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1、1 阅读理解技巧指导-推理判断 组题人：戴恩云 郭明方 李玉刚 尹 军 张冬丽 2011年 01 月_日 本类考题解答锦囊 每篇文章都有一定的写作目的，作者往往期待读者读了文章后知道应当怎样去做某些事情或按某种方式思考问题。这层意思通常并不是在文章申明确表达出来，而是隐含在文章之中。这就要求读者在阅读过程中去沟通外现的和内含的，已述的和未述的含义。这就需要仔细的阅读和认真的思考，在通盘理解文章的基础上去领会作者的言外之意，去掌握语言的微妙之处，真正欣赏和理解阅读的东西；阅读中的推论是很常见的，我们所读的一切几乎都可以做出程度不同的推论。凡推断出的内容在文章中都没有明确叙述，但却暗含在文字之中。
2、因此在进行推断时，必须以有关的文字部分作为推理的前提和依据。所谓推断，指根据推测而加以判断；而推测总是根据已知的信息推断出未知的信息。即把有关的文字作为已知部分，从中推断出未知部分。据以推理的有关文字部分可能是词或句子，也可能是若干句，甚至全文，要想做出精确的推断，必须注意以下四点。1细心地了解文章中所提供的全部信息和信息的各个方面。2分析已知的信息，用正确的观点，借助于一些常识，最大限度地捕捉到信息的本质。3注意词、句子的本义和与之有关的其他意义。4根据己知信息，即短文或有关的文字部分，做出的推断必须与作者的原意相符，切忌以自己的观点取代作者的原意。推理判断往往包括数据事实推断，常识推断，逻
3、辑结论以及推断作者的写作目的、态度、倾；向等几种类型。1数据事实推断：这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节。是比较简单的推断。首先在原文中找到据以推理的有关文字部分，对与数字有关的推断，只需简单推算，即可得出结果。对与事实有关的，要加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行间的意思。例题：House prices in England increased sharply between 1971 and 1972.The following records how much a house in Chelsea London,had risen in price since 1955:Take No.29 S
4、mith Terrace for example.In 1955,Jane Grey sold for 2,000.Mrs Bowena Black bought it for 4,900 and sold it nine years later to Bill and Dreen White for 22,950.Now four years later.1)The price of the house was as high in 1972 as in the yearJane Grey sold it.A.about ten times B.twice C.150 percent D.f
5、ifteen times 2)Of all the tenants,who earned most?A.The Whites.B.Jane Grey.C.Mrs Black.D.Mr White.3)When did Mrs Black buy the house?A.1971.B.1972 C.1968.D.1959 4)Jane Grey lived at No.29 Smith Terrace A.for four years B.for nine years C.between 1971 and 1972 D.before 1955 5)If MrS B1aCk had waited
6、four years to setl the house She would have earned as much as_.A28，000 B18，000 C30，000 D25，100 2常识推断：有些时候，文章里并没有提供任何可据以推断的材料，或虽有提供，但却不足以2 推出正确的未知事实。这时便须根据平常积累的有关知识来进行推断。例:Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.If metal is heated and then cooled v
7、ery quicky,for example by dipping it in water,it will be very hard but also very brittle(脆)-that is,it will break easily.Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily.It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as is wished,by annealing it.The metal is heated,and allowed to c
8、ool slowly for a certain length of time.The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly,the softer it becomes.Annealing can also be used on other mate rials,such as glass.Why do people put hot metal in water?A.To make it hard.B.To make it soft.C.To make it cool.D.To make it brittle 3逻辑结论：这类推断比前两种困难
9、得多。在阅读过程中，读者必须对文章的全部事实或细节作通盘考虑，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。结论是根据事实作出的惟一决定。要想从一个句子，一个段落或一篇文章中得出正确的结论，读者必须学会善于思考，不断提高自己的逻辑思维能力。例 Have you ever heard of a sport called tubing?Hundreds of people float down a rushing river at once in old truck-tire tubes.Sometimes many hold hands.At first the ride is bumpy and frightful
10、,for the narrow river rushes swiftly.Then the river widens and grows calm.Never try tubing alone or in rapids,however.The story suggests that tubing_.A.should not be done in moving water B.is done mainly by truck drivers C.costs a lot of money D.can be dangerous 4推断作者的写作目的、态度，文章的语气等：这类推断要求对论述对象持何种态度
