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1、 学英语 找长喜【】1 四级晨读美文 Unit 8 Sports Forum 体育论坛 Text 1 Criticism about the Idea of Winning in Sports Although sports in the United States are glorified by many,there are others who are especially critical of the power of sports to corrupt when certain things are carried to excess.An excessive desire to
2、win in sports,for example,can weaken rather than strengthen traditional American values.Critics have pointed out that there is a long tradition of coaches and players who have done just this.Vince Lombardi,a famous professional football coach of the 1960s,was often criticized for stating that winnin
3、g is the“only thing”that matters in sports.Woody Hayes,another famous football coach,once said:“Anyone who tells me,Dont worry that you lost；you played a good game anyway,I just hate.”Critics believe that such statements by coaches weaken the idea that other things,such as fair play,following the ru
4、les of the game,and behaving with dignity when one is defeated,are also important.Unfortunately,many coaches still share the“winning is the only thing”philosophy.There is,however,also a tradition of honorable defeat in American sports.Sociologist Harry Edwards,for example,has pointed out that“The al
5、l important significance of winning is known,but likewise,there is the consoling(可安慰的)reward of the honorable defeat.Indeed,the sweetness of winning is derived from the knowledge of having defeated a courageous opponent who performed honorably.”When the idea of winning in sports is carried to excess
6、,however,honorable competition can turn into disorder and violence.In one game,the players of two professional baseball teams became so angry at each other that the game turned into a large scale fight between the two teams.The coach of one of the teams was happy about the fight because,in the games
7、 that followed,his team consistently won.He thought that the fight had helped to bring the men on his team closer together.Similarly,a professional football coach stated:“If we didnt go out there and fight,Id be worried.You go out there and protect your teammates.The guys who sit on the bench,theyre
8、 the losers.”Both coaches seemed to share the view that if occasional fights with opposing teams helped to increase the winning spirit of their players,so much the better.Hockey(曲棍球)coaches would probably agree.Professional hockey teams are notorious(臭名昭著的)for the fights among players during games.S
9、ome hockey fans seem to expect this fighting as part of the entertainment.A corrupt B consistently C derived D dignity E entertainment F glorified G honorable H opponent I occasional J professional K scale L significance M strengthen N violence 对在运动中获胜的思想的批评 尽管在美国许多人都崇尚运动，但还是有一些人对过量运动的破坏力量持批评态度。例如，在
10、运动中过分地渴望获胜更多地是削弱而不是巩固美国传统的价值观。评论家们曾经指出教练和运动员这样做是一个长久的传统。20 世纪 60 年代美国著名的专业橄榄球教练文森 伦巴蒂经常因为说获胜是体育运动中最为重要的事而受到批评。另一个著名的橄榄球教练武德海斯曾经说过：“任何一个人跟我说不要因为失败而苦恼，不管怎样，你都表现得很不错，我很讨厌这种话。”学英语 找长喜【】2 评论家们认为教练们这样的想法削弱了其他一些更重要的东西，如公平竞争、遵守比赛规则、失败时表现不能有失尊严。遗憾的是，许多教练仍然坚持“获胜是惟一重要的事”这种理念。然而，在美国运动中也有“光荣的失败”这一传统观念。例如，社会学家哈里
