七年级上册英语知识点归纳.docx

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1、Unit 1:Learning Goals*Introduce yourself,*Greet people,*Ask for and give telephone numbers.Part 1:Introduce yourself -Whats your name? -My name is .-Hello, Im Gina. Nice to meet you! -Nice to meet you, too. Whats = what is Im= I am names=name is 形容词性物主代词My his her yourPart 2: Greet peopleNice to mee

2、t you.Nice to meet you ,too.Part 3: telephone numbers基数词;1-10One two three four five six seven eight nine tenWhats her telephone number?Whats her family name?Whats her fist name?博格专题1:名词一、名词(一)名词的分类:名词分为普通名词和专有名词,其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词,可数名词可用作单数,也可用作复数。1.可数名词包括个体名词(表示一类人或物的个体,如:girl,desk,dog,window, boo

3、k,pen)和集体名词(由若干个体组成的集合体,如:family,class,people)2.不可数名词包括物质名词(表示无法分为个体的实物,如:water,paper,silk,honey, cream,money。)和抽象名词(表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念,如:work,happiness,music,difficulty,beauty, youth,poverty)3.专有名词表示个人、地方、机构、组织等。如:Tom,the Great Wall,the Spring Festival,France,China,Christmas(二)名词的数1可数名词有单数和复数两种形式

4、,其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种:(1)一般情况下,在词尾加segbook-books,hat-hats,pencil-pencils,girl-girls以轻辅音结尾的名词后的s的读音为s,以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的s读音为z。在ptkf/等清辅音后s:cups,cats,books,photographsbdgv等浊辅音后z:cards,bags,knives,labs,lions(2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加es。egbeach-beaches,brush-brushes,bus-buses,box-boxes,class-classes, glass-gla

5、sses,lunch-lunches(3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加es。egbaby-babies city-cities,family-families,country-countries,strawberry-strawberries(ies读音为iz)注:以“元音字母+y”结尾的词,直接在词尾加-s。egholidays,days,plays,ways,donkeys,boys,toys(4)以元音字母结尾的名词,变复数时情况如下:加estomato-tomatoes,potato-potatoes,hero-heroes结尾是两个元音字母的加s, zoozoos,

6、radio-radios但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。 如:radio-radios,zoo-zoos,photophotos,pianopianos,kilo-kilos,tobacco-tobaccos,zero-zeroszeroes,kangaroo-kangaroos一些名词的缩写形式变复数时,词尾加s,egphoto(photograph)-photos,kilo(kilogram)kiloszero变复数时,既可加s,也可加eszeroszeroes(5)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时,先把f或fe变为v,再加es。egwife-wives,leaf

7、-leaves,half-halves,knife-knives,thief-thieves shelf-shelves(yes读音为vz)(注意例外情况:roof-roofs,chief-chiefs,gulf-gulfs)(6)有些名词由单数变复数时,不是在词尾加s或es,而是变换其中的字母,egman-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen,Frenchman-Frenchmen, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, child-children,mouse-mice, (7)还有一些名词的单数和复

8、数形式相同。egChinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish,salmon(鲑鱼),trout(鳟鱼) a sheep five sheep a deer five deer(8)有些名词本身即是复数形式,例如集合名词,指代的是一个群体,因此不可用作单数。egpeople,police这类名词指的是全体人民,全体警察。People in this country are very friendlytrousers,pants,clothes,scissors,glasses这类名词是成双成对的,因此用作复数形式,作句子主语的时候谓语动词用复数。egThese clothes

9、 are mine注:当一个名词作定语修饰另一个名词时,变复数时只把后一个名词变成复数。egan apple tree,five apple trees, a girl friend,two girl friends;a shoe factory many shoe factories;a car accident,three car accidents;但是,当man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时,要把man和woman也变成复数形式。eg a man teacher, two men teachers; a woman doctor, three women doctors2不可数名词一

10、般没有复数形式,但是可以用一些量词来表示不可数名词的数量。(1)表不定数量时,一般用much,(a)1ittle,a lot oflots of,some,any等词修饰。egmuch money, a little bread,a lot of ice cream,some juice(2)表确定数量时,一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词。变复数时可以把前面的量词变成复数。ega bottle of milk;a glass of water, a can of beer, a piece of papertwo bottles of milk,two pieces of paper, t