11、、思想倾向作出判断。如作者对所陈述的观点是赞成，还是反对，对记叙或描写的人或事等是喜欢，或是厌恶；是同情或是冷漠。作者的这种态度和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间，或者流露于修饰的词语之中。因此要做好这类推断须综观全文，掌握主题思想，并以此为推理的前提，还要注意文章的措辞，把握文章论述的基调。例:Some people are never right.They never have good luck.They usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing.And even if what they say or do i
12、s OK,they as a rule say it or do it at the wrong time.So these people always have problems.They often break dishes.They sometimes miss buses and airplanes.Mr Neff is different.He is always right.He is never wrong.He usually has good luck.He seldom has problems.He never breaks dishes.He never misses
13、buses or airplanes.Even if he does miss them?it is alwaysthe fault of the buses or the airplanes.Mr Neff knows almost everything.He doesnt ask questions?he answers questions.He never says,I dont know.I dont know Mm Neff.It seems that not many people know her.I sometimes wonder about her.Is she alway
14、s right?Or maybe she is always wrong?Dces she often break dishes or miss buses?Does she have problems?I wonder.1)Which of the following do you think gives the most important trait(特性)of Mr Neffs character?A.He is a very wise man.B.He plans everything well.3 C.He is moral and upright.D.He is very sat
15、isfied with himself.2)Which of the following do you guess is true of Mrs Neff?A.She probably obeys her husband in everything.B.She probably feels very proud to be a help of her husband.C.She probably quarrels with her husband all the time.D.She probably feels very happy to have such a successful hus
16、band.3)Which of the following best describes the writers attitude towards Mr Neff?A.He finds Mr Neff hard to understand.B.He thinks Mr Neff wonderful.C.He feels pity for Mr Neff.D.He does not like Mr Neff 在阅读理解题中，有关针对段落或短文的特定细节、主题思想、常识，以及作者的写作态度、目的等的推断题，常见题型有：1.We can infer from the passage(paragrap
17、h,fact,example.)that_.2.The writer suggests that_.3.From the passage(paragraph,story.),we can tell_.4.The passage implies,but does not directly state that_.5.We may conclude from the passage that_.6.The writers(authors)attitude toward is_.7.The tone of the passage is_.高考最新热门题 1.典型例题 Tristan da Cunha
18、,a 38-square-mile isand,is the farthest inhabited island in the world,according to the Guinness Book of Records.It is 1,510 miles west of its nearest neighour,ST.Helena,and 1,950 miles west of Africa.Discov-ered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海军上将)of the same name in 15 典型例题settled in 1810,the isand b
19、elongs to Great Britain and has a population of few hundred.Coming in a close second-and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant land-is Easter Island,which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor,Pitcairn Island,and 2,300 miles west of South America.The mountainous 64-square-mile island w
20、as settled around ther 5th century,supposedly by people who were lost at sea.They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years,giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures,called moai,for which the island is most famous.On Easter Sunday,1722,howev
21、er,settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name.today,2,000 people live on the Chilean territory(智利领土).They share one street,a small airport,and a few hours of television per day.1.It can be learned from the text that the island of Tristan da Cunha_.A.was named after its discoverer B.
