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1、七年级下册语法归纳（一）情态动词一、Can情态动词 can 有一定的词义,但不能独立存在,它必须与动词原形一起构成谓语。情态动词 can没有人称和数的变化。其具体用法如下:1. 表示能、会,指脑力或体力方面的能力。例如: Jim can swim, but I cant.吉姆会游泳,但我不会。2. 表示可能,常用于否定句或疑问句中,指某种可能性。例如: Han Mei cant be in the classroom.韩梅不可能在教室里。Can he come here today, please?请问他今天能到这里来吗？3. 表示可以,常用于口语中,指许可或请求做某事。例如: Can I h
2、ave a cup of tea, please?请问我可以喝一杯茶吗？ You can go out.你可以出去了？情态动词 can 的基本句型1. 肯定句型为:主语+can+动词原形+其它。例如:They can play basketball. 他们能打篮球。2. 否定句型为:主语+can not(cant/cannot)+动词原形+其它。表示某人不能(不会。不可能)做。其中 cant 是 can not 的缩略式,英国多写成 cannot。3. 疑问句句型分为:一般疑问句句型和特殊疑问句句型两种类型。一般疑问句句型为:Can+主语+动词原形+其它。表示某人会(能。可以)做吗？. 其肯定
3、答语用Yes,主语+can.作答;否定答语用No,主语+cant.作答。(注意:答语中作主语的人称代词,应根据问句中的主语作相应的变化。其变化规则为:第一人称问,则第二人称答;第二人称问,则第一人称答;第三人称问,第三人称答。)例如: -Can you sing an English song for us?你可以为我们大家唱一首英语歌吗？-Yes.行。(注意在 Yes 后面常省略 I can)-Can I skate?我可以滑冰吗？-Yes, you can.可以。-Can she climb hills?她能爬山吗?-No, she cant.不,她不能。拓展：特殊疑问句句型为:a. Wh
4、o+can+动词原形+其它。该句型中 who 相当于主语。例如: -Who can sing in English in your class?你们班上谁会用英语唱歌？-Lily can.莉莉会。b. 特殊疑问词(作定语)+名词+can+主语+动词原形+其它。该句型中的特殊疑问词常用 how many, how much 等。例如: -How many boats can you see in the river?你能看见河中有多少只船吗？-Only one boat.仅有一只。c. 特殊疑问词+can+主语+动词原形+其它。该句型中的特殊疑问词常用what, where, when 等,一般
5、用肯定陈述句作答。例如: -What can you see in the picture?你能在图画中看到什么？-I can see some birds and two big trees in it.我能看到一些鸟儿和两棵大树。（中考模拟 ）Look! Someone is cutting a tree on the moon.Itbe true, Granny. Mum says there is no air there.A. cantB. mustntC. mayD. should解析：根据 there is no air there 判断出月亮上根本不可能有人在砍树，所以表示不可
6、能。答案选 A。（中考模拟）Theboy can play chess well, but he cant play piano.A.the;theB.the;/C./;theD./;/解析：play 后面跟表示球类（运动）的名词时，中间不用冠词the；而跟表示乐器的名词时， 中间应用定冠词 the。答案为 C。按要求改写句子。1.I can run fast.I fast. (否定句)2. He can play basketball well. （一般疑问句） he basketball well?3. She can play the violin.（变成一般疑问句） she the v
7、iolin?4. They cant sing. They cant dance. (合并成一句) They sing dance.5. She can sing and dance. (否定句)She sing dance.keys: 1.can not;2.Can; play;3. Can ;play;4.cant; or;5cant; or二、would like 的用法would like 用来表达意愿，意为“想要”，相当于 want, 用法亦同 want，但比 want 委婉。would 是情态动词，没有人称和数的变化，可与人称代词缩写为d, 与其它情态动词一样可帮助完成疑问句和否定
8、句。用法：1） 后接名词或代词，表示具体“要”某样东西want/would like sth. 想要某物Id like some noodles2） want/would like to do sth. 想要做某事 ，常用于有礼貌的提出邀请、请求或建议。Id like to play the piano 我想要弹钢琴。3） want/would like sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事I would like him to help me. 我想要他帮助我。4） would you like some你想要一些吗？（委婉地询问对方的要求时的用语）该句型常用于征求对方意见。特别注意
9、该句型中要用 some，而不用 any，以表示说话人希望得到肯定回答。肯定回答：Yes, please.否定回答：No, thanks.5) Would you like to do sth？你想要/愿意做某事吗？（向对方有礼貌地提出建议或邀请） 该句型中 like 可以换成 love。肯定回答：Yes, Id like/love to. 是的，我愿意。否定回答：Sorry, + 原因。或 Id love to, butWould you like to go shopping with us? 你想要/愿意和我们一起去购物吗？Yes, Id like/love to. 是的，我愿意。Sorr
10、y, I have a lot of homework to do. 对不起，我有很多作业要写。Id love to, but I am too busy.我非常愿意，但是我太忙了。练习：1. Tim and I will visit the exhibition(展览) this weekend. Would you like to join us?A. Well done.B. thats right.C. youre welcome.D. Id love to.2. Would you like some milk?A. Yes, please.B. The same to you.C.