11、wo glasses of water注:我们也可用“量词+of+名词复数”这一结构表示可数名词的数量。ega box of oranges,two bags of books,a room of students3(1)有些物质名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词,但词义有所变化。eg:fruit水果-fruits表示不同种类的水果;food食物-foods各种食品;fish鱼-fishes鱼的种类;drink饮料、酒-a drink一杯一份饮料、一杯酒;cloth布-a cloth桌布、抹布; sand沙-sands沙滩;tea茶-a tea一杯茶;chicken鸡肉-a chicken小鸡

12、;orange橘汁-an orange橘子;glass玻璃- a glass玻璃杯,glasses眼镜;paper纸-a paper试卷、论文;wood木头-a wood小森林;room空间、余地-a room房间2)有些抽象名词变为复数时,词义有所不同。good(好处,益处)-goods(货物), custom(风俗)-customs(海关),spirit(精神)-spirits(情绪),manner(方式)-manners(礼貌),force-forces(武装力量),communication(通讯)-communications(通讯系统,通讯工具),cloth(布)-clothes(

13、衣服),content(内容)-contents(目录),convenience(便利)-conveniences(便利设备),humanity(人类)-humanities(人文科学),necessity(需要)-necessities(必需品),pain(疼痛)-pains(辛劳),ruin(毁灭)-ruins(废墟,遗迹),sand(沙子)-sands(沙地,沙滩),wood(木材)-woods(树林),work(工作)-works(工厂,著作),air-airs(架子,神气)。 专项练习题:用所给名词的适当形式填空:1. How many_(sheep) are there on th

14、e hill?2. There is some_(food) in the basket.3. The baby has only two_(tooth) now.4. There is a lot of_(water) in the bottle.5. There are five_(people ) in his family.6. Lets take_(photo), OK?7. I have lots of_(tomato) here.8. The_(leaf) on the tree turn-yellow.9. The_(child) are playing games on th

15、e playground now.10. Their_(dictionary) look new.11. I see you have a few white_(hair).12. They are_(woman) doctors.13. Can you give me some bottles of _ (orange), please?14. There are many_(fox) in the picture.15. I would like some apple_(juice). I am very thirsty.参考答案:1. sheep 2. food 3. teeth 4.

16、water 5. people 6. photos 7. tomatoes 8. leaves 9. children 10. dictionaries 11. hair, hairs 12. women 13. orange 14. foxes 15. juiceUnit 2 Is this your pencil?Learning goals: identify ownership 确认物主关系Part 1:形容词性物主代词: I MemyMineYou youyourYoursHe himhisHissheherherHersIt ititsItsweusourOurstheythemt

17、heirtheirs句型:Is this/that your.? Yes, it is./ No, it isnt. Its my / Its her/hisPart 2: Words: pencil pen book eraser ruler pencil case backpack pencil sharpener dictionary -whats this in English?-Its a pen.-How do you spell it ?-p-e-n.Part 3: lost and found遗失与招领Lost: my school ID card. My name is To

18、ny . please call 685-6034.Found: Is this your notebook? Please call Mary. Phone# 235-6034.博格专题2 冠词一、冠词的种类 冠词是一种虚词,它本身不能单独充当句子成分,也没有词义,它只能用在名词的前面,帮助说明其含义。英语中的冠词有三种:定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词(即不带冠词)。定冠词只有the种形式。不定冠词有a和an两种形式。a用在读音以辅音开头的词前,an用在读音以元音开头的词前。二、不定冠词的用法 不定冠词a (an)与数词one同源,是“一个”的意思。其主要用法如下:1.表示“一个”,意为one,

19、但数的概念没有one强。 I have a good friend. 我有一个好朋友。I have an apple and two oranges. 我有一个苹果和两个橘子。2.泛指某人或某物,但不具体说出是何人或何物。 He is an English teacher. 他是位英语老师。(指教师中的一个)A Mr. Ling wants to see you. 有位姓凌的先生要见您。A girl is waiting for you. 一个女孩在等你。Here is a book. 这儿有一本书。3.用于可数名词的单数形式前,表示其全类(泛指)。如: A knife is a tool f

