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1、现代大学英语精读4-Unit2-Spring-sowing-language-studyI.Word Study II.Phrases and Expressions III.Word BuildingIV.Grammar Language StudyLanguage StudyI.I.Word StudyWord StudyWord list:1.assert 2.2.cluster 3.3.depressed4.gruff5.imminence6.numb 7.overpower 8.revel 9.streak 10.subjugate 11.throb12.tremor I.I.Wor
2、d StudyWord Study1.assert v.a.to state or express positively;to affirm assert ones innocence b.to put(oneself)forward boldly or forcefully in an effort to make an opinion knownExample:I had to assert myself in the meeting in order to ensure acquisition of the new book.SynonymsasseveratedeclareaverTo
3、 be continued on the next page.I.I.Word StudyWord Study To assert is to state ones opinion confidently but often without proof to support it.“I have endeavored to assert nothing but what I had good authority for.”(William Sewel)Asseverate connotes sober sincerity of assertion.“The taxpayer also asse
4、verates that his return from Greece proves conclusively that his intentions were and are honorable.”(Daily Report for Executives)To be continued on the next page.I.I.Word StudyWord Study Declare has the approximate force of assert,but may suggest formality of statement and authority in the speaker.C
5、ongress declared that it would reduce the budget deficit.Aver stresses the speakers confidence in the validity of the statement.She averred that solitude was necessary for creative work.I.I.Word StudyWord Studya.number of things of the same kind growing closely togetherb.number of people,animals or
6、things grouped closely together 2.cluster n./v.Examples:ivy growing in thick clustersa cluster of houses,spectators,bees,islandsReporters were clustered round the Prime Minister.I.I.Word StudyWord Study3.depressed a.a.affected or marked by low spiritsb.an area,industry,etc.that is depressed does not
7、 have enough economic or business activitySynonymsbluedejecteddispirited downcastdownheartedExamples:depressed by the loss of his job The divorce left him deeply depressed.Britains depressed housing marketI.I.Word StudyWord Study gruff,brusque,blunt,crustyThese adjectives mean“abrupt and sometimes d
8、iscourteous in manner or speech”.4.gruffTo be continued on the next page.Gruff implies roughness or surliness of manner and often harsh speech but does not necessarily suggest rudeness.Her answer was gruff,but her eyes twinkled.Brusque emphasizes rude abruptness.Try to cultivate a less brusque manne
9、r.I.I.Word StudyWord StudyTo be continued on the next page.I.I.Word StudyWord Study Blunt stresses utter frankness and usually a disconcerting directness.I have to be blunt:youre not welcome here.Crusty suggests a rough and forbidding manner that sometimes conceals benevolence of spirit.Hes a crusty
10、 old gentleman who feeds stray dogs and cats.I.I.Word StudyWord Study 5.imminence n.the nearness of something that is going to happenimminent a.about to happen very soonExamples:the imminence of nuclear war An announcement of further cuts in government expenditure is imminent.I.I.Word StudyWord Stud
11、y6.numb a.a.(of a part of the body)unable to feel anything,usually for a short timeb.not able to feel any emotions or think cheerfully because you are so shocked or frightenedExamples:I had been lying awkwardly and my leg had gone numb.My fingers were so cold that they felt numb.Ever since his girlf
12、riend left him he has felt numb.I.I.Word StudyWord Study 7.overpower v.a.to overcome or vanquish by superior force;to subdueb.to affect so strongly as to make helpless or ineffective;to overwhelm Examples:She was completely overpowered by the two men who attacked him.They were overpowered by grief w
13、hen their son died.I.I.Word StudyWord Studya.to take great pleasure or delightb.(literary or humorous)to dance,drink,sing,etc.,at a party or in public,esp.in a noisy wayExamples:After the long hot summer we revelled in the rainstorm.They revelled all day and all night after their exams.8.revel v.I.I
14、.Word StudyWord Study 9.streak n.a.a line,mark,smear,or band differentiated by color or texture from its surroundings b.a slight contrasting element;a traceExamples:streaks of grey appearing in his black hairThere was a streak of wildness/cruelty in him.I.I.Word StudyWord Study10.subjugate v.a.to de
15、feat(people or a country)and rule them in a way that allows them no freedomb.to treat(yourself,your wishes or your beliefs)as being less important than other people or their wishes or beliefsSynonymsdefeatconquervanquishbeatovercomeExample:Journalists must subjugate personal political convictions to
16、 their professional commitment to fairness and balance.To be continued on the next page.I.I.Word StudyWord Study defeat,conquer,vanquish,beat,overcomeThese verbs mean“to get the better of an adversary”.Defeat is the most general.“Whether we defeat the enemy in one battle,or by degrees,the consequenc
17、es will be the same.”(Thomas Paine)Conquer suggests decisive and often wide-scale victory.“A conquering army on the border will not be halted by the power of eloquence.”(Otto von Bismarck)To be continued on the next page.I.I.Word StudyWord Study Vanquish emphasizes total mastery.The forces of Napole
