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1、高中英语语法精讲：非谓语动词过去分词用法说明一、过去分词的基本用法过去分词只有一般式，没有完成式。过去分词在意义上最主要特点是表被动，在时间上它可以表示多种关系：(1)表示已经发生的动作：Born in a poor family, he could not go to school.因生于贫穷家庭，他上不起学。Built in 1501，the bridge is over 500 years old.这座桥建于1501年，已有五百多年的历史。(2)表示经常性动作或泛指概念：He is a man loved by all.他是一个受大家爱戴的人。The woman talked about
2、 is very rich.人们经常谈论的那个女人很有钱。【注】the woman talked about也可表示“已被人们谈论过的那个女人”。(3)表示与谓语动词同时(或几乎同时)发生的动作：Asked why he came, he kept silent.问他为什么要来，他一言不发。He came in, followed by his secretary.他走了进来，后面跟着他的秘书。(4)表示现在或过去(当时)的状态：The murderer was brought in, his hands tied behind.凶手被带了进来，双手被绑在后面。二、过去分词与现在分词被动式的区
3、别两者均可表示被动，其区别主要在于它们所表示的时间概念不同(参见以上有关用法)，但有时它们也可表示相同的意思：Written in haste, the book has many mistakes.这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。Being written in haste, the book has many mistakes.这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes.这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。有时虽然所表示的时间概念相同，但有细微区别：Having been show the lab,
4、 we left.被领着看了实验室后，我们就离开了。Shown the lab, we left.被领着一看完实验室，我们就离开了。(有一种急促感) 现在分词用法说明一、现在分词一般式的用法现在分词的一般式所表示的动作与主语动作同时发生：When we arrived, we found him sleeping.我们到达时发现他在睡觉。Living in the suburbs, we have few visitors.因为住在郊外，我们没什么访客。【注】有时现在分词所表示的动作也可略早于或迟于谓语动作，但两者之间没有时间间隔：Seeing nobody at home, he decid
5、ed to leave a note.发现没人在家，他决定留个字条。He went home, finding the door locked.他回到家，发现门是锁着的。当现在分词所表示的动作略迟于谓语动作时，现在分词通常位于句末。二、现在分词被动式的用法当要表示一个被动动作时，现在分词就用被动形式。现在分词的一般式和完成式均有被动式形式：(1)现在分词一般式的被动式。主要表示现在正在进行的动作，也可表示与谓语动作同时发生的动作：Who is the woman being operated on?正在动手术的女人是谁?I saw him being taken away by the pol
6、ice.我看见他被警察带走。【注】有时现在分词一般式的被动式所表示的动作也可发生在谓语动作之前(此时的现在分词通常用于表示原因，且多为状态动词)：Not having a car, he finds it difficult to get around.由于没车，她感到行动很困难。(2)现在分词完成式的被动式。主要表示发生在谓语动词之前且已经完成的动作：The subject having been opened，he had to go on with it.话题已经开始了，他不得不谈下去。Having been written in haste, the book has many mis
7、takes.这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。比较：Being so ill, she cant go to school.由于病得那么严重，她不能去上学。Having been ill for a long time, he needed time to recover.由于病了很长时间，他需要一段恢复的时间。三、现在分词的否定式分词的否定式总是将否定词not置于分词之前，遇上现在分词的完成式、被动式以及完成被动式，否定词应置于整个结构之前：Not being able to understand English, he didnt know what they wanted.由于他不懂英语，他
8、不知道他们要什么。Not having finished his work，he could not leave the office.由于工作没干完他不能离开办公室。动名词的用法说明一、动名词的基本用法动名词的逻辑主语原则上是在动名词前用物主代词或名词所有格：His coming late made the teacher angry.他迟到使老师生气了。Would you mind my opening the door?我打开窗户你介意吗？Please excuse my interrupting you.请原谅我打断你的话。二、动名词否定式的用法问题若动名词带有逻辑主语，则否定词应置于
9、逻辑主语之后。如：Im surprised at your not having noticed.你竟未注意到我感到吃惊。I never dream t of its hurting you.我没想它会伤你的心。I depend on your coming at seven oclock.我指靠你七点钟来。Theyre looking forward to Marys coming.他们盼望玛丽来。I understand your not wanting to discuss the matter.我理解你为什么不愿讨论这件事。The trouble was their not being
10、 able to agree among themselves.麻烦的是他们自己不能取得一致的意见。Jennys not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret.杰妮没受过舞蹈的专业训练是她感到遗憾的事。三、动名词的逻辑主语格问题口语中通常用宾格代词或名词普通格用于动名词作逻辑主语：Were all looking forward to your you coming.我们都盼望你来。Can you imagine Jim Jims saying such a thing?你能想像吉姆说出这样的话吗？四、动名词位于句首时的情形当位于句
