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1、2018高考英语大一轮复习语法专题八数词和主谓一致课件语法精讲语法精讲一、数词一、数词 考点一基数词考点一基数词1.1.注意几个不规则的基数词的写法。如注意几个不规则的基数词的写法。如:eleven,twelve,thirteen,:eleven,twelve,thirteen,fifteen,twenty,thirty,forty,fifty fifteen,twenty,thirty,forty,fifty 等。等。2.2.英语中的数量以三位为一个单位英语中的数量以三位为一个单位,一般对应阿拉伯数字的写法每三位一般对应阿拉伯数字的写法每三位 加一个逗号加一个逗号,分别是分别是thousan
2、d,millionthousand,million和和 billion billion。如。如:ten :ten thousand=10,000;one hundred million=100,000,000 thousand=10,000;one hundred million=100,000,000。3.3.数词数词 hundred,thousand,million,billion,dozen,score hundred,thousand,million,billion,dozen,score 表示确切数目表示确切数目 时不加时不加-s,-s,但若表示不确切数目时但若表示不确切数目时,要用
3、复数形式要用复数形式,与与ofof构成短语。如构成短语。如:一一 万万:ten thousand;:ten thousand;成千上万的成千上万的:tens of thousands of;:tens of thousands of;两打鸡蛋两打鸡蛋:two:two dozen eggs;dozen eggs;许多鸡蛋许多鸡蛋:dozens of eggs:dozens of eggs。We got two hundred story-books.We got two hundred story-books.我们买了两百本故事书。我们买了两百本故事书。There are hundreds of
4、 people in the hall.There are hundreds of people in the hall.大厅里有好几百人。大厅里有好几百人。4.4.年代及年龄表达法年代及年龄表达法 表示表示“某人几十岁某人几十岁”时时,用用“in ones+“in ones+逢十的基数词复数逢十的基数词复数”,”,而而“十几十几 岁岁”不可表示为不可表示为tens,tens,而要说成而要说成teens;teens;表示表示“世纪世纪年代年代”时时,用用 “in the+“in the+逢十的年数后加逢十的年数后加s s或或s”s”。如。如:in his twenties in his twe
5、nties 在他在他2020多岁时多岁时 in the 1990s/1990s in the 1990s/1990s 在在2020世纪世纪9090年代年代考点二序数词考点二序数词1.1.序数词前面一般加序数词前面一般加the,the,多数序数词由基数词加多数序数词由基数词加-th-th构成。如构成。如:the :the fifteenth;fifteenth;以以y y结尾的基数词变化时结尾的基数词变化时,先把先把y y改成改成i,i,再加再加-eth-eth。如。如:twentieth twentieth。注意几个不规则的序数词的写法。如。注意几个不规则的序数词的写法。如:first,sec
6、ond,:first,second,third,fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth third,fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth等。等。2.2.序数词常可缩写序数词常可缩写,其形式为阿拉伯数字加序数词的最后两个字母。如其形式为阿拉伯数字加序数词的最后两个字母。如:1st,2nd,3rd,4th,21st,22nd,23rd,24th 1st,2nd,3rd,4th,21st,22nd,23rd,24th。3.3.小数小数 小数点用小数点用pointpoint表示表示,小数点后的数用个位基数词表示。如小数点后的数用个位基数词表示。如:0.567zero:0.
