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1、第2讲推理判断题推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题,一般在理解原一般在理解原文字面意义的基础上文字面意义的基础上,通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示节的暗示,做出一定的判断和推理做出一定的判断和推理,从而得出文章的深从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。层意义及隐含意义。【明命题方式】【明命题方式】(1)Wecaninferfromthe(first/last)paragraphthat_.(2)Thepassage/authorimplies/suggeststhat_.(3)Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassageth
2、at_.(4)Whatcanweinfer/learnfromthestory?(5)Themainpurposeofthepassageis_.(6)Wheredoesthispassageprobablycomefrom?(7)Whatstheauthorsattitudetowards.?【辨选项特征】【辨选项特征】1.正确选项的特征正确选项的特征(1)一般根据原文内容一般根据原文内容,一步即可推断出结果一步即可推断出结果(2)选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念,如如only,never,all,absolutely等。正确答案一般比较模糊等。正确答案一般比较模糊,
3、如如often,usually,might,possibly等等2.干扰选项的特征干扰选项的特征张冠李戴张冠李戴把作者的观点与其他人的观点混在把作者的观点与其他人的观点混在一起一起无中生有无中生有符合常识符合常识,但不是文章的内容但不是文章的内容曲解文意曲解文意利用原文的内容进行设计利用原文的内容进行设计,借题发挥借题发挥,曲解原文意思曲解原文意思扩缩范围扩缩范围通过改变或去掉文章中的限制性词通过改变或去掉文章中的限制性词语语,将信息改变将信息改变,造成干扰造成干扰技法技法1推断隐含意义推断隐含意义:逻辑分析得结论逻辑分析得结论(1)抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理
4、:要善于抓住某要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息一段话中的关键信息,即用某些关键词或短语去分析、即用某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断推理、判断,利用逆向思维或正面推理。利用逆向思维或正面推理。(2)整合全文整合全文(段段)信息进行推断信息进行推断:有时需要在弄懂全文有时需要在弄懂全文(段段)意思的基础上意思的基础上,整合与题目相关的有用信息整合与题目相关的有用信息,综合综合起来去推理判断起来去推理判断,确定最佳结论。确定最佳结论。(3)以事实为依据以事实为依据:推断一定要以文章所提供的事实为推断一定要以文章所提供的事实为依据依据,不能凭空想象不能凭空想象,这样才能做出合理的推断。这样才能做出合理
5、的推断。【典例】【典例】(2019全国卷全国卷B).Asonofimmigrants,ChrisstartedlearningEnglishalittleoverthreeyearsago.Whaleyrecalls(回回想起想起)howatthebeginningoftheyear,whencalledupontoread,Chriswouldexcusehimselftogotothebathroom.LearningEnglishasasecondlanguagecanbeapainfulexperience.Whatyouneedisagreatteacherwholetsyoumak
6、emistakes.“Ittakesalotforanystudent,”Whaleyexplains,“especiallyforastudentwhoislearningEnglishastheirnewlanguage,tofeelconfidentenoughtosay,Idontknow,butIwanttoknow.”Whaleygottheideaofthissecond-gradepresidentialcampaignprojectwhenheaskedthechildrenonedaytoraisetheirhandsiftheythoughttheycouldneverb
7、eapresident.Theanswerbrokehisheart.Whaleysaystheprojectisaboutmorethanjustlearningtoreadandspeakinpublic.Hewantsthesekidstolearntoboast(夸耀夸耀)aboutthemselves.“Boastingaboutyourself,andyourbestqualities,”Whaleysays,“isverydifficultforachildwhocameintotheclassroomnotfeelingconfident.”1.Wecaninferthatth
8、epurposeofWhaleysprojectisto_.A.helpstudentsseetheirownstrengthsB.assessstudentspublicspeakingskillsC.preparestudentsfortheirfuturejobsD.inspirestudentsloveforpolitics【技法点金】【技法点金】第一步第一步:阅读题干阅读题干,找出题干关键词找出题干关键词:thepurposeofWhaleysproject第二步第二步:迅速定位原文倒数第二段迅速定位原文倒数第二段Whaleysaystheprojectisaboutmorethan