11、 Help yourself.D. My pleasure.3. Would you like some more rice?-I eat too much.A. No, thanksB. Yes, thank youC. Id love toD. Yes, please4. She would like her mother to the park with her on Sunday.A. to goB. goC. goingD. goes5Shall we stay at home watching TV tonight?-No. Id like and see a film.A.to
12、goB.goC.wentD.going（二）时态集锦一、一般现在时一般现在时：表示通常性、规律性、习惯性的状态或者动作。主语是第三人称单数主语不是第三人称单数肯定句主语+动词 s+其他主语+动词原形+其他否定句主语+doesnt+动词原形+其他主语+dont+动词原形+其他一般疑问句Does+主语+动词原形+其他Do+主语+动词原形+其他标志词：always, usually, often, sometimes, never, every day/night/ in the morningon weekends动词第三人称单数的构成：（用于第三人称单数、可数名词的单数和不可数名词的一般现在时中
13、）1、直接加s: looklooksreadreadsplayplaysstopstops2. 在字母 s, x, ch, sh, o 后加es: missmissesfixfixeswatchwatches washwashesgogoesdo-does3. 辅音字母加 y 结尾的动词变 y 为 i，再加-es: carrycarriesstudystudieshurryhurries crycries4. 特殊的have has练习1.(浙江省) I like soft and gentle music. It nice. A is sounded B sounded C sounds D
14、 sounding2-Can your father drive?-Yes,he to work every dayA.is drivingB.droveC.drivesD.has written3. John likes playing soccer very much and he about one hour playing it every day.A. spentB. will spendC. has spentD. Spends4. Although Bill isnt rich enough, he often money to the poor.A. will giveB. w
15、as givingC. givesD. Gave5. We often (play) in the playground.6. you (brush) your teeth every morning.7. What (do) he usually (do) after school?8. Mike sometimes (go) to the park with his sister.keys: 5play ;6.Do brush;7. does; do ;8.goes二、 现在进行时1. 表示说话时正在发生或者进行的动作Please dont make so much noise, Im s
16、tudying. Lets get out. It isnt raining any more.2. 表示在现在相对较长一段时间内正在进行的动作,但是说话一刻不一定在做的动作Have you heard about Tom? He is building his own house. David is teaching English and learning Chinese in Beijing.这些动作,在说话时并不一定在发生或进行 ,而是在包括说话的一刹那在内的一段时间内发生、进行的.现在进行时的时间状语主要有：now，these days（目前），this week，at the mo
17、ment(此刻)等，有时句首有“Look！”、“Listen！”或“Its+时刻”等词、句存在。肯定句: 主语 + be + 现在分词（主语在前 be 在后，现在分词跟着走。） 否定句：主语 + be + not + 现在分词词尾情况变化方式例词一般情况加ingplay 玩playingsee 看见seeing sing 唱singingdo 做doinggo 去goingjump 跳jumpingski 滑雪skiing以不发音的 e 结尾去 e 加ingmake 做makingtake 拿到takingdance 跳舞dancinglike 喜欢likingcome 来comingwrit
18、e 写writinghave 有havingclose 关closing以重读闭音节结尾的动双写最后一swim 游泳swimmingsit 坐sitting词，中间只有一个元音个辅音字母begin 开始beginningrun 跑running字母，词尾只有一个辅再加ingget 得到gettingput 放putting音字母jog 慢跑jogging一般疑问句:be + 主语 + 现在分词?特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + be + 主语 + 现在分词 + 其他? 动词现在分词的变化见下表：练习：1. Listen! They in the next room.A. singB. is sing
19、ingC. are singingD. were singing2. Its eight oclock. The students an English class.A. haveB. havingC. is havingD. are having3. -Mary, could you help me?-Wait a moment. I .A. read a bookB. did my homeworkC. was watching TVD. am cooking dinner.4. Look at the !Its heavily now Arain；rainBraining；raining