22、got its name from Holland settlers C.was named by the British govenment D.got its name from the Guinness Book of Records 4 2.Wich of the following is most famous for moai?A.Tristan da Cunha.B.Pitcairn Island C.Easter Island.D.St.Helena.3.Which country does Easter Island belong to?A.Britain.B.Holllan
23、d.C.Portugal.D.Chile2.Garmes will rock to the sound of a cancan dance this year when Moulin Rouge by the Australian director Baz Luhnnann opens the French film festival(电影节)in May.The musical stars Nicole Kidman as a singer,and John Leguizamo as the artist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec.It will be compet
24、ing for the Paime dOr,the festivals top prize.The festival runs to May 21.The American actor Tommy Lee Jones,54,has married his longtime girlfriend.Dawn Maria Laurel,36,in a private wedding in San Antonio.It wasnt a big todo,said Fred Biery,a U.S.District Judge who performed the service.He refused t
25、o discuss things further.These are very private people,he said.Loretta Lynn is being treated for a very bad cold in Tennessee and will miss several appearances.The country singer,65,was admitted to a hospital near her home in Hurricane Mills.She is in good condition,but the doctors are watching her
26、closely,a spokeswoman said.The French-Algerian singer Enrico Macias was named a United Nations peace messenger.Enrico joins eight other people who act as goodwill envoys(使者)for the United Nations,among them are the writer Elie Wiesel and the basketball player Magic Johnson.1.We can learn from the te
27、xt that Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec is_.A.a figure in a film B.a dancer in a show C.a country singer D.a prize winner 2.We know from the text that_.A.Moulin Rouge won the top prize in a film festival B.Loretta Lynn is under the doctors care D.eight people serve as the UN goodwill envoys D.Fred Biery w
28、as Tommy Lee Joness assistant 3.This text most probably appears in_.A.a book on film stars B.a film review in a magazine C.a newspaper D.a notice Passage 1(典型例题 Giving Back Fair Way The Westborough High School golf team had taken the of-ficial photos with the state prize.The other teams,disappoint-e
29、d,were on the bus heading home.And then Westborough in-structor Greg Rota noticed something wrong on one of the score cards.A 9 had been recorded as a 7.They were not the state prize winner;Woburn High had won.No one would have known,said Woburns instructor,Bob 5 Doraru For Rota,it wasnt a difficult
30、 decision.The prize wasnt ours to take.Coin Stars College students are lazy,but they also want to help says University of Pennsylvania graduate Dana Hork.So she made it easy,placing cups in rooms where students could leave their spare coins,and handing out cups to first-year students to keep in thei
31、r rooms.Her Change for Change effort has collected$40,000 for charities(慈善机构),which were decided upon by students.Never Forgotten A school in Massachusetts received a$9.5 million check from Jacques LeBermuth But it took officials several days of digging to discover his connection to the school Recor
32、ds showed the LeBermuth came from Belgium and studied in the school in the 1920s.When his family fell on hard times,he was offered free room and board.LeBermuth became a trader,owned shares of AT&T and lived off the earnings until he died,at age 89.1.What did Greg Rota probably do in the end?A.Took
33、photos of Doran.B.Had a meeting with Doran.C.Returned the prize to the organizer.D.Apologized to Woburn High Schook 2.Greg Rotas decision shows that he was _.A.honest B.polite C.careful D.friendly3.The underlined word Change in the second paragraph means_.A.Idea B.Decision C.Cups D.Coins 4.What did
34、the school officials do after receiving the check from Mr.LeBermuth?A They tried to find out why he gave them the money.B.They went to Belgium to pay their respects to him.C.They dug out the records that were buried underground.D.They decided to offer their students free room and board.5.Jacques LBe
35、rmuth gave the money to the school because_.A.the school asked for it B.he had no need for that much money C.the school had helped him in the past D.he wanted to be remembered by the students Pssage 2(典型例题 It was an early September day,cool and bright and just right for running,and I was in the firs