9、justlearningtoreadandspeakinpublic.Hewantsthesekidstolearntoboastaboutthemselves.以及最后一段以及最后一段“Boastingaboutyourself,andyourbestqualities,”Whaleysays,“isverydifficultforachildwhocameintotheclassroomnotfeelingconfident.”可知可知Whaley老师这么做是为了老师这么做是为了帮助学生认识自己好的品质来增加信心。帮助学生认识自己好的品质来增加信心。第三步第三步:仔细对比选项仔细对比选项,
10、故选故选_。A2.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesWhaleyasateacher?A.Humorous.B.Ambitious.C.Caring.D.Demanding.【技法点金】【技法点金】根据以上技法定位到倒数第二段根据以上技法定位到倒数第二段Whaleygottheideaofthissecond-gradepresidentialcampaignproject.iftheythoughttheycouldneverbeapresident.和和Hewantsthesekidstolearntoboastaboutthemselves.可可知知,当他有
11、一天问认为自己当不了总统的学生请举手的当他有一天问认为自己当不了总统的学生请举手的时候时候,有了这个主意有了这个主意,这个课程就是帮助学生树立自这个课程就是帮助学生树立自己的信心己的信心,所以看出这位老师很关心学生的成长。故所以看出这位老师很关心学生的成长。故选选_。C技法技法2推断写作意图推断写作意图:文体特点看意图文体特点看意图写作意图通常有以下三种写作意图通常有以下三种:(1)toentertainreaders/totellanexperience常见于记叙常见于记叙文、个人经历或故事类的文章。文、个人经历或故事类的文章。(2)topersuadereaders/tosellaprod
12、uctoraservice/toattractreadersorvisitors常见于广告。常见于广告。(3)toinformreaders/toreport/totell/todescribe多见于科普类多见于科普类 新闻报道类新闻报道类 文化类或社会生活类的文化类或社会生活类的文章文章,以及劝告类或建议性的文章。以及劝告类或建议性的文章。【典例】【典例】(2019天津天津6月高考月高考D).Weveallknownpeoplewhorunoutofsteambeforetheyreachlifeshalfwaymark.Imnottalkingaboutthosewhofailtogett
13、othetop.Wecantallgetthere.Imtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowingbecausetheyhaveadoptedthefixedattitudesandopinionsthatalltoooftencomewithpassingyears.Mostofus,infact,progressivelynarrowthevarietyofourlives.Wesucceedinourfieldofspecializationandthenbecometrappedinit.Nothingsurprisesus.We
14、loseoursenseofwonder.But,ifwearewillingtolearn,theopportunitiesareeverywhere.Thethingswelearninmaturityseldominvolveinformationandskills.Welearntobearwiththethingswecantchange.Welearntoavoidself-pity.Welearnthathowevermuchwetrytoplease,somepeoplearenevergoingtoloveusanideathattroublesatfirstbutiseve
15、ntuallyrelaxing.Withhighmotivationandenthusiasm,wecankeeponlearning.Thenwewillknowhowimportantitistohavemeaninginourlife.However,wecanachievemeaningonlyifwehavemadeacommitmenttosomethinglargerthanourownlittleegos(自我自我),whethertolovedones,tofellowhumans,towork,ortosomemoralconcept.Manyofusequate(视视等同
16、于等同于)“commitment”withsuch“caring”occupationsasteachingandnursing.Butdoinganyordinaryjobaswellasonecanisinitselfanadmirablecommitment.Peoplewhoworktowardsuchexcellencewhethertheyaredrivingatruck,orrunningastoremaketheworldbetterjustbybeingthekindofpeopletheyare.Theyvelearnedlifesmostvaluablelesson.Wh
17、atistheauthorspurposeinwritingthepassage?A.Toprovideguidanceonleadingameaningfuladultlife.B.Tostresstheneedofshoulderingresponsibilitiesatwork.C.Tostatetheimportanceofgeneratingmotivationforlearning.D.Tosuggestawayofpursuingexcellenceinourlifelongcareer.【技法点金】【技法点金】第一步第一步:阅读题干阅读题干,找出题干关键词找出题干关键词:the
