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1、Module7Unit 4Public transport(2)2021/8/11 星期三11、Because of the smoke from the steam engines,early underground lines needed large holes leading to the surface at regular intervals,so that people could get fresh air and would not choke.由于蒸汽机冒出来的烟,早期的地铁线在一定的间隔下有一个洞通向表面,以便让新鲜空气进来,不会让人窒息。2021/8/11 星期三2本句
2、中so that 引导目的状语从句;leading作定语修饰 holes。This is the passage leading to his backyard.这是通向他后院的走廊。I study hard,so that I may not fail in the examinations.我用功,免得考试不及格。We turned on the light so that we might see(so as to see)what it was.我们把灯打开,以便看看它是什么。2021/8/11 星期三3Bring it I may see it better.把它拿近点儿,让我仔细看
3、看。closer so that2021/8/11 星期三42、So,why not take a trip on the oldest underground system today?所以今天为什么不乘坐世界上最古老的地铁观光一番呢?Why not do?是Why dont you do?的省略形式,这是表“建议”的句型,意为:为什么不做呢?其肯定式是why do you do/why do?肯定句式常用于责问对方,意为:为什么做?Why dont you(Why not)sing a song?为什么不唱支歌呢?Why do you/Why lend him the money?为什么要
4、借钱给他?2021/8/11 星期三5表示“建议”的其他句型:(1)Lets do,shall we?/How/What about doing?我们可以做吗?/做怎么样?(2)Cant we do?我们不能做吗?(这是一个否定疑问句表示建议或邀请)(3)I suggest you(should)do/I advise you to do/Youd better do 我劝你应该做/你最好做(这3个句型均为直接向对方提出建议,使用时需注意句中的动词形式)2021/8/11 星期三6(4)Maybe we could do 也许我们能做(5)Would you like/love to do?你
5、愿意做吗?(6)I wonder if you should do 我想知道你是否应该做(7)I think its better for you to do 我认为对你来说做更好。2021/8/11 星期三7 Its a long time since I saw my sister._ her this weekend?A.Why not visit B.Why not to visit C.Why not visiting D.Why dont visitA句意:“我很久没有见到我的妹妹了。”“为什么不在这个周末去看看她去呢?”回答人显然是在提出建议。“Why not 动词原形”结构用来
6、表示建议。2021/8/11 星期三8Why the teacher for advice?为什么不向老师征求意见呢?not turn to2021/8/11 星期三93、Many cyclists fail to pay attention to the cars that surround them,and often ride too close to cars to allow them space and time to stop.许多骑自行车的人没有注意周围的车辆,而且经常骑得与车辆太近,以至于车辆没有足够的空间和时间刹车。句中的too close to cars to allow
7、 them space and time to stop 是“too adj./adv.(for sb./sth.)to do sth.”句型,表示“太以致(某人)不能做某事”。2021/8/11 星期三10The problem is too difficult for me to work out.这问题太难了,我解答不了。The gate is too narrow for a car to get through.这门太窄了,一辆小汽车通不过。其实,这类句子都可以改为sothat结构的句子。以上句子可分别改写为:The problem is so difficult that I ca
8、nt work it out.The gate is so narrow that a car cant get through it.2021/8/11 星期三11too adj./adv.(for n./pron.)to do sth.结构在大多数情况下表示否定意义,即“太而不能”之意,但tooto结构在下列几种情况下,也可表示肯定意义。not 置于动词不定式前,成为toonot to do结构时,原来表示否定意义的不定式再次受否定,变为肯定意义,意为“太不会不”或“非常必定能”。He is too tall not to reach the book on the bookshelf.他
9、很高不会够不到书架上的书。2021/8/11 星期三12在tooto do这一结构前有not,never,no longer,but,only,all等词时,这一结构的意思也为肯定意义。The box is not too heavy for me to carry.这个箱子并不重,我提得动。You know but too well to hold your tongue.你十分清楚少言为佳。Ill be only too glad to join in your games.我非常想参加你们的比赛。2021/8/11 星期三13too 后为 anxious,eager,easy,glad,
10、happy,pleased,excited,ready,satisfied,kind,willing,difficult等表示态度、心情、倾向等方面的形容词时,too 相当于very much(极其,十分,非常),表示肯定意义。They were too anxious to leave.他们急着要走。Its too kind of you to help us repair the car.你真是太好了,帮助我们修车。当不定式充当句子中的实际主语时,tooto表示肯定含义。Its too wrong of you to have made such foolish mistakes.你犯这种
11、愚蠢的错误实在是大错特错。2021/8/11 星期三14D句意:没关系,我非常高兴能帮助你。tooto前面有only表示肯定意义,表示“非常”。Thanks for your trouble.Not at all.Im _ pleased to help you.A.too much B.too only C.so much D.only too2021/8/11 星期三15too wise not to knowYou are _ that.你很聪明,必然会知道那件事情。2021/8/11 星期三16never too old to learnOne is _.活到老,学到老。2021/8/
12、11 星期三17is too ready toThe model worker _ help others.这位劳动模范非常乐于帮助别人。2021/8/11 星期三183、Carrying more than a light load on your bicycle makes it more difficult to control.在你的自行车上加上一个重东西会使自行车更难以控制。此句是make it adj.(for sb.)to do sth.句型。在此结构中,it是形式宾语,此结构中真正的宾语是后面的不定式,而形容词充当了宾语补足语成分,尤其是当宾语太长时,常采用it作形式宾语的形式