36、t few miles of a 10-mile race over a course(路线)with a few high hills.Still,I felt energetic;despite the hills it was going to be a fine run.Just ahead of me was Peggy Mimno,a teacher from Mount Kisco,New York.She too was running easily,moving along at my speed.The pace(步速)felt comfortable,so 1 decid
37、ed to stay where I was;why pay attention to pace when she was setting such a nice one?Id overtake(追上)her later on when she tired.So I ran behind her.The course headed north for five miles,wandered west for a hilly mile,then 6 turned south again along a winding road.The race was getting harder.We had
38、 four miles left and already it was beginning to be real work.Peggy overtook a young runner.She seemed to know him,for they exchanged a few cheerful words as she passed him.Their exchange worried me.Y ou dont chat during a race unless you are feeling good,and Peggy plainly was.Still,I was close enou
39、gh to overtake her if she tired,so I didnt give up hope completely.We were getting nearer to a long punishing hill now and it would be the test.We were a mile from the finish line,so whatever happened on the hill would almost certainly determine who crossed it first.As I moved up the hill,my attenti
40、on wandered for a few minutes.When I looked up,Peggy was moving away-first five yards,then ten,then more.Finally it was clear that there was no hope of catching her.She beat me soundly.There is an important lesson in that race.Women are thought to be weaker,slower and not nearly as skilled in sport.
41、Yet as Peggy Mimno so clearly showed,the similarities between men and women runners are more important than the differences.I have run with a number of women,and I can say that it is often hard work.1.What did the writer think of the race in the beginning?A.It would be hard work.C.It would be an eas
42、y race.C.It would be a test of his strength.D.It would be a good learning experience.2.What worried the writer when Peggy greeted the young runner?A.Peggy overtook the young runner.B.Peggy was running energetically.C.Peggy was laughing at the writer.D.Peggy paid no attention to the writer 3.By sayin
43、g a long,punishing hill(Paragraph 5),the writer implies that_.A.Peggy would fail to reach the hilltop B.men are more skilled at climbing hills C.overtaking Peggy would be easy D.climbing the hill would be a demanding task 4.What lesson does the writer learn from the race?A.Women are as good as men i
44、n sport.B.Women are better at climbing hills.C.He should have more training in a cross-country race.D.He should set a quicker pace at the beginning of a race.Passage3(典型例题 Deserts are found where there is little rainfall or where rain for a whole year falls in only a few weeks time.Ten inches of rai
45、n may be enough for many plants to survive(存活)if the rain is spread throughout the year.If it falls within one or two months and the rest of the year is dry,those plants may die and a desert may form.7 Sand begins as tiny pieces of rock that get smaller and smaller as wind and weather wear them down
46、.Sand dunes(沙丘)are formed as winds move the sand across the desert.Bit by bit,the dunes grow over the years,always moving with the winds and changing the shape.Most of them are only a few feet tall,but they can grow to be several hundred feet high.There is,however,much more to a desert than sand.In
47、the deserts of the southwestern United States,cliffs(悬崖)and deep valleys were formed from thick mud that once lay beneath a sea more than millions of years ago.Over the centuries,the water dried up.Wind,sand,rain,heat and cold all wore away at the remaining rocks.The faces of the desert mountains ar
48、e always changing-very,very slowly-as these forces of nature continue to work on the rock.Most deserts have a surprising variety of life.There are plants,animals and insects that have adapted to life in the deserr.During the heat of the day,a visitor may see very few signs of living things,but as th
49、e air begins to cool in the evening,the desert comes to life.As the sun begins to rise again in the sky,the desert once again becomes quiet and lonely.1.Many plants may survive in deserts when_.A.the rain is spread out in a year B.the rain falls only in a few weeks C.there is little rain in a year D
50、.it is dry all the year round.2.Sand dunes are formed when_.A.sand piles up gradually B.there is plenty of rain in a year C.the sea has dried up over the years D.pieces of rock get smaller 3.The underlined sentence in the third paragraph probably means that in a desert there is_.A.too much sand B.mo