20、or cutting with. 刀是切割的工具。Mr. Smith is an engineer. 史密斯先生是工程师。4.在时间、重量等名词前,表示单位数量“每一”。如: We work 8 hours a day. 我们每天工作8小时。How much is the pork a pound? 一磅猪肉多少钱?5.表示同的意思。They were nearly of an age. 他们几乎同岁。 The two shirts are much of a size. 两件衬衫大小差不多。6.表示“某一个”,一般与表示星期的名词连用。如: They came on a Sunday and

21、 went away on the Monday. 他们是一个星期日来的,星期一就走了。That happened on a Wednesday towards the end of May. 那是发生在近五月底的某个星期三。7.在月份、星期及morning, evening, night, after-noon等词前有修饰性的定语时,一律用不定冠词。如: A cold March is usual in the Northeast. 东北的三月往往是冷的。On a sunny Saturday she went out. 在一个晴朗的星期五,她出去了。The accident happene

22、d on a very hot night. 这事故发生在一个非常炎热的晚上。8.用在专有名词之前,表示“类别”。如: She is a Chinese now working as an engineer in America. 她是个华人,现在美国当工程师。A Mr. Jones came to see you this morning. 有一个琼斯先生今天上午来了,他想见你。I am going to buy a kodak. 我要买一架柯达照相机。This is a Van Gogh. 这是一幅梵?高的画。9.与成对的名词连用。如: I bought a cup and saucer

23、at that shop. 我在那家店里买了一套茶杯。There is a knife and fork on the table. 桌上有一副刀叉。特别提示如不成对,则要分别加不定冠词。如:a knife and a fork把刀和一把叉。 10.用在and连接两个名词之前,如分别加不定冠词,表示“两个人或物”,反之则表示“一个人或物”。如: a black and white horse一匹黑白相间的马a black and a white horses一匹黑马和一匹白马She is a teacher and writer. 她是位教师兼作家。They are a teacher and

24、 a writer. 他们是一位教师和一位作家。. 11.用于“what a/an + 单数可数名词”及“such a/ an + 单数可数名词”结构,表示“惊叹”。如: What a lovely day! 多好的天啊!What an idea! 好主意!How did you make such a mistake? 你怎么会犯这种错误?I have never seen such a beautiful lake. 我从未见过这么美丽的湖。12.用于“many a, quite a, rather a + 单数可数名词”结构,带有“强调”的意味。如: Many a young man w

25、ants to speak English. 许多年轻人想说英语。(表示“许多”)Ive been there many a time. 我到过那儿多次了。(表示“许多”)He is quite a good player. 他是一名相当好的选手。(表示程度)You are quite a woman, little Wang. 你真是个不一般的女人,小王。(表示程度)It was rather a cold day. 那是个相当寒冷的日子。(表示程度)It is rather a pity. 这是相当令人遗憾的。13.与表示疾病的名词连用。如:a cold感冒a headache头痛a so

26、re throat噪子痛 特别提示有些情况可用、也可不用不定冠词。如:catch (a) cold感冒,have (a) stomachache胃痛,have (a) toothache牙痛。有些情况就不用不定冠词。catch measles染上麻疹,have flu患流行性感冒。 14.用于某些固定词组中。如: a few一些a little一点a lot of许多a bit一点a cup of一杯a couple of一对a piece of一张take a walk散步have a rest休息一下as a matter of fact事实上三、定冠词的用法 定冠词the与指示代词thi

27、s, that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但意义较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。1.特指谈话双方都知道的人和事物。如: Give me the pen. 给我那只笔。试比较:Give me a pen. 请给我(任何)一支笔。2.前面提到过的人和事物,第二次提到时加定冠词,用以表示特指。如: He bought a house. Ive been to the house. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。3.在表示世界上独一无二的事物的名称前用定冠词。如: the earth地球the sun太阳the moon月亮the sky天空the weather天气特别提

