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1、金属材料专业英语简单介绍1本讲稿第一页,共四十六页We should graspWhat is a metal?What is an alloy?What are the differences between their properities?Explain solid solution and intermetallic compound.2本讲稿第二页,共四十六页New Words&Expressions from Part1roamrumgraphitegrfaitmalleablemliblductiledktailsolublesljublchromiumkrumjmtransi
2、tiontrnzin shellelv.漫游,闲逛,徜徉漫游,闲逛,徜徉;n.漫步,漫游,徘徊漫步,漫游,徘徊n.石墨石墨a.有伸延性的,可锻的有伸延性的,可锻的a.易延展的,柔软的易延展的,柔软的 a.可溶解的,可溶的可溶解的,可溶的 n.铬铬n.转换,跃迁,过渡转换,跃迁,过渡n.壳,外壳壳,外壳3本讲稿第三页,共四十六页Translation InThe outmost layer of electrons 最外层电子最外层电子nFree election gas 自由电子气自由电子气 nElectrical conductivity 电导率,电导性电导率,电导性nPlain-carbo
3、n steel 普通碳素钢普通碳素钢 nSolid solution 固溶体,固溶液,固体溶液固溶体,固溶液,固体溶液4本讲稿第四页,共四十六页Translation IInIntermetallic compound 金属互化物金属互化物nMetallic material 金属材料金属材料 nStrainless steel 不锈钢不锈钢nSolute 溶质溶质 nSolvent 溶剂溶剂Periodic table 元素周期表元素周期表Electronegativity 电负性电负性Transition metal 过渡金属过渡金属 Crystal structure 晶体结构晶体结构5
4、本讲稿第五页,共四十六页What is a Metal?Q:What is a Metal?A:Metal is consisted of positive centers(or ions)sitting in a“gas”of free-electros.It tends to be good electrical conductors.6本讲稿第六页,共四十六页What is an Alloy?Consist of a mixture of a pure and one or more other elements.由两种或两种以上的金属或金属与非金属由两种或两种以上的金属或金属与非金属经
5、一定方法所合成的具有金属特性的物质。经一定方法所合成的具有金属特性的物质。7本讲稿第七页,共四十六页Its some properties:less malleable and ductile than pure metals and tend to have lower to melting points.合金的一些性质:延展性较差,低熔点。合金的一些性质:延展性较差,低熔点。8本讲稿第八页,共四十六页Something else.1、合金根据组成元素的数目,可分为二元、合金根据组成元素的数目,可分为二元合金、三元合金和多元合金。合金、三元合金和多元合金。2、根据结构的不同,合金主要类型是:
6、、根据结构的不同,合金主要类型是:(1)混合物合金:当液态合金凝固时,构成合混合物合金:当液态合金凝固时,构成合金的各组分分别结晶而成的合金,如焊锡;金的各组分分别结晶而成的合金,如焊锡;(2)固熔体合金当液态合金凝固时形成固溶体固熔体合金当液态合金凝固时形成固溶体的合金,如金银合金;的合金,如金银合金;(3)金属互化物合金:各组分相互形成化合物金属互化物合金:各组分相互形成化合物的合金,如铜、锌组成的黄铜。的合金,如铜、锌组成的黄铜。9本讲稿第九页,共四十六页3、合金的一些性质:、合金的一些性质:(1)多数合金熔点低于其组分中任一种组成多数合金熔点低于其组分中任一种组成金属的熔点;金属的熔点
7、;(2)硬度比其组分中任一金属的硬度大;硬度比其组分中任一金属的硬度大;(3)合金的导电性和导热性低于任一组分金合金的导电性和导热性低于任一组分金属。利用合金的这一特性,可以制造高电属。利用合金的这一特性,可以制造高电阻和高热阻材料。还可制造有特殊性能的阻和高热阻材料。还可制造有特殊性能的材料。材料。(4)有的抗腐蚀能力强有的抗腐蚀能力强(如不锈钢如不锈钢)4、常见合金:球墨铸铁、锰钢、不锈钢、常见合金:球墨铸铁、锰钢、不锈钢、黄铜、青铜、白铜、焊锡、硬铝、黄铜、青铜、白铜、焊锡、硬铝、18K黄黄金、金、18K白金。白金。10本讲稿第十页,共四十六页What is an Alloy?Q:Wha
8、t is an Alloy?A:An alloy consists of a mixture of a pure metal and one or more other elements which can be metals or non-metal.Q:What are the differences between their properties?A:Alloys are usually less malleable and ductile than pure metals and the tend to have lower melting points.11本讲稿第十一页,共四十六
9、页Think about.Give examples to explain soild solution and intermetallic compound?12本讲稿第十二页,共四十六页Solid SolutionsIn many cases,metals are quite soluble in other metals.For example,solid copper and soild nickel are fully soluble in each other.This type of perfect soild solubility is a side effect of hav
10、ing free electrons.Since the electrons are free to move,the exact number of valence electrons possessed by any given atom shouldnt matter.13本讲稿第十三页,共四十六页So a“solid-solution”is that one metal serves as the solvent and the other as the other as the solute,althought in a case like copper and nickel whe