20、Crain；rainingDraining；rainy5. We a Chinese class today. They an English class now.A. arent having; are havingB. dont have; haveC. arent having; haveD. dont have; are having三、一般过去时1. 一般过去时表示过去(1) 表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态：He bought the computer five years ago. 这电脑是他五年前买的。It was then a small fishing village那时它只
21、是一个小渔村。(2) 表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作：We often played together when we were children我们小时候常在一起玩。注：表过去习惯性的动词，也可用 used to 或 would：He used to go to work by bus. 他过去常乘公共汽车去上班。2. 时间状语与一般过去时连用的时间状语有：yesterday（昨天）, last night（昨晚）, last week（上个星期）, four days ag（o 四天前）, in 200（2 在 2002 年）, just now（刚才）, the day before ye
22、sterday（前天）等。如： He went to the park yesterday. 她昨天去了花园。 I was ten years old in 2001. 我 2001 年才 10 岁。3. 一般过去时态的形式1. Be 动词在一般过去时中的变化： am 和 is 在一般过去时中变为 was。（was not=wasnt） are 在一般过去时中变为 were。（were not=werent） 带有 was 或 were 的句子，其否定、疑问的变化和 is, am, are 一样，即否定句在 was 或were 后加 not，一般疑问句把 was 或 were 调到句首。2.
23、句中没有 be 动词的一般过去时的句子否定句：didnt +动词原形，如：Jim went home yesterday.Jim didnt go home yesterday.一般疑问句：在句首加 did，句子中的动词过去式变回原形。如：Jim went home yesterday.Did Jim go home yesterday?特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句？ 如：Jim went home yesterday.Did Jim go home yesterday? What did Jim do yesterday?4. 动词的过去式一般过去时的谓语动词要用动词的过去式。动词过去式的
24、构成分规则变化和不规则变化两种形式，不规则变化通常需要逐个记忆，规则变化则遵循以下原则：(1) 一般在动词后加-ed。如：playplayed, offeroffered, weighweighed, destroy destroyed, signsigned.(2) 在以字母 e 结尾的动词后，只加-d。如：likeliked, provideprovided, hate hated,datedated。(3) 在以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词后，则改 y 为 i，再加ed。如：supplysupplied, flyflied, study studied. (from )(4) 在以重读闭音
25、节结尾且，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词后，双写最后一个辅音字母，再加-ed。如：planplanned, referreferred, regretregretted, banbanned.我们还学过许多不规则动词的过去式形式。如：am was, are were, put put, see saw, eat ate 等练习：1. 请写出下列动词的过去式。wantarriveenjoyshopis_see_are _eat 2.单项选择。1） Nancy is not coming tonight.But she !A. promisesB. promisedC. will promiseD.
26、had promised 2）Tim always a picture at home. He a car now.A. draws; is drawingB. draw; drawC. draws; drawD. draw; is drawing3) I thought Jim would say something about his school report, but he it.A. doesnt mentionB. hadnt mentionedC. didnt mentionD. hasnt mentioned4）I you not to move my dictionary-n
27、ow I cant find it.A. askedB. askC. was askingD. had asked5) A kid breakfast every morning, because its good for his health.A. have toB. has toC. has to haveD. has to has6) Wheres the cake I made this morning?Weit, mum. Can you make another one for us?A. ateB. eatC. will itD. were eating7) Look! Two
28、catsacross the wall.A. runB. runsC. are runningD.ran8) Jenny in an office. Her parents in a hospital A .work; worksB .works; workC. work; are workingD. is working; work9) Uncle Wang knows a washing machine.A. how to makeB. to makeC. how makingD. what to make10) I want homework now.A. doingB. to doC.