28、示sun, moon或sky等词前如有表示某一特定性质的形容词修饰时,通常用不定冠词,在这种情况下其词义有所变化,多表示特定时间或地点内的状态或情况。如:a brilliant sun明媚的阳光a burning sun炎热的太阳a full moon满月a new moon新月a cloudy sky多云的天空a blue sky薪蓝的天空 4.在单数可数名词前用定冠词,表示某一类人或物。如: The student studies hard very much. 学生学习非常努力。The dog is a useful animal. 狗是有用的动物。(指整个狗类)5.在某些形容词或分词前

29、用定冠词表示“一类人”。 the poor穷人the old老年人the sick病人the blind盲人the living生者the wounded伤员6.用在序数词和形容词最高级以及形容词only, very, same等前面。如: Where do you live? I live on the second floor. 你住在哪?我住在二楼。Study is the most important thing. 学习是最重要的事。Thats the very thing Ive been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。7.与复数名词连用,指整个群体。如: They

30、are the teachers of this school. (指全体教师)They are teachers of this school. (指部分教师)8.表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前。如: She caught me by the arm. 她抓住了我的手臂。9.用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级等专有名词前。如: the Peoples Republic of China中华人民共和国the United States美国10.在动词play(演奏)后与乐器名词连用。如: play the piano弹钢琴play the violin拉小提琴

31、play the flute吹笛特别提示play a trumpet (吹号),beat a drum (打鼓)例外。 11.用在姓氏的复数形式之前,表示一家人或这一姓氏的夫妇二人。如: the Greens格林一家人(或格林夫妇)12.在江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛、海峡、海湾等地理名词前用定冠词。如: the Changjiang River长江the Yellow River黄河the Thames泰晤士河the Great Lakes五大湖the Red Sea红海the Pacific (Ocean)太平洋the Himalayas喜马拉雅山脉the West Indies西印度群岛t

32、he Bay of Bengal孟加拉湾the English Channel英吉利海峡13.在表示方位的名词前或某些表示时间的词组和习惯用语中用定冠词。如: on the right在右边in the east在东边in the morning在早上in the end最后on the other hand另一方面14.在国名的形容词前用定冠词表示“一个整体”,即表示整个民族或国家的人民。如: the Chinese中国人the English英国人15.在含有普通名词的专有名词(可为国名、组织机构名、条约名或建筑物名)前用定冠词。如: the Peoples Republic of Chi

33、na中华人民共和国the United Nations Organization联合国组织the Great Wall长城the working class工人阶级16.表示某个世纪的某个年代,用在某个逢十的复数名词前。如: He graduated from college in the 1990s. 他于20世纪90年代大学毕业。17.用在表示发明物的单数名词前。如: Bell invented the phone. 贝尔发明了电话。18.用在惯用语中。如: in the day,in the morning (afternoon,evening),the day after tomorr

34、ow,the day before yesterday,the next morning,in the sky (water,field,country),in the dark,in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of), in the end, on thewhole,by the way,go to the theatre等。四、零冠词的用法 1.不含普通名词的专有名词(国名、地点、人名),表示泛指的物质名词和抽象名词前,一般不加冠词。如: China中国Beijing北京Asia亚洲,亚细亚Mary玛丽Tom汤姆Wang Hong王

35、红Class Three三班gas天然气thought思想2.泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,不用冠词。如: They are teachers. 他们是教师。Children need love. 孩子们需要爱。Computers are being used in many ways. 计算机正被应用于很多方面。Desks and chairs are usually made of wood. 桌椅通常是木制的。I like flowers. 我很喜欢花。3.抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词。但特指时,需要加定冠词。如: Failure is the mother of succ

36、ess. 失败乃成功之母。(一般概念)Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。(一般概念)What do you think of the work? 你对这个工作有什么看法?(特指)She has a passion for music. 她酷爱音乐。(一般概念)I like the music composed by her. 我喜欢她写的乐曲。(特指)Facts are facts. 事实就是事实。(一般概念,也可用于某些复数抽象名词)Sports is good for health. 运动有益于健康。(一般概念,也可用于某些复数抽象名词)特别提示抽象名词在一定情况下,其

37、前面可以加不定冠词。此时多表示具体的介绍:是个什么样的人,是个什么样的事物。“a + 抽象名词”起具体的作用。如:He had a good education. 他受过良好教育。She had a deep affection for her pupils. 她对她的学生怀着很深的关爱。It is a pleasure to talk with you. 和你谈话是件高兴的事。The get-together was a great success. 联欢会很成功。Lets make an analysis of it. 我们对这做一番分析吧。(表示某种动作的“一次” “一番”等意思) 4.