11、爱德华兹曾经指出：“胜利的重要性尽人皆知，但同样，对值得尊敬的失败也有安慰奖。确实，胜利的甜蜜来源于打败了一个勇敢的、表现得令人尊敬的对手。”然而，当在运动中获胜的思想被太过强调的时候，光荣的比赛就会进入无秩序和充满暴力的状态。一场比赛中，两个专业棒球队的队员对对方感到非常愤怒，以至于那场比赛最后变成了两个队之间大规模的斗殴。其中一个队的教练因这场斗殴而感到高兴，因为在接下来的比赛中，他带的队一直赢。他认为那场斗殴让他的队员更加紧密地团结在一起。同样地，一个专业橄榄球教练曾说过：“如果我们不去那里打架，我会不高兴的。你要出去保护你的队友。那些袖手旁观的家伙是失败者。”这两个教练看来有一个共同的
12、观点，那就是如果偶尔与对方队员的斗殴有助于增强他们队员获胜的信念的话，那就再好不过了。曲棍球教练可能也会赞成该观点。专业曲棍球队因比赛中队员之间的斗殴而臭名昭著。一些曲棍球迷似乎期望把这种斗殴作为娱乐的一部分。难 句 解 析 1.Although sports in the United States are glorified by many,there are others who are especially critical of the power of sports to corrupt when certain things are carried to excess.【分析】多
13、重复合句。句首 Although 引导让步状语从句，后面不可以用 but。主句为 there be 句型，其中 who 引导的定语从句修饰 others,to corrupt作宾语补足语，句末 when 引导 时间状语从句。2.Critics believe that such statements by coaches weaken the idea that other things,such as fair play,following the rules of the game,and behaving with dignity when one is defeated,are als
14、o important.【分析】多重复合句。believe 后为 that 引导的宾语从句，其中 that 引导的从句为 idea 的同位语,when 引导的为时间状语从句，following.the game 和 behaving.defeated 为 other things 的伴随状语，such as fair play 为插入语。3.Indeed,the sweetness of winning is derived from the knowledge of having defeated a courageous opponent who performed honorably.【
15、分析】复合句。分词短语 having defeated.之所以用完成时，是因为其表示的动作完成了以后，主语表示的动作才发生，who 引导定语从句修饰 opponent。下面我们学习文中标红的高频词高频词汇 glorify vt.褒扬，使光荣【引申】同根glory n.荣誉，光荣glorious a.光荣的,显赫的【活用例句】Her brave deeds were glorified in song and story.人们用歌曲和故事来颂扬她的勇敢行为。corrupt a.贪污的，腐败的 v.使腐化，使坠落 【联想】由于领导腐败(corrupt)，这家公司破产(bankrupt)了 学英语
16、找长喜【】3【搭配】a corrupt judge 贪赃舞弊的法官【提示】一起来记忆的“同根兄弟”词有：abrupt a.突然的bankrupt v.使破产interrupt 打断corruption n.腐败，贪污，堕落【活用例句】Do you think young people are corrupted by big city life?你认为大城市的生活会使年轻人道德败坏吗?strengthen*vt.加强；巩固#09【词根】来自 strength(强度)en(动词后缀)加强【搭配】strengthen social ties 加强社会联系；strengthen the citys
17、buildings and highways 加固城市楼房和公路【引申】同根 strength n.力气；力量 同缀 共享-en 动词后缀darken v.变黑暗，使黑暗 fasten v.系紧hasten v.促进，赶快反义cripple vt.严重削弱 n.跛子【阅读例句】First,the very best of them stay in the States and like immigrants throughout history strengthen the nation.首先，最好的留学生往往留在了美国就像历史上的那些移民从而使美国变得更为强大。07.12 professio
18、nal*a.职业的，专业的#09 n.自由职业者，专业人员【搭配】a professional man 专业人员【听力例句】Professional pickpockets do not see victims only handbags,jewels and money.专业扒手根本就不看人，他们只看守提包，珠宝和钱。04.1 dignity n.庄严，端庄；尊严，高贵【联想】dig(挖)n ity(名词后缀)高贵的品格需挖掘【搭配】the dignity of work 工作的光荣；die with dignity 死得有尊严【活用例句】She accepted the criticism
19、 with dignity.她大度地接受了批评。/Its difficult to preserve your dignity when you have no job and no home.一个无家无业的人难以保持自己的尊严。honorable a.光荣的，荣誉的；可敬的，高尚的【搭配】honorable career in government 光荣的从政生涯；an honorable man 高尚的人【引申】同义worthy a.(of)值得的，配得上的；可尊敬的【听力例句】Where I come from in southeastern London that is an hono
20、rable profession.我来自伦敦东南部，在那这可是一个光荣的职业。04.1 significance*n.意义，重要性【词根】是动词 signify(表示的意思，意味)的名词形式【搭配】of no(little)significance 无关紧要的【活用例句】Could you explain to me the significance of this part of the contract?你能给我解释一下合同这一部分的含义吗?同 义 巧 辨 importance,consequence,significance 三者都含“重要性”的意思。importance 为一般用语，着
