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1、神经元和神经胶质细胞神经元第1页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一OneoftheCajalsOneoftheCajalsmanydrawingsofmanydrawingsofBraincircuityBraincircuityTheletterslabelthedifferentelementsCajalidentifiedinanareaofthehumancerebralcortexthatcontrolsvoluntarymovement.第2页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一Neurons:Excitablecells“wiring”“SignalSenders”Neurog
2、lia:Support,Nurturing,InsulationCellularComponentsCellularComponents第3页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一NerveCellsNerveCellsNeuronsNeuroglia第4页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一Cellbody(soma;perikaryon)Axon:onlyone(branchesarecollaterals;terminalsareendfeet)Dendrites:muchshorter;oneormorethanone;branchextensivelyintodendritictree
3、sStructureofNeuronsStructureofNeuronsAxonHillock(Axonalendfeet)第5页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一TheAxonTheAxonandAxonandAxonCollateralsCollaterals第6页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一CellBody(Soma):LifeSupportProteinSynthesisSingleNucleus,RER(NisslBodies)Axon:LongestprocesstransmitsmessagesawayfromcellbodyDendrites:Multiplepro
4、cessesoffcellbodyreceivemessagesNeuronsNeuronsStructure&FunctionStructure&Function第7页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一Neuronsaresimilartoothercellsinthebodyinsomewayssuchas:1.Neuronsaresurroundedbyamembrane.2.Neuronshaveanucleusthatcontainsgenes.3.Neuronscontain:Whatareinsideofaneuron?Whatareinsideofaneuron?Nucleu
5、sNucleolusMicrofilaments/NeurotubulesEndoplasmicReticulum(ER)MitochondriaGolgiApparatusNisslBodiesOthers第8页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一Dendrites:dendritetreeAxon:axonhillock(axonorigination)axonaltransportsysteminitialsegment(firstmyelinsheath)actionpotentialgenerationmyelinsheathAxonandDendritesAxonandDendri
6、tes第9页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一AxonsDendritesTakeinformationawayfromthecellbodyTakeinformationtothecellbodySmoothsurfaceRoughsurface(dendriticspines)Generallyonly1axonpercellUsuallymanydendritespercellNoribosomeHaveribosomesCanhavemyelinNomyelininsulationBranchfurtherfromthecellbodyBranchnearthecellbodyDif
7、ferencesbetweenAxonsandDendrites第10页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一NeuronClassificationbyShapeNeuronClassificationbyShapeMultipolar:“multi-”manyprocessesMajority:Singleaxon,manydendrites(motorneuronandinterneuron)Bipolar:“bi-”2processesFoundinsomesensoryorgans(retina,taste,smell,innerearneuron)Unipolar(pseudo-un
8、ipolar):“uni-”1process(withbranches)Sensoryafferentneurons(dorsalrootganglia)第11页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一ClassificationofClassificationofNeuronsbyNeuronsbyMorphologyMorphology第12页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一ClassificationofNeuronsClassificationofNeuronsbyAxonLengthbyAxonLength1.GolgitypeINeuronsLongaxons(longestfro
9、mthecortextothetipofspinalcord,50-70cm)2.GolgitypeIINeuronsShortaxons(shortestaxonsterminateonlyafewmicronfromcellbody,interneurons)3.AmacrineNeuronsAnunusualcelltype,lackaxons第13页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一SensoryneuronfromreceptortoCNS;receivestimuliandtransmitafferentimpulsestoCNSInterneuronscommunicating
10、betweenneurons;formcircuitsintheCNSMotorneuronfromCNStoeffectorcells;deliverefferentimpulsesoutthroughthePNStotheeffectorstocarryouttheactionsdirectedbytheCNSFunctionalClassificationofNeuronFunctionalClassificationofNeuron第14页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一EXCITABLEMembrane:Abletoregulatethemovementofions(charge
11、s)acrossandalongmembraneSIGNAL TRANSDUCTIONDONOTReplicate:Damagedcellscannotbereplaced!ImportantFeaturesImportantFeatures ofof NeuronsNeurons第15页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一ActionActionPotentialPotential第16页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一FourFunctionalRegionsofModelNeuronsFourFunctionalRegionsofModelNeurons第17页，共30页，编辑于20
12、22年，星期一Impulsetransmission:electricalchemicalMorphology:axodendriticaxonsomaticaxoaxonicdendrodendriticClassificationofSynapsesClassificationofSynapses第18页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一synapse4VesiclesreleaseNeurotransmitters第19页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一Chemicalsynapse:presynapticknob(presynapticcomponent)synapticvesi
13、clessynapticcleftpostsynapticmembrane(postsynapticcomponent)Electricalsynapse:gapjunctionsSynapseStructuresSynapseStructures第20页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一第21页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一TypesofsynapseDis-tanceCytoplasmiccontinuityUltrastruct-uralcomponentAgentoftrans-missionSynapticdelayDirectionoftrans-missionElectr
14、ical3.5nmYesGap-junctionchannelIoncurrentVirtuallyabsentUsuallybidirectionalChemical20-40nmNoPresynapticvesicleandactivezone;postsynapticreceptorsChemicaltransmittersSignificant:atleast0.3ms;usually1-5msorlongerUni-directionalDistinguishingPropertiesofDistinguishingPropertiesofElectricalandChemicalS
15、ynapsesElectricalandChemicalSynapses第22页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一Atachemicalsynapse,neuronstransmitinformationacrossacleft.第23页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一1.SmallMoleculeNeurotransmitterSubstancesAcetylcholine(ACh);Dopamine(DA);Norepinephrine(NE);Serotonin(5-HT);Histamine2.AminoAcidsGamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA);Gly
16、cine;Glutamate;Aspartate3.NeuroactivePeptides-partiallist!Bradykinin;beta-endorphin;calcitonin;cholecystokinin;enkephalin;dynorphin;insulin;gastrin;substance P;glucagon;secretin;vasopressin;oxytocin,etc.ListofSomeNeurotransmittersListofSomeNeurotransmitters第24页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一Axonaltransport:intra
17、cellularcommunicationBidirectionalmechanism:anterogradetransportretrogradetransportClassifiedbytransportrates:slowtransportsystem(0.2to1mm/day)fasttransportsystem(200to400mm/day)AxonalTransportSystemsAxonalTransportSystems第25页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一HitchingaRideon“Retrorail”第26页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一Membrane
18、soforganellesinvolvedinsynaptictransmissionarereturnedtothecellbodyforreuseordegradationNucleusCytoskeleton(Anterogradetransport)第27页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一第28页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一ComponentRate(mm/day)StructureandcompositionFasttransportAnterograde 200-400Smallvesiculotubularstructures,neurotransmitters;me
19、mbraneproteinsandlipidsMitochondria50-100MitochondriaRetrograde 200-300LysosomalvesiclesandenzymesSlowtransportSCb2-8Microfilaments,metabolicenzymes,clathrincomplexSCa0.2-1NeurofilamentsandmicrotubulesMajorRateComponentsofAxonalTransportMajorRateComponentsofAxonalTransport第29页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一1.Neu
20、ronshavespecializedprojectionscalleddendritesandaxons.Dendritestakeinformationtothecellbodyandaxonstakeinformationawayfromthecellbody2.Neuronscommunicatewitheachotherthroughanelectrochemicalprocess3.Neuronscontainsomespecializedstructures(likesynapses)andchemicals(likeneurotransmitters)4.NisslBodies5.DONOTReplicate:Damagedcellscannotbereplaced!NeuronsdifferfromOtherCellsNeuronsdifferfromOtherCells第30页，共30页，编辑于2022年，星期一