18、authorspurposeinwritingthepassage第二步第二步:迅速定位原文信息倒数第二段迅速定位原文信息倒数第二段Withhighmotivationandenthusiasm,wecankeeponlearning.Thenwewillknowhowimportantitistohavemeaninginourlife.可知可知,即使到了中年我们仍然能主动学习即使到了中年我们仍然能主动学习,全全身心投入身心投入,过好成年生活。过好成年生活。第三步第三步:仔细对比选项仔细对比选项,故选故选_。A技法技法3根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处判断文章出处
19、的题目应从文章的体裁和内容着手。如判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容着手。如:广告广告:语言比较简洁鲜明语言比较简洁鲜明,有亮点。有亮点。报刊报刊:时事性比较强时事性比较强,分不同的版块分不同的版块,在阅读中采用在阅读中采用的报刊类文章一般以政治、生活为主。的报刊类文章一般以政治、生活为主。杂志杂志:覆盖了生活的各个层面覆盖了生活的各个层面,更加贴近幕后的一些更加贴近幕后的一些东西。东西。产品说明书产品说明书:对某器皿、设备等作出介绍并有操作对某器皿、设备等作出介绍并有操作方式。方式。药品说明药品说明:告知药品的服用时间、次数、药量等。告知药品的服用时间、次数、药量等。网络网络:来自网络的
20、文章文体不限来自网络的文章文体不限,判断标准就是找文判断标准就是找文中的网络标志语中的网络标志语,如如clickhere,download,upload,link(链接链接),mouse(鼠标鼠标)等。等。【典例】【典例】(2019全国卷全国卷C)Asdataandidentitytheftbecomesmoreandmorecommon,themarketisgrowingforbiometric(生物测量生物测量)technologieslikefingerprintscanstokeepothersoutofprivatee-spaces.Atpresent,thesetechnolog
21、iesarestillexpensive,though.ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow-costdevice(装置装置)thatgetsaroundthisproblem:asmartkeyboard.Thissmartkeyboardpreciselymeasuresthecadence(节奏节奏)withwhichonetypesandthepressurefingersapplytoeachkey.Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglayerofsecuritybyanalyzingth
22、ingsliketheforceofauserstypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus,thekeyboardcandeterminepeoplesidentities,andbyextension,whethertheyshouldbegivenaccesstothecomputeritsconnectedtoregardlessofwhethersomeonegetsthepasswordright.Italsodoesntrequireanewtypeoftechnologytha
23、tpeoplearentalreadyfamiliarwith.Everybodyusesakeyboardandeverybodytypesdifferently.Inastudydescribingthetechnology,theresearchershad100volunteerstypetheword“touch”fourtimesusingthesmartkeyboard.Datacollectedfromthedevicecouldbeusedtorecognizedifferentparticipantsbasedonhowtheytyped,withverylowerrorr
24、ates.Theresearcherssaythatthekeyboardshouldbeprettystraightforwardtocommercializeandismostlymadeofinexpensive,plastic-likeparts.Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A.Adiary.B.AguidebookC.Anovel.D.Amagazine.【技法点金】【技法点金】第一步第一步:阅读题干阅读题干,找出题干关键词找出题干关键词:thistextmostl
25、ikelyfrom第二步第二步:通读全文可知介绍了一种新的科技通读全文可知介绍了一种新的科技智能键智能键盘盘,它能给它能给e-space用户带来安全用户带来安全,由此可知由此可知,本文是一篇本文是一篇关于科技的文章关于科技的文章,结合所给选项可知结合所给选项可知,本文可能来自一本文可能来自一本杂志。本杂志。第三步第三步:仔细对比选项仔细对比选项,故选故选_。D技法技法4利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断文章作者或文章任务对某事物所持的观点或态度往往文章作者或文章任务对某事物所持的观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中,注
26、意以下注意以下几点几点:(1)正确掌握字里行间所隐含的意思正确掌握字里行间所隐含的意思,不要用自己的观点不要用自己的观点来代替作者或文中人物的观点。来代替作者或文中人物的观点。(2)结合平时多积累的有关英语国家的文化传统背景知结合平时多积累的有关英语国家的文化传统背景知识进行合理推断。识进行合理推断。3.常见有关作者情感态度的词语常见有关作者情感态度的词语:表示支持或肯定表示支持或肯定positive积极乐观的积极乐观的;supportive支持的支持的;optimistic乐观乐观的的;humorous幽默的幽默的;enthusiastic热情的热情的;pleasant令人令人愉快的。愉快的