21、重指“重要程度较高”，如：news of importance 重要新闻；consequence 侧重指“有较深远影响的后果”，学英语 找长喜【】4 如：If you behave so foolishly,you must be ready to take the consequences.如果你这样愚昧下去，你必须准备自食其果。significance 指“具有重大而深远的意义”，如：an event of significance 具有重要意义的事件。derive vt.取得，得到；追溯的起源(或来由)vi.(from)起源，衍生【联想】derive(r)黄河是中华文明的发源地起源【搭配
22、】derive from 得自，衍生【引申】同根derivation n.出处；衍生【活用例句】His power derives mainly from his popularity with the army.他的权力主要来自他在军队中的威望。opponent*n.反对者；敌手，对手【词根】op(against)pon(put 放置)ent(人)置身于反对的立场对手【引申】反义advocator n.拥护者【活用例句】He taught me how to use an opponents strength to fight against himself.他教我如何以其人之道还治其人之身
23、。同根 postpone vt.推迟，延期【词根】post(在后的)pone(放)放到后面推迟【提示】postpone 后面要求接名词或动名词作宾语,如 postpone sending an answer推迟给予答复。【听力例句】They will postpone their program if it rains.如果下雨他们就会推迟安排。02.6 同义 delay n.耽搁(的时间)，延迟 v.耽搁，；推迟，使延期 【联想】耽误(delay)贮存而致腐烂(decay)【提示】delay 作及物动词时，后面跟动名词或名词作宾语，不跟不定式。【活用例句】谚 Sharpening your
24、axe will not delay your job of cutting wood.磨刀不误砍柴工。disorder n.杂乱，混乱，无秩序状态【词根】dis(没)order(顺序)没有顺序混乱【搭配】in disorder 混乱，紊乱；fall into disorder 陷入混乱【引申】反义order n.顺序；有条理【听力例句】She committed suicide because of her mental disorder.她因精神错乱而自杀。07.12 scale*n.规模；等级；pl.天平；比例(尺)；刻度；(鱼等的)鳞 vt.攀登，爬越【词源】巧记“多义”：记住“刻度”
25、的含义即可，古人在树上划一道道的刻度，记录自己有多高，那是最原始的“秤，测量”的含义。古人把鱼捞起来一看，“哇，这种动物刻痕累累，身体上自带刻度!”要想攀登一座高山，古人没有工具，只 学英语 找长喜【】5 能借助山壁上的一道道刻痕，用手扣住石缝往上爬，所以 scale 有“攀登”之意。【搭配】on a(large)scale(大)规模地，在(大)规模上；the scales of the justice 正义的天平；scale the heights of his profession 登上了他事业的顶峰【短语】scale down(production)按比例缩减(生产)【引申】同义exte
26、nt n.程度，范围，限度【活用例句】At the other end of the scale,life is a constant struggle to get enough to eat.对于处在社会最底层的人来说，生活就是为吃饱肚子而不断挣扎的过程。consistently ad.一贯地，一向，始终如一地【引申】同根consistent a.一致的；一贯的：consistent policy 一贯的政策近形insistently ad.坚持地，强求地【活用例句】The old man lives consistently with the laws of health.这位老人的生活
27、符合健康原则。occasional a.偶然的，非经常的；特殊场合的；临时的【引申】同根occasion n.时刻，场合；时机；起因 vt.引起occasionally ad.偶尔地【活用例句】Occasional music was played at the graduation.毕业仪式上演奏了庆典的音乐。同根 occasion*n.时刻，场合；盛会；sing.时机；起因 vt.引起【搭配】choose ones occasion 选择时机；an occasion for general rejoicing 举国欢腾的时候；on a public occasion 在公共场合；on oc
28、casion(s)有时【听力例句】She disagrees with Dr.Andrews on many occasions.在许多方面她都不同意安得鲁医生的观点。06.6 entertainment*n.娱乐，娱乐表演【搭配】live entertainment 现场直播的娱乐节目【阅读例句】The world of arts and entertainment is often referred to as“the entertainment industry”or“show business.”艺术和娱乐界经常被称为“娱乐业”或“演艺业”。03.6 同根 entertain*vt.招
29、待，款待；给娱乐，使快乐 vi.招待，请客【联想】enter(进入)tain(拿)拿着东西进去，一般是请客送礼或要招待别人【写作例句】Athletes not only entertain people but also take the peace message all over the world.运动员不仅愉悦观众，还把和平的信息传遍整个世界。下面我们学习文中标黑的常用词#常用词汇 excess*n.过量，超越 a.过量的，额外的【词根】ex(出)cess(go 走)走出界限过度 学英语 找长喜【】6【搭配】in excess 过度，过量；in excess of 超过；excess
30、food 多余的食物【引申】同根excessive a.过多的，过度的同义overtake vt.超过，赶上【活用例句】An excess of fat in ones diet can lead to heart disease.食物中脂肪过多会导致心脏病。weaken*v.(使)变弱，(使)减弱 【词根】来自：weak(弱的)en(使)(使)变弱【搭配】weaken his resolve 削弱他的信心；weaken the buildings foundation 削弱大厦的地基【活用例句】The team has been weakened by injury.这个队因伤实力减弱。ma