11、re these are mutually soluble at all compositions the terms solvent and solute can be a little misleading.14本讲稿第十四页,共四十六页For example,the figure in the right is Au-Ag phase diagram,below fusiform area is solid solutions,15本讲稿第十五页,共四十六页Intermetallic CompoundsNot all metals are soluble in other metals,
12、thus,produced another new phase called“intermetallic compounds”,such as nickel will dissolve some aluminum,so that at low aluminum contents a solid solution is produced.But if larger amounts of aluminum are added,then produce intermetallic compounds.16本讲稿第十六页,共四十六页Some of these compounds have a very
13、 well defined composition,such as Ni3AlOthers have quite a wide range of composition,such as NiAl17本讲稿第十七页,共四十六页Three types of circumstances of intermetallic compounds formingThe first circumstance:size differenence The second circumstance:a large differenence in electronegativity The third circumst
14、ance:certain ratios of the number of valence electrons to the number of atoms in a structure18本讲稿第十八页,共四十六页Hume-Rothery RuleHume-Rothery Rule 1:Atomic Size Factor(the 15%)Rule.Extensive substitutional solid solution occurs only if the relative difference between the atomic diameters(radii)of the two
15、 species is less than 15%.If the difference 15%,the solubility is limited.Comparing the atomic radii of solids that form solid solutions,theempirical rule given by Hume-Rothery is given as:Mismatch=19本讲稿第十九页,共四十六页nHume-Rothery Rule 2:Crystal Structure Rule:For appreciable solid solubility,the crysta
16、l structures of the two elements must be identical.Hume-Rothery Rule 3:Valency Rule:A metal will dissolve a metal of higher valency to a greater extent than one of lower valency.The solute and solvent atoms should typically have the same valence in order to achieve maximum solubility.Hume-Rothery Ru
17、le 4:The Electronegativity Rule:Electronegativity difference close to 0 gives maximum solubility.The more electropositive one element and the more electronegative the other,the greater is the likelihood that they will form an intermetallic compound instead of a substitutional solid solution.The solu
18、te and the solvent should lie relatively close in the electrochemical series.20本讲稿第二十页,共四十六页休姆罗瑟里(休姆罗瑟里(HumeRothery)规律)规律(1)形成合金的元素原子半径之差超过形成合金的元素原子半径之差超过1415,则固溶度极,则固溶度极为有限;若尺寸差小于为有限;若尺寸差小于15,尺寸因素成为次要的影响因素,尺寸因素成为次要的影响因素,固溶度由其他影响因素确定,这就是知名的固溶度由其他影响因素确定,这就是知名的15规律。规律。(2)如果合金组元的负电性相差很大,固溶度就极小;如果合金组元的负
19、电性相差很大,固溶度就极小;(3)两元素的固溶度与它们的原子价有关,高价元素在低价两元素的固溶度与它们的原子价有关,高价元素在低价元素中的固溶度大于低价元素在高价元素中的固溶度;元素中的固溶度大于低价元素在高价元素中的固溶度;(4)BB族溶质元素在族溶质元素在B族溶剂元素中的固溶度都相同族溶剂元素中的固溶度都相同(e/a=1.36),与具体的元素种类无关;,与具体的元素种类无关;(5)两组元只有具有相同的晶体结构才能形成无限两组元只有具有相同的晶体结构才能形成无限(或连续或连续)固溶体。固溶体。21本讲稿第二十一页,共四十六页 各式各样的合金各式各样的合金磁磁性性合合金金 镍铬合金烤瓷牙镍铬合
20、金烤瓷牙 铜中间合金铜中间合金 22本讲稿第二十二页,共四十六页金属外壳金属外壳锆石合金锆石合金 铜乌合金铜乌合金 23本讲稿第二十三页,共四十六页1.Given that many of the compounds formed in alloys are size factor or electron compounds,these do not follow the rules of valency.在合金中,许多化合物是按比例组合或是电在合金中,许多化合物是按比例组合或是电子化合物,不能很好的遵循价键理论。子化合物,不能很好的遵循价键理论。24本讲稿第二十四页,共四十六页2.Where
