B approve of C hold onto D account for13. A prepare B share C adjust D confirm14. A results B features C rules D tests15. A bored B anxiou
10、s C hungry D sick16. A principle B secret C belief D sign17. A request B necessity C decision D wish18. A disappointing B surprising C restricting D consuming19. A because B unless C until D if20. A obsessing B dominating C puzzling D triumphingSection IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read t
11、he following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosingA, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a littlelater, in conjunction with a childs growing grasp of social and moral
12、 norms. Children arentborn knowing how to say “Im sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statementsappease parents and friends - and their own consciences. This is why researchers generallyregard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.In the popular imagination, of co
13、urse, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeplyuncomfortable- its the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yetthis understanding is outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinki ng about whatguilt is and what role guilt can serve,” says Amrisha Vaish, a psycholog
14、y researcher at theUniversity of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotionsarent binary - feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another.Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Toomuch
15、happiness can be destructive.And quilt , by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encouragehumans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold acooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportu
16、nity. Work by Tina Malti , a psychology professorat the University of Toronto ,suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency.In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may representdifferent pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some Kids who are low
17、in sympathy maymake up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses.And vice versa : High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessmentsand the childrens self-observations, she r
18、ated each childs overall sympathy level and his orher tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handedchocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined th
19、ey were to feelguilty. The guilt-prone ones share more, even though they hadnt magically become moresympathetic to the other childs deprivation.“Thats good news,” Malti says, “We can be prosocial because we caused harm and wefeel regret.”21. Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because i
20、t may help _.A. regulate a childs basic emotionsB. improve a childs intellectual abilityC. foster a childs moral developmentD. intensify a childs positive feelings22. According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be _.A. deceptiveB. burdensomeC. addictiveD. inexcusable23. Vaish holds
21、 that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that _.A. emotions are context-independentB. emotions are socially constructiveC. emotional stability can benefit healthD. an emotion can play opposing roles24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing _.A. may help correct emo
22、tional deficienciesB. can result from either sympathy or guiltC. can bring about emotional satisfactionD. may be the outcome of impulsive acts25. The word “transgressions” (Line 4, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to _.A. teachingsB. discussionsC. restrictionsD. WrongdoingsText 2Forests give us shade,
23、 quiet and one of the harder callenges in the fight against climatechange. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide weproduce, we are threatening their ability to do so.The climate change we are hastening couldone day leave us with forests that emit more carbo
24、n than they absorb.Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap - but it involves striking a subtle balance.Helping forests flourish as valuable carbon sinks long into the future may require reducingtheir capacity to absorb carbon now. California is leading the way, as it does on so manyclimate effor
25、ts, in figuring out the details.The states proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young treesand clear brush in parts of the forest. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. Butthe remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thriv
26、e, restoring the forests capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able tofend off insects. The landscape is rendered less easily burnable. Even in the event of a fire,fewer trees are consumed.The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010,drought an
27、dinsects have killed over 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, andwildfires have burned hundreds of thousands of acres.California plans to treat 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030 -financed from the proceeds of the state s emissions- permit auctions. Th
28、ats only a small shareof the total acreage that could benefit, about half a million acres in all, so it will be vital toprioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forestsis locked away in the form of solid lumb
29、er or burned as biofuel in vehicles that wouldotherwise run on fossil fuels. New research on transportation biofuels is already under way.State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally theyvefocused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently
30、 have theycome to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. Califormias plan, whichis expected to be finalized by the governor next year, should serve as a model.26. By saying “one of the harder challenges ,”the author implies that_.A. global climate change may get out of contr
31、olB. people may misunderstand global warmingC. extreme weather conditions may ariseD. forests may become a potential threat27. To maintain forests as valuable “carbon sinks, we may need to_.A. preserve the diversity of species in themB. accelerate the growth of young treesC. strike a balance among d
32、ifferent plantsD. lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity28. Californias Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to_.A. cultivate more drought-resistant treesB. reduce the density of some of its forestsC. find more effective ways to kill insectsD. restore its forests quickly after wildfires29.What is ess
33、ential to Californias plan according to Paragraph 5?A. To handle the areas in serious danger first.B. To carry it out before the year of 2020.C. To perfect the emissions-permit auctions.D. To obtain enough financial support.30. The authors attitude to Californias plan can best be described as_.A. am
34、biguousB. tolerantC. supportiveD. Cautious Text 3American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years now.Given a multi-year decline in illegal immigration, and a similarly sustained pickup in the U.S.job market, the complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immig
35、ration rules forfarm workers.Efforts to create a more straightforward agricultural-workers visa that would enableforeign workers to stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry have so farfailed in Congress. If this doesnt change, American businesses, communities and consumerswill be
36、the losers.Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workersenter the U.S., the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Todays farmlaborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled, rather thanmigrating, and more
37、 likely to be married than single. They are also aging. At the start of thiscentury, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now, more than half are.And crop picking is hard on older bodies.One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remainsas implausible as it has been all along:
38、Native U.S. workers wont be returning to the farm.Mechanization is not the answer either not yet at least. Production of corn, cotton, rice,soybeans and wheat have been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensivecrops, such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where robots cur
39、rently do only asmall share of milking, have a long way to go before they are automated.As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using theH-2A visa to fill the gaps in the agricultural workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for thevisas rose sharply; from 2011
40、 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work,which is limited to 66,000 annually. Even so, employers frequently complain that they arentallotted all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive
41、and unreliable. Onesurvey found that bureaucratic delays led H-2A workers to arrive on the job an average of 22days late. And the shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove someworkers and drive others underground.In a 2012 survey ，71 percent of tree-fruit growers and nearly 8
42、0 percent of raisin andberry growers said they were short of labor. Some western growers have responded bymoving operations to Mexico. From 1998-2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americansconsumed was imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of imported fruit hadincreased to 25.8 percent.I
43、n effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.31.What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?A. Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.B. Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.C. Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm w
44、orkers.D. Decline of job opportunities in U.S. agriculture.32. One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is_.A. the rising number of illegal immigrantsB. the high mobility of crop workers C. the lack of experienced laborersD. the aging of immigrant farm workers33. What is the much-argued solution
45、 to the labor shortage in U.S. farming?A. To attract younger laborers to farm work.B. To get native U.S. workers back to farming.C. To use more robots to grow high-value crops.D. To strengthen financial support for farmers.34. Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its _.A. slow gra
46、nting proceduresB. limit on duration of stayC. tightened requirementsD. control of annual admissions35.Which of the following could be the best title for this text?A. U.S. Agriculture in Decline?B. Import Food or Labor?C. America Saved by Mexico?D. Manpower vs. Automation?Text 4Amold Schwarzenegger,
47、 Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: Its easyto beat plastic. Theyre part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for WorldEnvironment Day encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plasticstaples like straws and cutlery to combat the plastics crisis.The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include acall for governments to enact legislation to c