27、。表示中立表示中立indifferent不感兴趣的不感兴趣的,漠不关心的漠不关心的;uninterested不感不感兴趣的兴趣的;objective客观的客观的;neutral中立的中立的;notmentioned未提及的。未提及的。表示反对或否定表示反对或否定disgusted憎恶的憎恶的,厌恶的厌恶的;critical批评的批评的;negative否定否定的的,消极的消极的;suspicious/skeptical怀疑的怀疑的;disappointed失失望的望的;disapproving不赞成的。不赞成的。【典例】【典例】(2018北京卷北京卷D)PreparingCitiesforRo
28、botCarsThepossibilityofself-drivingrobotcarshasoftenseemedlikeafuturistsdream,yearsawayfrommaterializingintherealworld.Well,thefutureisapparentlynow.TheCaliforniaDepartmentofMotorVehiclesbegangivingpermitsinAprilforcompaniestotesttrulyself-drivingcarsonpublicroads.Thestatealsoclearedthewayforcompani
29、estosellorrentoutself-drivingcars,andforcompaniestooperatedriverlesstaxiservices.California,itshouldbenoted,isntleadingthewayhere.Companieshavebeentestingtheirvehiclesincitiesacrossthecountry.Itshardtopredictwhendriverlesscarswillbeeverywhereonourroads.Buthoweverlongittakes,thetechnologyhasthepotent
30、ialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities,forbetterorforworse,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated.Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars(andrightfullyso),policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissions(排放排放)and
31、offermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions.Thearrivalofdriverlessvehiclesisachancetomakesurethatthosevehiclesareenvironmentallyfriendlyandmoreshared.AstudyfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavissuggestedthatreplacingpetrol-poweredprivatecarsworldwidewithelectric,self-drivingandsharedsystemscouldredu
32、cecarbonemissionsfromtransportation80%andcutthecostoftransportationinfrastructure(基础设施基础设施)andoperations40%by2050.Feweremissionsandcheapertravelsoundprettyappealing.Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride-hailingservices,consideringthecostofself-drivingtechnolog
33、yaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues(责任与维护责任与维护问题问题).Butdriverlesscarownershipcouldincreaseasthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology.Policymakersshouldstartthinkingnowabouthowtomakesuretheappearanceofdriverlessvehiclesdoesntextendtheworstaspectsofthecar-controlledtransportatio
34、nsystemwehavetoday.Thecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.Whatistheauthorsattitudetothefutureofself-drivingcars?A.Doubtful.B.Positive.C.Disapproving.D.S
35、ympathetic.【技法点金】【技法点金】第一步第一步:阅读题干阅读题干,找出题干关键词找出题干关键词:theauthorsattitudetothefutureofself-drivingcars。第二步第二步:迅速定位原文信息最后一段迅速定位原文信息最后一段,Thecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.可知可知,作者对无人驾驶汽车的未来是充满希望的。作者对无人驾驶汽车的未来是充满希望的。第三步第三步:仔细对比选项仔细对比选项,故选故选_。B