21、as the chemical formula of an ionic compound,like NaCl or Al2O3 can be predicted easily from the compounds position in the periodic table,this is not the case for many intermetallic compounds.换句话说,尽管像氯化钠,氧化铝的价键可换句话说,尽管像氯化钠,氧化铝的价键可以通过他们在元素周期表的位置进行预测,以通过他们在元素周期表的位置进行预测,但却不能解释合金中金属元素的成健方式。但却不能解释合金中金属元素
22、的成健方式。25本讲稿第二十五页,共四十六页3.Thus,knowing from their position in the periodic table that Na wants to from Na+ions and chlorine wants to from Cl-ions explans why an ionic compound with a formula NaCl is observed.从元素周期表可以知道,钠有变成钠离子从元素周期表可以知道,钠有变成钠离子的趋势,氯有变成氯离子的趋势,这就解的趋势,氯有变成氯离子的趋势,这就解释了氯化钠的形成。释了氯化钠的形成。26本讲
23、稿第二十六页,共四十六页4.In contrast,this dosent explain why a carbide with a formula Cr23C6 is formed in stainless steels.然而,这却解释不了然而,这却解释不了Cr23C6在钢铁中的成健方在钢铁中的成健方式。式。27本讲稿第二十七页,共四十六页5.The precipitation of Cr23C6 is a big problem when stainless steels are welded.这样这样 Cr23C6 成为钢铁焊接的大问题成为钢铁焊接的大问题 高铬高碳冷作钢高铬高碳冷作钢2
24、8本讲稿第二十八页,共四十六页6.Cr23C6 forms in the“heat affected zone”around the weld(this region is heated but not melted during welding).在在“受热区受热区”的的Cr23C6遍布在焊接点周围遍布在焊接点周围(这个区域在焊接的时候受热但不熔化)(这个区域在焊接的时候受热但不熔化)29本讲稿第二十九页,共四十六页7.The formation of this chromium-rich phase pulls chromium out of solution in the surroun
25、ding iron.富铬相的结构,使铬在离子溶液的氛围之外。富铬相的结构,使铬在离子溶液的氛围之外。30本讲稿第三十页,共四十六页8.This in turn,prevents the formation of a protective layer of Cr2O3 on the surface of the stainless steel and so the stainless steel is no longer stainless,but instead suffers from catastrophic localized corrosion.这样,就保护了钢铁表面氧化铬保护层的结这
26、样,就保护了钢铁表面氧化铬保护层的结构,从而钢铁不再是单纯的铁,而是可以构,从而钢铁不再是单纯的铁,而是可以抗局部严重腐蚀的物质。抗局部严重腐蚀的物质。31本讲稿第三十一页,共四十六页9.Consider a different example,NiAl is an electron compound which froms due to having a“magic”1.5 valence electrons per atom(this magic number isnt really magic,but is a results of deviations from the free el
27、ectron model).另外一个不同的例子,另外一个不同的例子,NiAl是具有是具有“魔法魔法”的化合物因为其中每个原子都是的化合物因为其中每个原子都是1.5价的价的(神奇的不是数字本身,而是(神奇的不是数字本身,而是1.5价不符合价不符合自由电子模型)。自由电子模型)。32本讲稿第三十二页,共四十六页10.There is one nickel atom and one aluminum atom in NiAl and the valency of nickel is two and that of aluminum is three.given that(2+3)/2=2.5 thi
28、s doesnt seem like 1.5 valence electons per atom.一个镍原子和一个铝原子构成了一个镍原子和一个铝原子构成了NiAl,从,从价键理论看,镍是二价,铝是三价。照这价键理论看,镍是二价,铝是三价。照这样,应该平均每个原子有样,应该平均每个原子有2.5个价电子,与个价电子,与实际上每个原子实际上每个原子1.5个价电子不同。个价电子不同。33本讲稿第三十三页,共四十六页11.However,as a transition metal,nickel is able to act as if it does nor have a valency by“hidi
29、ng”electrons in the emply states in the shell.thus,effectively,there are(0+3)/2=1.5 valence electrons per atom in NiAl.镍作为一种过渡金属,可以将外层电子镍作为一种过渡金属,可以将外层电子“隐隐藏藏”在次外电子层的空轨道,看起来没有在次外电子层的空轨道,看起来没有价电子。所以,铝镍合金中,每个原子有价电子。所以,铝镍合金中,每个原子有1.5个价电子。个价电子。34本讲稿第三十四页,共四十六页合金的组成多种多样,可分为混合物合金,固溶体合金和合金的组成多种多样,可分为混合物合金,