29、 to do myD.do my3. 改写句子。1） Lucy did her homework at home.（改否定句）Lucy her homework at home.2） She found some meat in the fridge.（变一般疑问句) she meat in the fridge?3） Li Ming is at school now. （用 yesterday 改写句子） Li Ming at school yesterday.keys: didnt do;2Did;find;any 3; was (三)特殊疑问词引导的特殊疑问句一、how 引导的特殊疑问句
30、1、how 用于询问交通方式，译为“怎样”。 其答语分三种情况：take a/an/the+交通工具（单数） by+交通工具（单数）on/in+限定词+交通工具2、how 用于询问动作的执行程度，译为“怎样”。如：How do you like China？ 你觉得中国怎么样？I like it very much. 非常喜欢。3、how 用于询问身体健康状况，译为“怎么样”。如：4、how 用在第一次见面的问候语中。如： How do you do？ 你好！5、how about =what about 询问或征询意见等，后接名词、代词或动词的 -ing 形式，译为“ 怎么样”、“好不好”。
31、6、how many 用于询问人或物品的数量，后接可数名词的复数形式，译为“多少”。7、how much 既可询问物品数量，后接不可数名词，译为“多少”；又可询问物品价格，译为“多少钱”。8、how old 询问年龄，译为“多大”。9、how far 用于询问距离，译为“多远”。如：How far is it from here to the station？ 从这里到车站有多远？About three hundred metres. 大约三百米。10、how long 既可询问时间，译为“多久”，又可询问物品的长度，译为“多长”。如：How long is the river？ 这条河有多长
32、？How long does it last？ 这要持续多久？ 二、特殊疑问词 whywhy 引导的特殊疑问句，意为“为什么？”，用来询问某事的原因。考点一：一般用法：常用于询问原因。回答时常用because。eg：- Why does he look worried?他为什么看起来着急？- Because he lost his key.因为他把钥匙丢了。考点二：特殊用法：Why don t you +动词原形+其他？常用来提出建议或劝告，表示 “为什么不？”相当于“Why not +动词原形+其他？”eg：- Why don t you play basketball? = Why not
33、 play basketball?为什么不打篮球呢？- That sounds good.那听起来不错。练习：1. - will the rainy season last？-About a month.A. How longBHow often CHow soonDHow much2. - Why not computer games?- Good idea.A. playingB. to playC. playD. Played3. - Why don t you like tigers?- they re really scary.A. BecauseB. SoC. ButD. And
34、4. - By bus.A. Why does he go to work?B. How does he go to work?C. When does she go to work?5. I usually go to school bike, but sometimes I go to school foot.A. with, onB. on, byC. by, on三、what time/when 引导的特殊疑问句及时刻表达1. what time 翻译为“几点”问的是具体的时间，一般回答要具体到小时。如：What time do you go to school? 你什么时候/几点上学
35、？I go to school at half past seven oclock. 我七点半去上学。回答具体到点钟，且注意在几点前边的介词用at。2. when 也是对时间的提问，但与 what time 的区别是：用 when 提问，回答既可以是具体的时间，也可以是不具体的时间，如：in the morning，last year，in 1998 等范围大的时间例如：When does he take a shower？他什么时候洗澡？ He takes a shower in the morning. 他在早上洗澡。也可用具体时间：如：I take a shower at 6 ocloc
36、k in the morning. 我早上六点洗澡。时刻的表达：1. 表示几点钟用基数词加可以省略的oclock5:00 读 作 five oclock2. 表示几点过几分，在分钟后加 past，再加小时five past seven 七点过五分half past six 六点半a quarter past eight 八点过一刻seven past eight 八点过七分3. 表示几点差几分，在分钟后面加 to，再加小时ten to eight 差十分八点（七点五十分）a quarter to twelve 差一刻十二点（十一点四十五分）twenty to six 差二十分六点（五点四十分）