7、567zero point five six seven point five six seven。4.4.分数分数 分子用基数词分子用基数词,分母用序数词分母用序数词,如果分子大于如果分子大于1,1,分母需加分母需加-s-s。如如:1/5one fifth/one-fifth;3/4three fourths/three-fourths:1/5one fifth/one-fifth;3/4three fourths/three-fourths。5.5.百分数百分数 百分号用百分号用percent(per cent)percent(per cent)或或%表示。如表示。如:19.56%nine
8、teen point five six percent 19.56%nineteen point five six percent。二、主谓一致二、主谓一致考点一谓语动词用单数的情况考点一谓语动词用单数的情况1.1.单数名词或代词、不可数名词、动词不定式或动词单数名词或代词、不可数名词、动词不定式或动词-ing-ing形式或单个从形式或单个从 句等作主语时。句等作主语时。Swimming is helpful in shaping your body.Swimming is helpful in shaping your body.游泳有助于塑形。游泳有助于塑形。To teach the th
9、ree children is my job this afternoon.To teach the three children is my job this afternoon.教这三个孩子是我今天下午的工作。教这三个孩子是我今天下午的工作。Whatever was left was taken away.Whatever was left was taken away.任何剩下的东西都被拿走了。任何剩下的东西都被拿走了。特别提示特别提示 whatwhat引导的名词性从句作主语时引导的名词性从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式谓语动词一般用单数形式;若表语是复数形式若表语是复数形式,则谓语
10、动词用复数形式。则谓语动词用复数形式。What they need are books.What they need are books.他们需要的是书。他们需要的是书。2.2.由由andand连接的并列成分指同一概念作主语时。连接的并列成分指同一概念作主语时。The worker and writer is from Wuhan.The worker and writer is from Wuhan.那个工人兼作家来自武汉。那个工人兼作家来自武汉。3.3.由由andand连接的并列单数主语前有连接的并列单数主语前有every,each,no,many aevery,each,no,many
11、a时。时。Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.the work done by their fathers.每一个人都很有理由为他们的父亲所从事的职业感到骄傲。每一个人都很有理由为他们的父亲所从事的职业感到骄傲。4.“More than one+4.“More than one+单数名词单数名词”作主语作主语,尽管从意义上是复数尽管从意
12、义上是复数,但谓语但谓语 动词用单数形式。动词用单数形式。More than one student was chosen to compete in the contest.More than one student was chosen to compete in the contest.不止一个学生被选中去参加竞赛。不止一个学生被选中去参加竞赛。5.each,everyone,everybody,everything,someone,somebody,something,5.each,everyone,everybody,everything,someone,somebody,somet
13、hing,anyone,anybody,anything,no one,nobody,nothing anyone,anybody,anything,no one,nobody,nothing等不定代词作主等不定代词作主 语时。语时。Everyone has his own interest.Everyone has his own interest.每个人都有自己的兴趣。每个人都有自己的兴趣。Nothing is impossible for a willing heart.Nothing is impossible for a willing heart.世上无难事世上无难事,只怕有心人。
14、只怕有心人。6.“one/each/every one/any one/either/each one/the number+of+6.“one/each/every one/any one/either/each one/the number+of+复复 数名词数名词”作主语时。作主语时。Each of the students has a book.Each of the students has a book.每个学生都有一本书。每个学生都有一本书。7.“the+7.“the+形容词形容词”表示一类抽象的事物时。表示一类抽象的事物时。The new is sure to replace
15、the old.The new is sure to replace the old.新事物总会取代旧事物。新事物总会取代旧事物。考点二谓语动词用复数的情况考点二谓语动词用复数的情况1.1.由由and,both.andand,both.and连接的并列成分表示两个不同的概念作主语时。连接的并列成分表示两个不同的概念作主语时。What he says and what he does do not agree.What he says and what he does do not agree.他言行不一。他言行不一。Both bread and butter are sold out.Both
16、 bread and butter are sold out.面包和黄油都卖完了。面包和黄油都卖完了。2.people,police,cattle2.people,police,cattle等有生命的集体名词作主语时。等有生命的集体名词作主语时。People read for pleasure during their spare time.People read for pleasure during their spare time.人们闲暇之余的阅读是为了消遣。人们闲暇之余的阅读是为了消遣。3.“the+3.“the+形容词或分词形容词或分词”表示一类人时。表示一类人时。The old
17、are living a happy life now.The old are living a happy life now.老年人现在过着幸福的生活。老年人现在过着幸福的生活。特别提示特别提示 若这类名词前有若这类名词前有pair ofpair of等修饰时等修饰时,其谓语动词的单复数取决其谓语动词的单复数取决于于pairpair等的单复数形式。等的单复数形式。4.“(large)quantities/amounts of+4.“(large)quantities/amounts of+名词名词”作主语时。作主语时。In the past,quantities of waste water
