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1、-练习参考答案 Chapter 1 流动性过剩 e*cess liquidity 自给自足 self-sufficient 经济资源 economic resources 直接投资 direct investment 国际收支 balance of payments 易货交易 barter 出口退税 e*port ta*rebate 倾销 dumping 出口型经济增长 e*port-driven economic growth 东道国 host country 贸易差额 balance of trade 贸易顺差贸易逆差 favorable unfavorable balance of tr
2、ade 欧盟 European Union 国际收支顺差国际收支逆差 favorable unfavorable balance of payments 有形贸易 visible trade 无形贸易 invisible trade 货物贸易 trade in goods 效劳贸易 trade in services -The chart above shows the U.S.imports from China,U.S.e*ports to China and the trade balance.The U.S.has a negative trade balance with China
3、,and it has been growing.During the period from 1997 to 2003,imports from China have grown 244 while e*ports toChina have grown 221，indicating that the trade deficit is increasing.There had alreadybeen a sizeable trade balance deficit with China in 1996,totalling 39.5 billion at the end of theyear.1
4、.E*port goods are tangible goods sent out of countries.2.Trade in services are international earnings other than those derived from the e*porting andimporting of tangible goods 3.Import goods are tangible goods brought in.4.International trade is all business transactions that involve two or more co
5、untries.5.FDI is one that gives the investor a controlling interest in a foreign pany.6.Investment is used primarily as financial means for a pany to earn more money on itsmoney with relative safety.-1.International trade,is the fair and deliberate e*change of goods and or services acrossnational bo
6、undaries.It concerns trade operations of both import and e*port and includesthe purchase and sale of both visible and invisible goods.2.In todays ple*economic world,neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient.Nations participate in the international trade for many reasons.As to the economicr
7、easons,no nation has all of the economic resouces land,labor and capital that it needsto develop its economy and culture,and no country enjoys a particular item sufficientenough to meet its needs.As for the preference reasons,international trade takes placebecause of innovation of style.Besides,ever
8、y nation can specialize in a certain field andenjoy a parative advantage in some particular area in terms of trade so that they needto do business with each other to make use of resources more efficiently and effectively.3.In measuring the effectiveness of global trade,nations carefully follow two k
9、ey indicators,namely,balance of trade and balance of payments.4.FDI,the abbreviation form Foreign Direct Investment,means buying of permanent property and business in foreign nations.It occurs when acquisition of equity interest in a-foreign pany is made.The great significance of FDI for China might
10、 be that：FDIsolve the problem of capital shortage for China so that China may spend the money onimporting advanced equipment and technologies for its infrastructure,national supportingindustry,key projects,etc.Chapter 2 关税壁垒 tariff barriers 非关税壁垒 non-tariff barriers 从量税 specific duties 配额 quota 保护性关
11、税 protective tariff 市场失灵 market failure 幼稚产业 infant industry 许可证制度 licensing system 财政关税 revenue tariff 政府采购 government procurement 贸易保护主义 trade protectionism 从价税 Ad valorem Duties 最低限价 floor price 本地采购规则buy local rules 增加需 raise domestic demand Domestic content 国含量-Red-tape barriers 进口环节壁垒 E*port s
12、usidies 出口补贴 Binding quota 绑定配额 Absolute quotas 绝对配额 VER 自愿出口限制 Tariff-rate quotas 关税配额 Zero quota 零配额 Buy local rules 本地采购原则 1.Protectionism means the deliberate use or encouragement of restrictions on imports toenable relatively inefficient domestic producers to pete successfully with foreign prod