11、首时，通常要用名词所有格或物主代词作动名词的逻辑主语：Marys going there is of no help.玛丽去那儿没什么帮助。【注】即使用于句首的作主语的动名词移至句末而在句首使用形式主语it，其逻辑主语也通常用物主代词：Its a waste of time your talking to him.你和他谈是浪费时间。Its doesnt make much difference my being there.我在不在那儿没有什么影响。五、当逻辑主语没有生命时当动名词的逻辑主语是没有生命的东西时，通常不用物主代词或名词所有格：I look forward to it getti
12、ng warmer in spring.我盼望春天天气变暖。“be+不定式”结构的语法意义“be+不定式”是一个很有用的结构，它不仅在中学教材中经常出现，而且在高考题中也经常出现。结合中学生学习和考试的实际情况，我们将该结构的用法归纳如下。一、表示将来或预计I dont know whatis tohappen to us.我不知道我们会发生什么事。I went to have a look at the room where I was to talk that afternoon.我去看了一下地方，当天下午我要在那里讲话。It was 1491.Columbuswas to reachAm
13、ericaa year later.那是1491年，一年后哥伦布到达了美洲。说明：当该结构中用了still或yet时，其将来意义更加突出。如：The worst is still to come.还有最糟糕的事情要发生。The most severe weather is yet still to come.最恶劣的天气还没有到。The best item on the programme is still to come.最好看的节目还在后头。注意，该结构表示将来的用法是有限的，原则上，只有当表示的动作为人所控制时才可使用它来表示将来，否则就是错的。如可说Im going to play t
14、ennis，也可说Im to play tennis，因为其中的play tennis是可以人为控制的。而在以下各例中，其中的动作均不能为人所限制，所以going不可省略：Hes going to be fat.他要发胖了。There is going to be a storm.要下暴风雨了。Youre going to break that chair.你会把那把椅子弄坏的。二、表示计划或意图They are to be married.他们打算结婚。We are to be married in June.我们计划在6月结婚。说明：该结构也可用于条件状语从句。如：If Im to be
15、there on time, I must leave at once.如果我要想准时赶到那儿，我就必须马上动身。If we are to succeed in this enterprise, we shall need to plan everything very carefully.如果我们想要在这项事业上取得成功，我们就需要把一切都仔细计划好。另外，若表示过去未曾实现的想法或意图，其中的不定式则用完成式。如：We were to have gone away last week, but I was ill.我们本打算上周走的，但是我病了。I was to have started
16、work last week, but I changed my mind.我本该上周开始工作的，但我改变了主意。比较：He was to go.当时他是要去的。(至于最后去没去，不得而知)He was to have gone.他本来是要去的。(但实际上却没有去)三、表示责任或义务You are to report to the police.你应该报警。I am to inform you that.我有义务(我受人之托)通知你She is to be in class at 9 am.她应该上午9点到课堂。四、表示命令或规定You are not to smoke here.此处禁止吸烟
17、。All staff is to wear uniforms.全体工作人员必须穿制服。Visitors are to leave when the bell rings.来访者必须在铃响时离开。Youare to doyour homework before you watch TV.你得做完了作业才能看电视。She can go to the party, but shes not to be back late.她可以去参加聚会，但不能晚回来。No oneis toleave this building without the permission of the police.未经警务人员
18、允许，任何人不得擅自离开这座房子。五、表示目的或用途A knifeis tocut with.刀子是用来切东西的。The telegram was to say that shed be late.电报是说她可能晚到。六、表示推测或推断He is not to be blamed.不该责备他。The book was not to be found.那本书找不到了。The account of the event is to be found in todays papers.关于这件事的报道可在今天的报上找到。七、表示命中注定He was never to see his wife agai
19、n.他从那以后就再也见不到他的妻子了。They were never to meet again.他们注定以后永远不会再见面。They said goodbye, little knowing that they were never to meet again.他们相互道别，一点也没有想到他们再也不能相见了。八、表示虚拟语气即用于与事实相反的虚拟条件句，表示虚拟语气。此时be通常要用were这一形式，但在非正式文体中也可用was。如：Id be sorry if you were to think that I disliked you.若是你认为我不喜欢你，那我就太伤心了。Ifit wer
20、e torain, we would have to cancel the match tomorrow.假如下雨,我们只好取消明天的比赛。注意其省略倒装形式：If I were to tell you / Were I to tell you that I killed him, would you believe me?假如我对你说是我杀死了他,你相信吗?If I were todo that / Were I to do that, what would you say?如果我做了那件事，你会说什么呢?说明：根据语意的需要，“be+不定式”结构中不定式可以用被动式。如：The cover is not to be removed.这块盖布请勿揭开。This medicine is to be taken hourly.这药每小时服一次。The cost of carriage is to be paid by the receiver.运费由收货人支付。She will determine how it is to be done.她会决定这件事的做法。A little tiredness after taking these drugs is to be expected.服下这些药后会有些疲倦。学科网（北京）股份有限公司