31、tter*vi.有重要性，要紧，有关系【搭配】matter to sb 对某人要紧【活用例句】The children matter more to her than anything else in the world.对她来说，在这个世界上没有比孩子更重要的了。/It doesnt matter to me what you do.你做什么我无所谓。fair*a.公平的；相当大的；浅色的；(肤色)白皙的 n.展览会【搭配】an open and fair race 公开公平的比赛；a fair number of people 相当多的人；long fair hair 一头浅色头发；exp
32、ort commodities fair 出口商品交易会【阅读例句】She is likely to have fewer but healthier children and can insist on the development of all her children,ensuring that her daughters are given a fair chance.她可能会有更少但却更健康的孩子，并会坚持让所有的孩子都得到发展，以确保女儿们有一个公平的机会。06.6 defeat vt.击败，战胜 n.击败，战胜【搭配】defeat the champion 战胜冠军；resig
33、n oneself to defeat 甘心失败；a succession of defeats 一连串的失败【写作例句】After the defeat of SARS,people relieve their tense feelings through different ways.战胜了非典之后，人们通过各种方式缓解紧张的情绪。同 义 巧 辨 defeat,conquer,overcome 都含“战胜”，“击败”的意思。defeat 指“赢得胜利”，尤其指军事上或各种竞赛中的胜利，如：defeat the enemy 打败敌人；conquer 指“征服”，“战胜”，特别指“获得对人、物
34、或感情的控制”，如：conquer nature 征服自然；overcome 指“战胜”、“压倒”、“克服”，尤指“感情”而言，如：overcome difficulties 克服困难。!图 5 likewise*ad.同样地，照样地；又，也【构词】like(相同的)wise【引申】同义also ad.也，亦，同样【活用例句】To achieve this goal,you must have ambition；likewise you need to exert great efforts.要实现这一目标，你必须有雄心壮志，同时还得十分努力。学英语 找长喜【】7 courageous a.勇
35、敢的，有胆量的【引申】同根courage n.勇气，精神discourage v.使气馁 encourage vt.鼓励，怂恿【活用例句】He is courageous in defending truth.他勇于维护真理。Text 2 Organized Sports in America Most social scientists believe that the sports that are organized by a society generally reflect the basic values of that society and attempt to strengt
36、hen them in the minds and emotions of its people.Therefore,organized sports have a more serious social purpose than spontaneous,unorganized play by individuals.This is certainly true in the United States,where the three most popular organized sports are football,basketball,and baseball.Nowhere are t
37、he ways and words of democracy better illustrated than in sports.Organized sports are seen by Americans as an inspiring example of equality of opportunity in action.In sports,people of different races and economic backgrounds get an equal chance to excel.For this reason,notes sociologist Harry Edwar
38、ds,Americans view organized sports as“a laboratory in which young men,regardless of social class,can learn the advantages and rewards of a competitive system”.Although Edwards specifically mentions young men,young women also compete in organized sports without regard to their race or economic backgr
39、ound.Womens sports are growing in popularity in the United States,and they now have more funding and support at the college level than in the past.The 1996 Olympics provided evidence of the increased interest in womens organized sports.American women won gold medals for several team sports softball,
40、basketball,soccer,and gymnastics.The idea of competition is at the very heart of organized sports in the United States.Many Americans believe that learning how to win in sports helps develop the habits necessary to compete successfully in later life.This training,in turn,strengthens American society