13、ucers.保护主义是指蓄意使用或鼓励进口限制，以此使本国相对效率低的产品能成功地和外国产品竞争。2.If the Russians release their stocks of tin into the world market,the price of the metal willsink through the floor.一旦俄罗斯人将其持有的锡矿股票投放于国际市场之中，则该市场中金属的价格会跌破最低限价。3.Protective tariff means a duty or ta*imposed on imported products for the purpose ofmaki
14、ng them more e*pensive in parison to domestic producers,thereby giving thedomestic products a price advantage.-保护性关税表示对进口产品征收的关税，旨在让它们相比起本国商品更贵，从而使得本国商品具有价格优势。4.Types of tariffs include ad valorem,specific,variable,or pound.In the United States,the imposition of tariffs is made on imported goods onl
15、y.Tariffs raise the prices ofimported goods,thus making them less petitive within the market of the importingcountry.After seven Rounds of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade tradenegotiations that focused heavily on tariff reductions,tariffs are less important measures ofprotection than they use
16、d to be.关税的种类包括从价税，从量税，可变税与复合税。在美国，只对进口商品征税。关税抬高了进口货物的价格，从而使得它们在进口国商品市场竞争优势下降。继关税及贸易总协定七个回合主要关于降低税价的贸易协定之后，税收所起的保护作用日趋下降。1.Tariff is a duty collected by customs of a government on imports and or e*ports.2.A revenue tariff can be some of the ines of a government,but it must be taken undercontrol.3.To
17、 e*port goods at an unreasonably low price is taken as dumping which might be foughtagainst by government of the importing country.-4.A tariff may be assessed on a per unit basis,in which case it is known as a specific duty.It also may be assessed as a percentage of the value of the item,in which ca
18、se it is knownas an ad valorem duty.5.Import tariffs primarily serve as a means of raising the price of the import goods so thatpetitively produced domestic goods will gain a relative price advantage.Chapter3 APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation FTAAP Free Trade Agreement of Asia and the Pacific
19、EU European Union NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement MERCOSUR Mercado un del Cono Sur Southern mon Market ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations EFTA European Free Trade Area AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area PTAs Preferential Trade agreements Trade bloc 贸易集团 Trade block 贸易禁运封锁 Open regionalis
20、m 开放式区域主义 Free trade area 自由贸易区 Customs union 关税联盟-mon market 共同市场 Economic union 经济联盟 Trade embargoes 贸易禁运 Boycotts 抵抗 歧视性关税 discriminatory tariffs 经济制裁 economic sanction 贸易弹性 trade elasticity 双边贸易协定 bilateral trade agreements 多边贸易协定 multilateral trade agreements 最惠国 most favored nation Chapter 4 G
21、ATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade HOD Heads of Delegations TRIPs Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services TRIMs Trade Related Investment Measures MFN Most Favored Nations 惠国 Patronage nations 受惠国 Favored nations 缔约国 Contracting Partie
22、s 市场准入 market access-透明度 transparency 紧急进口措施 Urgent Importing Measures 争端解决机制 dispute settlement mechanism 可持续开展 sustainable development 特许经营 franchise 1.Until now WTO has already had 150 members and its trade volume covers 90 of thetotal trade volume in the whole world.2.Topmost of WTO is the Minis
23、terial Conference which has to meet at least once every twoyears.Under the Ministerial Conference is the General Council that has to meet at Genevaregularly.3.The WTO Secretariat,which offices only in Geneva,Swizerland,has around 550 regularstaff and is headed by a Director-General.Since decisions a
24、re made by Members only,theSecretariat has no decision-making powers as the other international institutions.4.The Secretariat provides some form of legal assistance in the dispute settlement process andadvises governments wishing to bee Members of the WTO.Chapter5 FOB 班轮条件 FOB liner term 清关 customs
