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1、Ji Shen,PhDMathematics and Science Education,College of EducationUniversity of Georgia,USA*Adapted with consent from a presentation by Dr.Denise S.Mewborn.Public Education in the United StatesEducation in the U.S.?The U.S.Constitution does not specify the rights of education.(美国宪法没有规定教育权利。）?The righ
2、ts of education reside in each state,local government,and parents.?The federal government exerts influence through federal funding.12/15/20092Compulsory EducationCompulsory Education（义务教育）?For children ages 5-17(special needs through age 21)The age requirement varies from state to state.?50 million
3、students attend elementary and secondary public school 2009;$543 billion for the 200910 school year;$10,000/student?70%of high school graduates continue higher education in the following yearNational center for education statistics:http:/nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=37212/15/20093Percentage
4、of School Enrollment?Public school（公立学校）(87%)?Regular public school?Magnet school（英才学校）?Charter school(特许学校）?Private school（私立学校）(10%)?Parochial (教会学校)(9%)?Independent（独立私校）(1%)?Home school（在家教育）(3%)http:/nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/list/index.asp12/15/20094Admission to Public School?Admission to publi
5、c schools is usually based on residency.?Public schools are free for residents.?Charges include laboratory,book,locker,extracurricular activities(e.g.sports)?Admission to a“magnet school”is based on certain criteria(e.g.,students performance in special area;special needs)set by the school and lotter
6、y.?Admission to a“charter school”is based on lottery.12/15/20095Grade Configurations(年级结构)http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Education_in_the_United_States.svg12/15/20096A Typical Elementary Classroom?Students stay in the same classroom;The teacher teaches most/all subjects;?Class size 20-30 students?
7、AYP focus on reading,writing,and mathematics.?Elementary teachers are typically trained as generalist,with emphases on cognitive and psychological development and the principles of curriculum development and instruction12/15/20097A Typical Secondary Classroom?A classroom is also the teachers office?
8、Teachers dont share office?Students move from class to class?Little time between classes?Class size 20-30 students?Secondary teachers typically hold a secondary or middle grades certificate,discipline specialized or general.12/15/20098High School Courses?Science(usually 2 years);?Mathematics(2 yrs m
9、inimum);?English(4yrs);?Social Science(usually 3 yrs minimum,including various history,government/economics courses)?Physical education(at least one year)(体育)?A variety of electives(选修);?AP courses(大学预修课);?Extracurricular activities:e.g.sports(课外活动)12/15/20099Governance of Public Schools?Federal law
10、s(联邦法律）?No Child Left Behind?Individuals with Disabilities Education Act?State laws（州立法律）?Class sizes?Length of the school year and instructional day?Local policies and regulations（本地法规）?Rarely apply to schoolsmostly construction related12/15/200910U.S.Department of Education?Staffing(人员)?Secretary
11、of Education(political appointee)?Professional staff?Role(职能)?Interpret federal laws,assist with implementation?Provide coordination among states?Manage federal funding to schools?No influence in terms of curriculum12/15/200911N.C.L.B.?Public school districts must meet the desired level of minimum e
12、ducation and adequate yearly progress(AYP)based on state-level tests.?Remediation?Reduce state funding12/15/200912State Government?Staffing?Superintendent of Educationusually elected?Professional staff?State Board of Education?Role?Interpret federal and laws,write rules and regulations?Manage state
13、funds12/15/200913Local Government?Staffing?Superintendent?Usually hired by the board of education?Elected in some cases?Professional staff?Board of Education?Elected or appointed?Partisan or non-partisan?By geographic area or at large12/15/200914Role of Local Bodies?Funding:budget,?Curricula:adopt c
14、urriculum materials from the list of state-approved curricula?Teaching:manage student promotion/retention,Hire teachers,principals?Ensure adherence to state and federal laws?Facilities,Transportation,Technology12/15/200915Curriculum?Determined by district?Adoption list from the state?Follow state st