41、 as a whole.“It is commonly held,”says one sports writer,“that the competitive ethic taught in sports must be learned and ingrained(根深蒂固的)in youth for the future success of American business and military efforts.”A advantages B excel C emotions D evidence E inspiring F illustrated G military H organ
42、ized I popular J regard K spontaneous 美国有组织的体育运动 大多数社会科学家认为由团体组织的体育运动通常反映该团体的基本价值观并试图在人们头脑中和情感上强化它们。因而有组织的体育运动比个人自发的无组织运动有更严肃的社会目的。美国就是这样，美国最流行的三项有组织的体育运动是橄榄球，篮球和棒球。没有哪种方式比体育运动更能阐明民主的形式和口号的了。有组织的体育运动被美国人视为有效的，鼓舞人心的，机会均等的运动。在体育运动中，不同种族和经济背景的人们有同等出人头地的机会。社会学家哈里 爱德华兹指出，因为这个原因，美国人把有组织的体育运动看作是“一个实验室不论什么社
43、会阶层的年轻男子都能从中获得竞争体系的好处和回报”。虽然爱德华兹特别提到了年轻男子，年轻女子也一样可以在有组织的体育运动中比赛，而不 学英语 找长喜【】8 必考虑她们的种族或经济背景。在美国，女子体育运动的普及程度与日俱增，她们现在在大学层次上的运动得到比过去更多的资金和支持。1996 年奥林匹克运动就证明人们对有组织的女子体育运动的兴趣增加了。美国女子在垒球、篮球、足球和体操等几个团体项目上夺得了金牌。在美国，竞争观念是有组织体育运动的核心。很多美国人都认为学会如何在体育运动中获胜有助于习惯的培养，这些习惯会令你在今后的竞争中脱颖而出。反过来这种训练又从整体上巩固了美国社会。一个体育撰稿人说
44、：“人们普遍认为，为了美国未来商业和军事的成功，在体育运动中所教的竞争规则一定要让年轻人学会并植根于他们的思想意识中。”难 句 解 析 1.Most social scientists believe that the sports that are organized by a society generally reflect the basic values of that society and attempt to strengthen them in the minds and emotions of its people.【分析】多重复合句。believe 后为 that 引导的
45、宾语从句。其中 that 引导的定语从句修饰 the sports，reflect 和 attempt 为从 句中并列谓语动词，句末介词短语 in the minds and emotions of its people 作从句状语，其中 of its people 作后置定语修饰 minds 和 emotions。2.For this reason,notes sociologist Harry Edwards,Americans view organized sports as“a laboratory in which young men,regardless of social cla
46、ss,can learn the advantages and rewards of a competitive system.”【分析】复合句。notes sociologist Harry Edwards 为插入语，句中 view.as 为固定搭配，“将视为”，which 引导定语从句修饰 laboratory，regardless of.作插入语，介词短语 of a competitive 作后置定语，修饰 advantages 和 rewards。3.“It is commonly held,”says one sports writer,“that the competitive e
47、thic taught in sports must be learned and ingrained in youth for the future success of American business and military efforts.【分析】复合句。says one sports writer 为插入语，主干为 It is held that.句型，It 为形式主语，真正的主语为 that 从句，taught in sports 为过去分词短语后置作定语修饰 ethic，for 表示目的，介词短语 of.efforts 作后置定语修饰 the future success。下
48、面我们学习文中标红的高频词#高频词汇 organize 9O:g5naIz 【引申】派生organization/-isation n.组织，机构，团体同义institute n.学院，机构 vt.建立【活用例句】Making a decent speech requires the speaker to organize his words logically with full emotions and then present it with proper pace,intonation,and gesture.要做好演讲要求演讲者富有逻辑和激情地组织语言，演讲时要具备恰当的节奏，语调和
49、姿势。emotion*n.情感，感情；激情【词根】e mot(动)ion 容易波动的情绪情感【搭配】with deep emotion 有深厚的感情；a whole range of emotions 各种各样的情感 学英语 找长喜【】9【提示】mood 指情绪；emotion 指爱、恨等情感；attitude 指对人或事的态度；feeling 指各种内外的感觉(最常用的词)；passion 指激情。【引申】派生emotional a.情感的，情绪的emotionally ad.感情上，情绪上同义feeling n.感情passion n.激情，热情【活用例句】The very essence
50、 of literature is the war between emotion and intellect.文学的本质是情感与理智的斗争。spontaneous a.自发的，无意识的【词根】spont(自愿)aneous(的)自愿的自发的【搭配】a spontaneous offer of help 主动提出帮助；spontaneous responses 不假思索的回答【引申】同义natural a.自然的，出于本性的，天赋的【活用例句】Hearing the joke,we burst into spontaneous laughter.听到笑话,我们不由自主地大笑起来。popular