25、 clearance FOB 吊钩下交货 FOB Under Tackle-平舱 trim 多式联运 multimodal transport 船舷 shipboard 陆水运 marine navigation on inland waterway 理舱 stow 卸货费 discharge e*pense 投保 cover insurance CFR 卸至岸上含着陆费 CFR Landed 班轮 liner 单据买卖 documentary sales CFR 舱底交货 CFR E*-ships Hold CFR 班轮条件 CFR liner terms 象征性交货 symbolic de
26、livery .Under CFR,buyer should effect insurance.Under CIF E*-Ships Hold,seller should pay the discharge charges.Under CIF,the insured amount should be US 22000 if the contracted price is US20000.Under CIP,seller has to procure insurance against the buyers risk of loss of or damage tothe goods during
27、 the carriage.The FAS term requires the seller to clear the goods for e*port.-.The DEQ term requires the buyer to proceed with the customs clearance for imports andpayment of all customs duty.Under DDP,the seller must pay the costs of customs duties as well as all duties,ta*es andother official char
28、ges payable upon e*portation and importation of the goods.Under DDU the seller must give the buyer instant notice of the shipping of the goods aswell as any other notice required in order to allow the buyer to take measure.The price quoted includes mission on FOB basis.该报价为 FOB 的价格并含的佣金。.Under CPT,C
29、IP,carrier means any person who,in a contract of carriage,undertakesto perform or to procure the performance of transport,by rail,road,air,sea,inlandwaterway or by a bination of such modes.在 CPT、CIP 项下，承运人指在货物运输合同中承诺通过铁路、公路、航空、海运、河水运或多式运输等方式完成货物运输的人。.Under FCA,the chosen place of delivery has an imp
30、act on the obligations of loading andunloading the goods at that place.If delivery occurs at the sellers premise,the seller isresponsible for loading.If delivery occurs at any other place,the seller is not responsiblefor unloading.-在 FCA 项下，交货地的选择对货物的装船与卸载责任有影响。如果交货地基于卖方，卖方有装载责任。如果交货地在其它地方，卖方对卸载没有责任
31、。.Under FOB，the seller must deliver the goods on the date or within the agreed period at thenamed port of shipment and in the manner customary at the port on board the vesselnominated by the buyerAnd the buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to thegoods from the time they have passed the sh
32、ips rail at the named port of shipment 在 FOB 项下，卖方必须在约定的日期或期限，在指定的装运港，按照该港习惯方式，将货物交至买方指定的船只上。买方必须自货物在指定的装运港越过船舷之刻起承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。E*W FCA FAS FOB CFR CIF CPT CIP DES DEQ DDP Do the terms of delivery include production costs and profits.Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Is e*port packing included Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
33、Y Y Y Does the quoted price include transport to docks or airport in home country of e*port.N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Does the e*porter pay marine N N N N N Y N Y N N N-insurance in the contract.Is the e*porter responsible for all charges up to final destination.N N N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Does the e*porter h
34、ave to pay charges of shipping documents.N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Does the shipper pay ocean freight charges N N N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y A.c；.d；.a；.c；.c；.c；.d；.b；.d；.c B.a；.ab；.abcdf；.abc；.aef Chapter 6 .Sales by SellersBuyers Sample 凭卖方样品买卖凭买方样品买卖.Reference Duplicate Sample 基准样品副样.Qulity Tolerance 品质公差.Coun
35、ter Sample 对等样品.More or Less Clauses 溢短装条款.Neutral Packing 中性包装.Customs Formality 报关手续.Inspection Certificate of Quality 质量检验证书-.FDA 食品及药物管理局.Marking of Goods 标记货物 .毛重 gross weight.理论重量 theoretical weight.净重 net weight.约定皮重 puted tare.公量 conditioned weight.单位重量 unit weight.含水量 water capacity.习惯皮重 cu
36、stomary tare.法定重量 legal weight.实际皮重 actual tare.从价税 ad valorem duty.平均皮重 average tare.货样不符 goods not equal to the sample.副产品 by-products.国家质量监视校验检疫总局 General Administration of Quality Supervision，Inspection and Quarantine of the Peoples Republic of China B mineral ore A.sample-C ordinary garments B.