38、物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词。如: Man cannot live without water. 离开水人就无法生存。Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。(一般概念)Oil is essential for the manufacture of plastic. 石油是塑料生产的基本原料。(一般概念)We cant live without air. 没有空气,我们就不能生存。(一般概念)Open the window. The air is so bad. 空气很不好,把窗户打开吧。(特定的意思)We expect s

39、now this morning. 今天早上可能要下雪。(一般概念)Lets take a walk in the snow. 咱们去踏雪散散步。(特定的意思)特别提示物质名词前,有时可加不定冠词,表示“一种”“一份”“一阵”等意思。如:Its a wonderful tea. 这是一种很好的茶叶。An iced coffee for me. 给我一份冰咖啡。What a heavy rain! 多大的雨啊! 5.在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词。如: Spring has come. 春天来了。School begins in September. 学校九月

40、开学。Today is New year,s Day/National Day/May Day/ Childrens Day. 今天是新年/国庆节/五一劳动节/儿童节。We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。Do you feel like coming to a party on Sunday? 你愿意星期天来参加晚会吗?6.在称呼或表示官衔、职位的名词前不加冠词。如: The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。Mum, will you hel

41、p me? 妈妈,帮帮我好吗?Doctor, I am not feeling well. 医生,我感觉不舒服。She was elected monitor. 她被选为班长。7.在三餐、棋类、球类运动或学科、语言的名词前,不用冠词。如: have breakfast (lunch,supper)吃早饭(午饭、晚饭)play chess下棋play basketball (football)打篮球(足球)study mathematics (physics,geography)学习数学(物理、地理)speak English讲英语8.当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词。如: I cant

42、write without pen or pencil. 没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。9.当by与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词。如: by train乘火车by air乘飞机10.可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰,不用冠词。如: my book我的书this camera这架照相机one dog 只狗Jacks home杰克的家11.作表语用表示程度的形容词最高级前,不用冠词。 Your help was most timely. 你的帮助十分及时。This method is most effective. 这种方法非常有效。特别提示如果有比较范围

43、,形容词最高级前必须加定冠词:Of all methods, this is the most effective. 12.有些个体名词如school, college, prison,market,hospital,bed,table, class, town,church,court等不用冠词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义。如: go to hospital去医院看病go to the hospital去医院(并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)13.不用冠词的序数词。 (1)序数词前有物主代词。(2)序数词作副词。如:He came first in the race. 他跑步得了第一

44、。(3)在固定词组中,如:at(the) first, first of all, from first to last等。14.在某些习惯用语中的名词前,不用冠词。如: at home在家,at school在学校,at noon (night)在中午(夜晚),at first首先,at last最后,by bus (air, train)乘汽车(飞机,火车), on foot步行,at home在家,in bed在床上,go to bed去睡觉,go to school去上学,in class在上课,in danger处于危险中,in fact事实上,after class下课后,at t

45、able在吃饭,day and night夜以继日,knife and fork刀叉。特别提示有些词组有无冠词含义不同。如:in hospital住院in the hospital在医院out of question没问题out of the question不可能 五、注意事项 1.当man作“人类”讲时,用零冠词。 Do you thinkman will conquer nature? 你认为人类将会征服自然吗?2.某些抽象名词具体化时是可数名词,其前可加a。 He is a success as a teacher. 作为老师他是一个成功的人。Long Jing is a famous tea in China. 龙井是中国名茶。3.a用于姓氏前表示某个只知道名字而不熟悉的人。 A Mr. Liu is waiting to see you outside. 一个姓刘的先生在外面等着见你。4.在某些句型中可加a。 It is a pity that you have missed the chance. 你错过了这个机会真是可惜。

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