18、 were sent into this In the past,quantities of waste water were sent into this river.river.在过去在过去,大量的废水被排放到这条河中。大量的废水被排放到这条河中。5.clothes,trousers,shorts,jeans,glasses,scissors,compasses5.clothes,trousers,shorts,jeans,glasses,scissors,compasses等只等只 有复数形式的名词作主语时。有复数形式的名词作主语时。My trousers have been washe
19、d already.My trousers have been washed already.我的裤子已经洗了。我的裤子已经洗了。考点三其他情况考点三其他情况1.1.集体名词集体名词class,family,army,team,club,population,enemy,party,class,family,army,team,club,population,enemy,party,crowd,crew,audience,public,government,majority,group crowd,crew,audience,public,government,majority,group等作
20、主语等作主语,强强 调整体时用单数调整体时用单数,强调个体成员时用复数。强调个体成员时用复数。The population in China is very large and about 50%of the The population in China is very large and about 50%of the population live in rural areas.population live in rural areas.中国人口很多中国人口很多,其中约其中约50%50%的人住在农村。的人住在农村。The whole family are discussing how
21、to spend this weekend.The whole family are discussing how to spend this weekend.全家人在讨论如何度过这个周末。全家人在讨论如何度过这个周末。2.2.单复数同形的名词作主语时单复数同形的名词作主语时,谓语形式要根据其具体含义而定谓语形式要根据其具体含义而定,这类词这类词 有有:means,deer,fish,sheep:means,deer,fish,sheep等。等。Every means has been tried to solve the problem,but none is Every means has
22、 been tried to solve the problem,but none is effective.effective.为解决这个问题为解决这个问题,每种方法都试过了每种方法都试过了,但没有一个有效。但没有一个有效。There are various means of communicating with a stranger.There are various means of communicating with a stranger.同陌同陌 生人交流有很多方法。生人交流有很多方法。3.3.当主语后面有当主语后面有as well as,along with,with,toget
23、her with,no less as well as,along with,with,together with,no less than,except,but,rather than than,except,but,rather than 等词等词(组组)时时,谓语动词与这些词谓语动词与这些词(组组)前的主语保持一致。前的主语保持一致。The singer together with his agent has arrived.The singer together with his agent has arrived.那个歌星和他的代理人到了。那个歌星和他的代理人到了。4.“kind,s
24、ort,type+of+4.“kind,sort,type+of+名词名词”作主语作主语,以以kind,sort,typekind,sort,type本身的单复本身的单复 数而定。数而定。The kind of paper is made from straw.The kind of paper is made from straw.这种纸是由稻草制成的。这种纸是由稻草制成的。Some kinds of animals are dying out.Some kinds of animals are dying out.一些种类的动物要灭绝了。一些种类的动物要灭绝了。5.all,some,any
25、,most5.all,some,any,most等不定代词作主语时等不定代词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数根据其指代谓语动词的单复数根据其指代 的内容而定。的内容而定。All is going on very well.All is going on very well.一切进展顺利。一切进展顺利。(指事用单数指事用单数)All are present besides the professor.All are present besides the professor.包括教授在内大家都在。包括教授在内大家都在。(指人用复数指人用复数)6.half,part,the rest6.half,par
26、t,the rest作主语时作主语时,谓语动词根据其所指意义决定单复数。谓语动词根据其所指意义决定单复数。The rest of the story was dull and all the students were bored.The rest of the story was dull and all the students were bored.故事的其余部分很枯燥故事的其余部分很枯燥,学生们都厌烦了。学生们都厌烦了。特别提示特别提示 “The(only)one of+“The(only)one of+复数名词复数名词+定语从句定语从句”中定语从句的谓中定语从句的谓语动词用单数。语动
27、词用单数。He is the(only)one of the students who has passed the exam.He is the(only)one of the students who has passed the exam.他他是学生们中唯一一个通过考试的。是学生们中唯一一个通过考试的。“one of+“one of+复数名词复数名词+定语从句定语从句”中定语从句的谓语动词用复数。中定语从句的谓语动词用复数。He is one of the students who have passed the exam.He is one of the students who ha
28、ve passed the exam.他是通过了考试的学生之一。他是通过了考试的学生之一。7.or,either.or.,neither.nor.,not only.but also.,7.or,either.or.,neither.nor.,not only.but also.,not.but.not.but.等连接两个并列主语时等连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词常与最近的主语在单谓语动词常与最近的主语在单 复数上保持一致。复数上保持一致。Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting Either you or one o