37、manual G medical apparatus E.famous brand A wheat F.specification H calligraphic works G.inspection F power plant generator H.drawing or diagram .The quality and price of modities should be taken into consideration in choosing the packing material and package designing.A topper,matched with the supe
38、rior-grade packing,speaks itself for its high quality and preciousness.It will e*tremely increase the cost of the goods to pack the medium-low quality with the high quality material,and therefore,influence its sale.It will effect its marketing of the goods to doggedly strive for thrift in a way to p
39、ack the superior quality with the low quality material.We should take not only the quality and appearance of the goods into consideration,but also the customerstaste and preference.We must improve the quality of the e*port goods so as to strengthen its petitiveness in the international market.Chapte
40、r 7 油轮 Oil tanker 定程租船 Voyage Charter-滚装船 Ro Ro vessel 定期租船 Time Charter 载驳轮 LASHLight Aboard Ship 光船租船 Bare Boat CharterBBC 船期表 sailing schedule 租船合同 charter contract 滞期费 demurrage charge 班轮运价表 liner freight rate schedule 速遣费 dispatch money 选卸附加费 optional additional 直航附加费 direct additional 转船附加费 tr
41、ansshipment surcharge 港口拥挤附加费 Port Congestion Surcharge 运输代理 transpotation agent 包裹 package 拼箱货 LCLLess than container load 结汇 settlement 整箱货 FCLFull container load 空运单 Air waybill 集装箱货运站 container yard 装运通知 shipping notice 处置权 right of disposal-Partial shipment transshipment 分批装船转运 Bill of lading 提
42、单 Clean B L 清洁提单 Order B L 指示提单 bined transport B L 联合运输提单 Blank BL 空白提单 Straight BL 记名提单 Through B L 联运提单 Liner BL 班轮提单 Ante-dated B L 倒签提单 Advanced BL 预借提单 Consignment note 陆运或铁路运输通知 Blank endorsement 空白背书 IATA 国际航空运输协会 bined transport documents 多式联运单据 FCL LCL 整箱交拆箱接 .delayadvance.acceptedunaccpte
43、d.-.把or without去掉 .海运提单上列出了承运人和托运人之间的权利和义务。.班轮公司通常把航海时间表登载在报纸上或者分发给托运人。.在多式联运提单上，卸货港应该是提单许可的中转码头。.集装箱收费是多种多样的。例如附加费，总费率确实定是根本费率加上附加费率。.集装箱的好处在于：方便处理货物，减少盗窃，减少暴露，节约装船本钱。.Transport documents which appear on their face to indicate that shipment has been made on the same means of conveyance and for the
44、same journey,provided they indicate the same destination,will not be regarded as covering partial shipment,even if the transport documents indicate different dates of shipment and or different ports of loading,places of taking in charge,or dispatch.Clean transport document is one which bears no clau
45、se or notation which e*pressly declares a defective condition of the goods and or the packaging.Neither the carrier nor the shipper shall be responsible in any event for loss or damage to,or in connection with,goods if the nature or-value thereof has been knowingly misstated by the shipper in the Bi
46、ll of lading.Where the performance of the carriage or part thereof has been entrusted to an actual carrier,whether or not in pursuance of a liberty under the contract of carriage by sea to do so,the carrier nevertheless remains responsible for the entire carriage.The carrier is responsible,in relati
47、on to the carriage performed by the actual carrier,for the acts and omissions of the actual carrier and of his servants and agents acting within the scope of their employment.Chapter 8 投保人 insured 共同海损 general average 投保金额 insured amount 外来风险 e*traneous risks 保险单 insurance policy 推定全损 constructive a
48、verage 海上风险 marine risks 施救费用 salvage charges 救助费用 sue and labor e*penses 意外事故 misfortune 承保人 insurer 单独海损 particular average-保险费 insurance premium 航空运输货物战争险 air transportation war risk 陆运险 land transportation risks 陆运一切险 land transportation all risks 估损费用 risk estimation charges 航空运输一切险 air transpo
49、rtation all risks Ocean marine insurance 海运保险 War risks 战争险 Basic risks coverage 根本险种 Insured amount 投保金额 T.P.N.D 偷盗、失窃、提货不着险 Taint of ordr 窜味险 Overland transportation insurance 陆上运输保险 Parcel post insurance 邮寄包裹保险 Free from particular average 平安险 Additional risks coverage 附加险别 Fresh water and or rai
50、n damage 淡水雨淋险 With particular average 水渍险 .-.Special additional coverage such as war risks,strikes and so on must be taken out together with FPA,WPA.and all risks.In essence,open policy is not the same as the insurance certificate.Threetwo types of risks are covered by ocean marine insurance,namely