37、在日常生活中，常用下列简单方法表示时间。以小时、分种为单位分别读出数字。6:31 读作 six thirty-one10:26 读作 ten twenty-six 14:03 读作 fourteen o three16:15 读作 sixteen fifteen18:30 读作 eighteen thirty23:55 读作 twenty-three fifty-five注：如果用 12 小时表示法，这样就需要用 a.m.表示上午，p.m.表示下午了。练习： 对下列划线部分提问，将句子变为特殊疑问句。（1） Its seven oclock. is it?（2） He was born in
38、1992. was born?（3）(单选)- do you go to school?-At 7:00 in the morning.A. WhatB. HowC. What timeD. How old（4）英译汉1. ten past one2. twenty-five past eight3. a quarter past nine4. half past two5. twenty to two6. a quarter to six7. five to three8. twenty-five to fourkeys:1.What time;2.When; he;3. C.4. 十点十分
39、；八点二十五；九点十五；两点半；一点四十；五点四十五；两点五十七；三点三十五(四)祈使句通常用来表示命令、请求、禁止、建议、警告等语气。它的主语you(听话人)通常省略。 其构成通常有以下几种形式。1） Be 型（即系动词原型 be+表语其他）。否定句 Dont + be+表语+其他。2） Do 型（即系动词原形宾语其他）。 否定句 Dont +实义动词原形+宾语+其他。3） Let 型（即 Let+宾语+动词原形+其他）否定句一般在宾语后加 not。4） No+ V-ing 型（用于公共场合的提示语中，意为“禁止做某事“） 练习:1. My mother said to me, “Tom,
40、in bed.”A. not readB. doesnt readC. dont readD. didnt read2. your homework here tomorrow, Lucy.A. BringB. BringsC. To bringD. Bringing3. him the secret, will you?A. Dont tellB Not to tellC Not tellingD No telling4. 完成句子。 a good child!要做一个好孩子。（Be）5. 禁止吸烟！ 禁止垂钓！ (五)形容词的用法(No smoking!) (No fishing!)形容词
41、修饰名词，用以说明事物或人的性质或特征，是英语中最常用的词性之一，通常在句中作定语、表语等。考点一：形容词作定语，用于修饰名词例：Martha is a girl. She always smiles and says hello to others. shyB. friendlyC. crazyD. healthy考点二、形容词作表语，放在连系动词（be/ look/ feel/ sound 等）后，构成系表结构，即“连系动词+表语”，说明主语怎么样。例：The flowers smells and I like it very much.A. wellB. goodC. badD. bad
42、ly考点三：易错点：一些形容词和定冠词 the 连用，表示一类人或事物，相当于一个名词； 另外，形容词前可用 very， too，a little 等表示程度的词修饰。eg: He often helps the old.他经常帮助老人。You are too lazy.你太懒了。练习:1. I like pandas. They are .A. uglyB. boringC. unfriendlyD. cute2. Your brother is a boy. He never helps your mother with the housework(家务劳动).A. goodB. shyC
43、. cuteD. lazy3. Is this a photo of your daughter? She looks in the pink dress!A. lovelyB. quietlyC. politelyD. happily4. - Jack is a ( an ) young man.- That s true. He always feels nervous(紧张的) when he speaks before people.A. friendlyB. shyC. honestD. lively5. - I feel really tired.- .A. Lucky you!B
44、. You d better work harder.C. Congratulations!D. Why not go and have a rest?（六）如何问路：向别人问路可用一般疑问句或特殊疑问句两种句型：(1) 一般疑问句：Is there a post office near here? 这附近有邮局吗？ Can you tell me the way to the post office?你能告诉我去邮局的路吗？Do you know the way to the post office? 你知道去旅馆的路吗？【注意】回答上述句子时因是一般疑问句，故先作肯定回答，然后告知前往所询问的地点的方位与路线。(2) 特殊疑问句： Where is the post office? 邮局在哪儿？ How can I get to the post office? 我怎样到医院？ Which is the way to the post office? 去邮局的路是那一条？【注意】：回答上述句子时，均需对方对所在方位或所走路线直接给出明确的指示。Its next to它挨着Its between and它在和之间Its across from 它在的对面1. - can I get to the post office?-