18、on were vanquished at aterloo.Beat,less formal,is often the equivalent of defeat,though beat may convey greater emphasis.“To win battles you beat the soul of the enemy man.”(George S.Patton)Subjugate more strongly implies reducing an opponent to submission.“The last foreigner to subjugate England wa
19、s a Norman duke in the Middle Ages named William.”(Stanley Meisler)To be continued on the next page.To overcome is to prevail over,often by Persevering.overcome an enemyovercome temptationovercome a physical handicapI.I.Word StudyWord StudyI.I.Word StudyWord Study11.throb v./n.a.to beat rapidly or v
20、iolently,as the heart pounds b.a strong low continuous beat Examples:My heart was throbbing with excitement.the throb of machinery I.I.Word StudyWord Study a.a shaking movement of the earth b.a shaking movement caused by fear,nervousness,illness,weakness,etc.Word Formationa.tremulous Example:The sto
21、ry was so terrible that it sent tremors down my spine.The end of Word Study.12.tremor n.II.II.Phrases and ExpressionsPhrases and Expressions1.as it were 2.on fire3.better off4.at this rate5.take complete hold of6.open up 7.be cross with8.fall over9.take for10.in the name of God11.be chained to 12.be
22、 dotted with 13.rob sb.of sth.14.carry a long way 15.a flash of sth.16.cross ones mind 1.as it were seemingly;in a way;so to speak.A shortening of“as if it were so”,this idiom has been in use since Chaucers time.We use this idiom to make what we are saying sound less definite.Examples:She was releas
23、ing me from the nest,as it were.She is my best friend,my second self,as it were.II.II.Phrases and ExpressionsPhrases and Expressions 2.on fire a.burning b.(of passion)burning with emotion;greatly excited;full of ardor;very enthusiastic;excited or passionateExamples:The enemy could not but abandon th
24、e warship on fire.He was on fire with excitement at this marvelous sight.II.II.Phrases and ExpressionsPhrases and Expressions 3.better off a.if you have more money b.if you are in more satisfactory circumstancesExamples:a situation where those who do not work are better off than those who do There a
25、re disturbed people in prison whod be better off in hospital.II.II.Phrases and ExpressionsPhrases and Expressions 4.at this rate means“if what is happening now continues to happen for some time”Examples:Where has he got to?At this rate we will miss the train.At this rate they will soon overtake othe
26、r countries.II.II.Phrases and ExpressionsPhrases and Expressions 5.take complete hold of to gain complete control or influence over sb.;to have great power over sb.;to overpower sb.Examples:She felt a strange excitement taking hold of her.The idea will never take hold of the voters.II.II.Phrases and
27、 ExpressionsPhrases and Expressions II.II.Phrases and ExpressionsPhrases and Expressions6.open upa.If a country or area opens up,or is opened up,it becomes easier to travel around it or sell things to it.b.to cause sth.to be available for development,production,etc.c.to create a new opportunity or p
28、ossibilityExamples:Cheaper air travel has opened up all kinds of new holiday destinations.to open up undeveloped land,new territory,etc.When youve got a qualification like that,so many career opportunities opened up.Chinesea.使（国家，地区）开放b.开发，生产c.提供新的机会、可 能性II.II.Phrases and ExpressionsPhrases and Expr
29、essions7.be cross with(infml.)to be rather angryExamples:I was cross with him for being late.Why is he so cross with you?Chinese 生气II.II.Phrases and ExpressionsPhrases and Expressions8.fall overa.If sb.falls over,they fall to the ground.b.If sth.falls over,it falls onto the side.c.to fall over sth.:
30、to tumble overExamples:He was walking along quite normally and then suddenly fell over.If you make the cake too high itll just fall over.Be careful not to fall over the step on your way in.Chinesea.跌倒b.从上落下c.被绊倒 9.take for to regard asExamples:Do not take our silence for approval.I think they took m
31、e for Japanese.II.II.Phrases and ExpressionsPhrases and Expressions 10.in the name of God You follow a question with“in the name of God”as a way of expressing surprise or disbelief.Example:What in the name of God are you doing here?II.II.Phrases and ExpressionsPhrases and Expressions 11.be chained t
32、o to be bound to;to have your freedom restricted because of a responsibility you can not escapeExamples:Too many women nowadays feel chained to the kitchen sink.My brother was chained to my sick mother for more than 30 years.II.II.Phrases and ExpressionsPhrases and Expressions 12.be dotted with to h
33、ave things or people spread here and there over a wide areaExamples:The sky was dotted with stars.The countryside is dotted with beautiful ancient churches.II.II.Phrases and ExpressionsPhrases and Expressions 13.rob sb.of sth.to deprive sb.of sth.belonging to that person by an unjust procedureExampl
34、es:Those cats robbed me of my sleep.The fact that he had lied before robbed his words of any credibility.II.II.Phrases and ExpressionsPhrases and Expressions 14.carry a long way (said of sound or smell)to go very farExample:Even in this stillness Leaphorn doubted if the sound would carry a long way.