30、固溶体合金和金属化合物合金等类型。金属化合物合金等类型。铋镉合金是一种混合物合金,合金由两种金属的晶粒相互间铋镉合金是一种混合物合金,合金由两种金属的晶粒相互间混合,紧密作用而得。这种合金有低共熔点的特征,类似于混合,紧密作用而得。这种合金有低共熔点的特征,类似于某些盐的水溶液使水在低于零度时才结冰一样。某些盐的水溶液使水在低于零度时才结冰一样。铜镍合金是固溶体合金,由一种金属原子进入另一种金属的铜镍合金是固溶体合金,由一种金属原子进入另一种金属的晶胞空隙而形成的。晶胞空隙而形成的。我们上面所讲的铝镍合金是金属化合物合金,这类合金原子我们上面所讲的铝镍合金是金属化合物合金,这类合金原子以金属键
31、相互作用,不遵守化合价规则。这类合金比任意组以金属键相互作用,不遵守化合价规则。这类合金比任意组分的纯金属硬度都要强,但却降低了可塑性。分的纯金属硬度都要强,但却降低了可塑性。35本讲稿第三十五页,共四十六页12.Even in cases where intermetallic formation does not occur,there may not be perfect solid-solubility,if tow metals have different crystal structures then at some intermediate composition there
32、will have to be a change from the crystal structure of one metal to that of the other.即使两种金属形成的晶体没有缺陷,也不能即使两种金属形成的晶体没有缺陷,也不能说明它们能形成完美的固溶体,如果两种说明它们能形成完美的固溶体,如果两种金属有不同的晶格结构,必须在介质中改金属有不同的晶格结构,必须在介质中改变一种金属的晶格结构,使其与另外一种变一种金属的晶格结构,使其与另外一种金属的晶格结构相适应金属的晶格结构相适应36本讲稿第三十六页,共四十六页13.In such a case the result wou
33、ld be,on gradually changing the composition of an alloy from pure metal A(froming the a-phase)to pure metal B(froming the b-phase)为了形成这种晶格,逐渐将合金从为了形成这种晶格,逐渐将合金从A(相)相)变到变到B(相)。相)。37本讲稿第三十七页,共四十六页Single-phase a soild-solution;Two-phase mixture of a soild-solution and b soild-sulition;Single-phase b so
34、lid-solution.单相固溶体单相固溶体单相固溶体与单相固溶体与单相固溶体混合单相固溶体混合单相固溶体单相固溶体38本讲稿第三十八页,共四十六页Think about.Q:Give examples to explain soild solution and intermetallic compound?A:For example,nickel will dissolve some aluminum,so that at low aluminum contents a solid solution is produced.However,if larger amounts of alum
35、inum are added,then a series of intermetallic compounds(for example Ni3Al and NiAl)are produced.39本讲稿第三十九页,共四十六页Do you still remember?roamrumgraphitegrfaitmalleablemliblductiledktailsolublesljublchromiumkrumjmtransitiontrnzin shellelv.漫游,闲逛,徜徉漫游,闲逛,徜徉;n.漫步,漫游,徘徊漫步,漫游,徘徊n.石墨石墨a.有伸延性的,可锻的有伸延性的,可锻的a.易延
36、展的,柔软的易延展的,柔软的 a.可溶解的,可溶的可溶解的,可溶的 n.铬铬n.转换,跃迁,过渡转换,跃迁,过渡n.壳,外壳壳,外壳40本讲稿第四十页,共四十六页New Words from Part2 Iphaseplasmaprecipitateferriteaustenitelatticeinterstitialcuboidorthorhombictetragonalcrystallography n.相相n.等离子体,等离子区等离子体,等离子区n.沉淀物;沉淀物;vt.沉淀沉淀n.铁盐酸,铁素体铁盐酸,铁素体n.体,奥氏体,碳丙铁体,奥氏体,碳丙铁n.格子格子a.空隙的,裂缝的空隙的,
37、裂缝的a.立方体的,立方形的立方体的,立方形的a.正方晶的正方晶的a.四方晶的四方晶的n.结晶学,晶体学结晶学,晶体学41本讲稿第四十一页,共四十六页New Words from Part2 IIturbinebladepolygonalgemstonesphericalamorphoustransparentpitcoasterviscousinterfacial n.涡轮涡轮n.刀刃,刀片刀刃,刀片a.多角形的,多边形的多角形的,多边形的n.宝石宝石a.球形的球形的a.无定形的,无晶形的无定形的,无晶形的a.透明的透明的n.坑,槽坑,槽n.垫子,银盘垫子,银盘a.粘性的,粘滞的,胶粘的粘性
38、的,粘滞的,胶粘的a.界面的,分界面的界面的,分界面的42本讲稿第四十二页,共四十六页Central Content of Part 2The text is about structures of metals and alloys,the most familiar phases are solid,liquid,vapor and plasma.Explain crystal structure,atoms are arranged in a different pattern,the pattern is made up of a repeating unit.Because of t
39、he lattice parameter and the atoms are arranged differently within the cube,the metals and alloys have different structures-property.And the size of the atom can affect its structures-property.The differences between crystalline and amorphous metals.43本讲稿第四十三页,共四十六页What is a Phase?44本讲稿第四十四页,共四十六页Crystal Structures45本讲稿第四十五页,共四十六页Crystalline and Amorphous Metals46本讲稿第四十六页,共四十六页