29、f your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.that is due tomorrow.你或者你的一名学生要出席定于明天的会议。你或者你的一名学生要出席定于明天的会议。Are neither you nor I fit for the job?Are neither you nor I fit for the job?你和我都不适合这份工作吗你和我都不适合这份工作吗?真题链接真题链接1.Leaving the less important things until tomorrow 1.Leaving the les
30、s important things until tomorrow (be)(be)often acceptable often acceptable.(2016.(2016全国全国)2.Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and2.Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and (be)too violent for use at the table(be)too violent for use at the table.(2016.(2
31、016全国全国)答案及剖析答案及剖析:1.is1.is考查主谓一致和时态。句意考查主谓一致和时态。句意:把不太重要的事情留到明天通常是把不太重要的事情留到明天通常是 可以接受的。分析句子结构可知可以接受的。分析句子结构可知,该句中的主语为动名词短语该句中的主语为动名词短语“Leaving“Leaving the less important things until tomorrow”,the less important things until tomorrow”,故谓语动词为第三人故谓语动词为第三人 称单数形式称单数形式,且此处讲一般情况。故填且此处讲一般情况。故填isis。2.were
32、2.were考查主谓一致和时态。根据句中的考查主谓一致和时态。根据句中的“believed”“believed”可知可知,此处描述此处描述 的是过去的情况的是过去的情况,应用一般过去时应用一般过去时;从句主语为从句主语为knives,knives,谓语动词应用复谓语动词应用复 数。故填数。故填werewere。3.Yangshuo3.Yangshuo(be)really beautiful(be)really beautiful.(2015.(2015全国全国)4.This cycle4.This cycle(go)day after day:The walls warm up during(
33、go)day after day:The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night.the day and cool off during the night.(2015(2015全国全国)答案及剖析答案及剖析:3.is3.is考查主谓一致和动词时态。句意考查主谓一致和动词时态。句意:阳朔确实很美丽。根据句意可阳朔确实很美丽。根据句意可 知知,此句介绍的是客观事实此句介绍的是客观事实,故用一般现在时故用一般现在时,又因为又因为YangshuoYangshuo是第三是第三 人称单数人称单数,所以这里使用所以这里使用isi
34、s。4.goes4.goes考查动词时态和主谓一致。此处指前面提到的循环不断地持考查动词时态和主谓一致。此处指前面提到的循环不断地持 续下去。这种情况是客观事实续下去。这种情况是客观事实,故用一般现在时。主语故用一般现在时。主语This cycleThis cycle是是 单数形式单数形式,因此谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。因此谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。跟踪训练跟踪训练.单句语法填空单句语法填空1.Nodding ones head 1.Nodding ones head (mean)agreement.(mean)agreement.2.Not only you but also he 2.
35、Not only you but also he (be)tired of having one (be)tired of having one examination after another.examination after another.3.Every student and every teacher 3.Every student and every teacher (like)the book,which (like)the book,which is newly-published.is newly-published.答案及剖析答案及剖析:1.means1.means考查
36、谓语动词的用法。分析句子结构可知考查谓语动词的用法。分析句子结构可知,此处应该填谓语动词此处应该填谓语动词,句意句意:点头表示同意。此处指通常情况点头表示同意。此处指通常情况,用一般现在时。主语为动词用一般现在时。主语为动词-ing-ing形式短语形式短语,表示单数概念表示单数概念,所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。2.is2.is考查主谓一致和动词时态。分析句子结构可知考查主谓一致和动词时态。分析句子结构可知,此处应填谓语动词。此处应填谓语动词。not not only.but also.only.but also.用来连接两个主语时用来连接两个主语时,谓语动词
37、的数要和离它最近的主语谓语动词的数要和离它最近的主语 保持一致保持一致,又因此处描述的是一般事实又因此处描述的是一般事实,故用故用isis。3.likes3.likes考查谓语动词的用法。分析句子结构可知考查谓语动词的用法。分析句子结构可知,此处应该填谓语动词此处应该填谓语动词,根据根据 从句时态可知从句时态可知,此处应用一般现在时。由于主语为此处应用一般现在时。由于主语为every student and every every student and every teacher,teacher,所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。4.He is one of m
38、y friends who really 4.He is one of my friends who really (work)hard.(work)hard.5.Half of the population here 5.Half of the population here (come)from China.(come)from China.6.But nothing has prepared the bears for the danger that 6.But nothing has prepared the bears for the danger that (threaten)(t
39、hreaten)the only home they know.the only home they know.7.A recent survey shows that the number of children who come from the 7.A recent survey shows that the number of children who come from the countryside with their parents countryside with their parents (be)nearly 320,000 in Beijing.(be)nearly 3