35、II.II.Phrases and ExpressionsPhrases and Expressions 15.a flash of sth.a sudden,brief and intense display of sth.;sudden show of wit,understanding,etc.Examples:The essays could do with a flash of wit or humor.a flash of inspiration,intuition,etc.II.II.Phrases and ExpressionsPhrases and ExpressionsII
36、.Phrases and ExpressionsII.Phrases and Expressions16.cross ones mind (of thoughts,etc.)to come into ones mind;to suddenly occur to oneExamples:It never crossed my mind that she might lose.It never crossed my mind that they would turn the proposal down.The end of Phrases and Expressions.List:I.Compou
37、ndII.Suffix-enIII.III.Word BuildingWord BuildingIII.III.Word BuildingWord Buildingivy-covered ivy-covered adj.adj.nounpast participlesnow-coveredwind-blownflood-strickenweather-beatenhen-peckeddog-tiredstudent-centered被雪覆盖的被风吹的受灾的（因风吹日晒）粗糙的，受损的怕老婆的，惧内的极度疲乏的，累极了以学生为中心的III.III.Word BuildingWord Buildi
38、ngwhiten whiten v.v.suffix-en:to make or becomedarkenfastenheightenlengthenmoistensharpenstrengthenweakenworsen变黑暗装牢；系紧增高；增强（使）变长使湿润（使）锐利；（使）敏锐加强；（使）坚固使弱；使稀薄（使）恶化；（使）变坏To be continued on the next page.III.III.Word BuildingWord Buildingwoolen woolen adj.adj.suffix-en:made of;looking likebrazenearthen
39、goldenleadenwooden黄铜制的；坚硬的土制的；地球上的金制的；金色的铅制的；沉闷的木制的；呆笨的The end of Word Building.IV.IV.GrammarGrammarThe Use of“As”“as”is used a.as propositionb.e.g.They ate in silence,sleepy and yet on fire c.with excitement,for it was the first day of d.their first spring sowing as man and wife.e.(Para.3)f.b.“as+a
40、dj./adv./n.+as-clause/gerund phrase”g.“as”being an adverb,the second a conjunctionh.e.g.Mary thought of as many things as there i.are in life.(Para.3)To be continued on the next page.IV.IV.GrammarGrammar e.g.“is there anything in this world as fine as eating dinner out in the open like this after do
41、ing a good mornings work?”(Para.16)c.as conjunction introducing adverbial clauses a time clause:e.g.And somehow,as they embraced,all their irritation and sleepiness left them.(Para.4)a clause of manner:e.g.And there was a big red heap of fresh seaweed lying in a corner by the fence to be spread unde
42、r the seeds as they were laid.(Para.6)To be continued on the next page.d.after“the same”e.g.It was the same as their breakfast,tea and bread and butter.(Para.15)e.to introduce an object complement with certain verbs e.g.Then he looked at his wifes little round black head and felt very proud of havin
43、g her as his own.(Para.18)f.to introduce a subject complement in the case of the passive sentence/clause e.g.“Self-interest”is to be understood first in the ordinary sense,as referring to a mans way of earning his livelihood and acquiring wealth.IV.IV.GrammarGrammarTo be continued on the next page.g
44、.as relative pronoun e.g.Young people seemed oddly contented with the world as it was.In adult life,as we have often observed,a bitter quarrel may change a mans opinion entirely.f.in the idioms e.g.In fact,a presidents primary commitment abroad is not to democracy as such but to the global“free market”.IV.IV.GrammarGrammarThe end of Grammar.Part FourPart FourThis is the end of Part Four.Please click HOME to visit other parts.谢谢观赏！2020/11/549