15、andards or develop their own standards?Mostly developed by private publishers,some NSF sponsored&school-based12/15/200916Accreditation?6 Regional Agencies?Southern Association of Colleges and Schools?Same body for K-12 and higher education?School by school or district level?Every 5-7 years?Self-stud
16、y process,site visit,demonstrate commitment to continuous improvement12/15/200917Major Problems?Equity:e.g.,achievement gap among racial/ethnical groups;language skills for immigrants?Accountability in a decentralized system?Religious issues(e.g.,creationism vs evolution)?Drop-out(high school 8%in 2
17、008*)?Teacher quality(esp.in STEM education)?STEM performance in international competition http:/nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/2009/section3/indicator20.asp12/15/200918Science Teacher Preparationat Georgia/UGA?Science is specialized at the secondary level(biology,chemistry,physics,and earth/space science
18、).?Science can be a focus area of teaching for middle grades.?Science is not emphasized for elementary program.12/15/200919Gaining a Certificate in GA?Traditional:obtaining a certificate through a state-approved educator preparation program?With/out earning an college degree?Alternative:obtaining a
19、certificate while working as an educator(e.g.,career switcher)?Popular in high-need areas such as math and science?Special education course work?Content Test(G.A.C.E)(内容考核)?Out-of-state teachers with equivalent qualification12/15/200920Degrees in Science Education(Secondary,G6-12)?B.S.Ed.focusing on
20、 one discipline(130 hrs)?B.A.in a Science Discipline,obtaining a teacher certificate?M.Ed.(experienced Teachers already holding T-4;36 hrs)?M.A.T.(with science background and pursuing a secondary science certification;36 hrs+18hrs towards certification)?M.A.(research oriented,certification not relev
21、ant;30 hrs)?PhD&EdD12/15/200921Undergraduate Admission?Fulfill the General Education requirement(60hrs)?42 hrs of general education?18 hrs of education related to program of study?Completion of CHEM 1211,CHEM 1211L,CHEM 1212,CHEM 1212L,and MATH 2200,MATH 2200Lwith a grade of C or better.?Passing sco
22、re or exemption on GACE Basic Skills I(not the GACE content test).?Overall GPA of 2.50 or above 12/15/200922Content Preparation(35 hrs)Life ScienceEarth SciencesBiochemistry/molecular biologyGenetics/EvolutionNatural history/EcologyAnatomy/physiologyCell biology/developmental biologyMineralogy/petro
23、logyPaleontology/stratigraphyAtmospheric/oceanic scienceAstronomyChemistryPhysicsQuantitative/qualitativePhysical chemistryBiochemistryOrganic chemistryMechanicsElectricity and magnetismThermodynamicsWave/opticsModern physics12/15/200923Science Education Courses(35 hrs)CourseCourse TitleCourseCourse
24、 TitleEPSY 2020Learning&Development in EducationEDIT 2020/6150Teaching with TechnologySPED 2000Survey of Special Educationor ESCI 4480/6480Technology for Science TeachingESCI 3450Practicum in Science EducationESCI 5460/7460(11hrs)Science Education Student Teaching InternshipESCI 4450/6450Science Cur
25、riculum&LearningESCI 5470/7470Reflection on Student TeachingESCI 4460/6460Methods of Science TeachingESCI 5480/7480Philosophy&Leadership in Science Classroom Practice12/15/200924Courses of Block 1?ESCI 3450:Practicum in Science Education?Gaining initial experience as a professional via observing,ass
26、isting in science classrooms?ESCI 4450:Science Curriculum&Learning?Development,selection,and evaluation of curriculum materials based on research in learning.?ESCI 4460:Methods of Science Teaching:?Science instructional strategies and classroom assessment,management,lesson planning,and safety in the
27、 science classroom12/15/200925Courses of Block II?ESCI 5460:Science Education Student Teaching Internship?11 weeks of internship?ESCI 5470:Reflection on Student Teaching?ESCI 5480:Philosophy&Leadership in Science Classroom Practice?Transition from student teaching to professional teaching(practical matters such as obtaining a certification;getting a job,etc)12/15/200926For More Information?UGA science education program homepage?http:/www.coe.uga.edu/mse/science/index.html?Syllabi:?http:/www.coe.uga.edu/mse/science/course_syllabi.html12/15/200927