40、20,000 in Beijing.答案及剖析答案及剖析:4.work4.work考查谓语动词的用法。分析句子结构可知考查谓语动词的用法。分析句子结构可知,此处应该填谓语动词此处应该填谓语动词,句意句意:他是我的真正努力学习的朋友中的一位。表示通常情况他是我的真正努力学习的朋友中的一位。表示通常情况,用一般现在时。由于用一般现在时。由于 定语从句中关系代词定语从句中关系代词whowho作主语作主语,先行词为先行词为my friends,my friends,所以定语从句的谓语动所以定语从句的谓语动 词用复数形式。词用复数形式。e考查谓语动词的用法。分析句子结构可知考查谓语动词的用法。分析句子结
41、构可知,此处应该填谓语动词此处应该填谓语动词,句意句意:这里一半的人口来自中国。表示一般情况用一般现在时。由于主语这里一半的人口来自中国。表示一般情况用一般现在时。由于主语half of half of the population the population所指意义为复数所指意义为复数,所以谓语动词用复数形式。所以谓语动词用复数形式。6.threatens6.threatens考查主谓一致和动词时态。分析句子结构可知考查主谓一致和动词时态。分析句子结构可知,此处应填谓语动此处应填谓语动 词。由主句时态判断填一般现在时。定语从句中的关系代词词。由主句时态判断填一般现在时。定语从句中的关系代词
42、that that 指的是先行指的是先行 词词danger,danger,故从句谓语动词用单数。故从句谓语动词用单数。7.is7.is考查谓语动词的用法。分析句子结构可知考查谓语动词的用法。分析句子结构可知,此处应填谓语动词。此处应填谓语动词。that that 引引 导的宾语从句的主语是导的宾语从句的主语是the number,the number,且全句为现在时态且全句为现在时态,所以填所以填isis。8.Our school along with many other brother middle schools 8.Our school along with many other br
43、other middle schools (be)(be)to take another joint test next month.to take another joint test next month.9.They say that the football team as well as the coach 9.They say that the football team as well as the coach (invite)(invite)to the TV show to talk about their experiences in the past few to the
44、 TV show to talk about their experiences in the past few years.years.10.On either side of the street 10.On either side of the street (stand)a lot of trees.(stand)a lot of trees.答案及剖析答案及剖析:8.is8.is考查谓语动词的用法。分析句子结构可知考查谓语动词的用法。分析句子结构可知,句子主语是句子主语是our school,our school,它后它后 面的面的along with along with 短语不影
45、响谓语动词短语不影响谓语动词,而且由而且由next month next month 可知这里应该是可知这里应该是be be to do to do 结构结构,表示计划或安排好的将来表示计划或安排好的将来,故填故填isis。9.have been invited9.have been invited考查谓语动词的用法。分析句子结构可知考查谓语动词的用法。分析句子结构可知,that,that 引导的引导的 宾语从句的主语是宾语从句的主语是the football team,the football team,其后虽有其后虽有as well as.as well as.短语短语,但谓但谓 语动词不
46、受其影响语动词不受其影响,仍与主语一致。集体名词仍与主语一致。集体名词the football team the football team 在此侧重成在此侧重成 员员,表示复数意义表示复数意义;由语境可知此处强调由语境可知此处强调“已经已经”受邀受邀,而且主语与谓语是被动而且主语与谓语是被动 关系关系,故填故填have been invitedhave been invited。10.stand10.stand考查谓语动词的用法。街道的两边都有树考查谓语动词的用法。街道的两边都有树,表示通常情况表示通常情况,用一般现用一般现 在时在时,主语为主语为a lot of trees,a lot o
47、f trees,故谓语动词用复数形式。故谓语动词用复数形式。.单句语法改错单句语法改错 (含非本专项及一句二错试题含非本专项及一句二错试题)1.She took the lift to the eleventh floor,and the secretary showed her 1.She took the lift to the eleventh floor,and the secretary showed her where her desk and her computer was where her desk and her computer was.(2017.(2017浙江金丽衢
48、十二校高三联考浙江金丽衢十二校高三联考)2.I work really hard,often study late into the night!Ive tried to 2.I work really hard,often study late into the night!Ive tried to talk to my mother,but she always say I have to work as hard as my talk to my mother,but she always say I have to work as hard as my brother does.bro
49、ther does.3.There exist now a park that has a small river running through.3.There exist now a park that has a small river running through.答案及剖析答案及剖析:1.waswere1.waswere在在where where 引导的宾语从句中引导的宾语从句中,主语是主语是desk desk 和和computer,computer,谓语动词谓语动词 需用复数形式。需用复数形式。2.studystudying2.studystudyingI I与与study st
50、udy 之间为主动关系之间为主动关系,故用故用studyingstudying作状语。作状语。saysays saysays此处意为此处意为:她总是说她总是说,表示习惯性的动作表示习惯性的动作,且主语是且主语是she,she,故谓故谓 语动词用第三人称单数形式。语动词用第三人称单数形式。3.existexists3.existexists此句为倒装句此句为倒装句,主语为主语为“a park”,“a park”,所以谓语动词用第三人称所以谓语动词用第三人称 单数形式。单数形式。4.You are the most considerate person who know exactly what