13、。2021/8/11 星期三19Each new way of looking at a situation deepens our understanding and makes it easier to discover new possibilities.每一种看待情况的新方法都会加深我们对问题的理解,使我们更容易发现新的解决途径。The hard situation here made it necessary to make some changes.现在困难的局面有必要做一些变化了。2021/8/11 星期三20(1)此类以it作形式宾语的动词还有feel,consider,fin
14、d,believe,take,imagine,think,suppose,regard等。I consider it reasonable to tell her beforehand.我认为提前告诉她还是很有道理的。(2)make 宾语宾语补足语在这一结构中,宾语补足语可以是不带to的动词不定式、过去分词或形容词形式。make 宾语不带to的不定式。这一结构表示的意思是“使某人做某事”。若变为被动语态,补语要用带to的动词不定式。2021/8/11 星期三21They made the boy stand in front of us.他们让那个男孩站在我们面前。In the old soc
15、iety,the farmers were made to work day and night.在旧社会,农民被迫不分白天黑夜地干活。make 宾语过去分词。这一结构表示的意思是“使某人/某事被”。2021/8/11 星期三22The chemistry teacher had a special way to make his students interested in chemistry.这位化学老师有一种特殊的方法使学生对化学感兴趣。make 宾语形容词。这一结构表示的意思是“使某人/某事(变得)”。make后的宾补还可用名词。She made herself the centre
16、of the class.她使自己成为班里的中心。2021/8/11 星期三23D句意:作为诺顿最忙的人,她把关心镇里其他人的事作为她的职责。作形式宾语只能用it。As the busiest woman in Norton,she made _ her duty to look after all the other peoples affairs in that town.A.this B.that C.one D.it2021/8/11 星期三24find it quite impossible toI make some changes.我发现要做些变化不可能。2021/8/11 星期
17、三25made him very excitedThe interesting story _.这个有趣的故事使得他很兴奋。2021/8/11 星期三261.D考查连词。根据题意:如果很多人说这部电影不好看,我也懒得去看了,或者我等到出了DVD再看。until 直到。1.If a lot of people say a film is not good,I wont bother to see it,or Ill wait _ it comes out on DVD.(2011上海)A.whether B.after C.though D.until2021/8/11 星期三272.D本题考查
18、宾语从句,whatn./pron.that。本题of 后缺少名词,other前缺少连接词。只有what 能替代两个成分,引导从句作of的宾语。所以,选择D。句意:你想通过你的话传递的信息也许正好与他人实际理解的相反。2.The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of _ others actually understand.(2011上海)A.why B.that C.which D.what2021/8/11 星期三282021/8/11 星期三29主谓一致主谓一致 句子中谓语动词和主语在
19、人称和数上的统一性叫主谓一致。2021/8/11 星期三301语法一致原则。即主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式。主语为复数形式,谓语动词用复数形式。2意义一致原则。即谓语动词的单复数形式由主语表达的实际意义决定。同样形式的主语含义不同时,谓语单复数形式有变化。3就近原则。即谓语动词的单复数形式由靠近谓语动词的名词确定。4承前原则。即谓语动词的单复数形式由远离谓语动词的名词确定。2021/8/11 星期三311“Either A or B谓语”结构,谓语取决于B。Either the students or their teacher dislikes basketball.老师和学生都不喜欢
20、篮球。但在一般疑问句中,谓语取决于A。Do either the students or their teacher dislike basketball?这种谓语取决于与其最近的主语现象叫做“就近原则”。2021/8/11 星期三322“Neither A nor B谓语”结构,谓语多取决于B。但现代英语也出现复数谓语,理由是neither A nor B是两部分之和,为复数概念,故其后可用复数谓语。Neither she nor I was(或were)fortunate enough to gain extra points.她和我都不幸未能获得附加分。3Neither of 接单、复谓
21、(通常视为单数,但在口语中,从表达的实际意义上亦可视为复数)None of 接单、复谓语Neither of them is(或are)right.他们两个都不正确。2021/8/11 星期三334“A as well as/(together)with/along with/but/rather than B谓语”结构,谓语取决于A。All but Li Dong have passed the test.除了李东所有人都通过了考试。5表示钱数、时间、长度、数学等概念名词,其后通常用单数谓语。20 kilometres is too much for them.20公里是他们吃不消的。202
22、1/8/11 星期三346There be 结构中be的形式取决于靠近be的名词,若是单数名词,则be为is/was;若是复数名词,则be为are/were(即第1条中的“就近原则”)。There is a desk,two chairs and three sofas in the room.房间里有一张课桌,两把椅子和三把沙发。7a group of,a team of后跟复谓、单谓皆可,跟复谓的理由是不止一个人,跟单谓的理由是将许多人视为“一组”、“一队”这样的一个单位体。A group/team of students are/is cleaning the street.一群学生在打
23、扫街道。2021/8/11 星期三358像school,class,family,team,group等这类群体名词,其后谓语可能是单数形式,也可能是复数形式。通常视其为一个整体单位时,用单数谓语;视其为群体成员时,则用复数谓语。The class are having a meeting.这个班学生在开会。The class is not very big.这个班不是大班。9像police,clothes,trousers这类复数概念名词,其后总是跟复数谓语。the wounded(伤员)后总是跟复数谓语。2021/8/11 星期三3610像clothing,news,information
24、,advice这类不可数名词后应跟单数谓语,但它们前面有可数性短语修饰时,也可跟复数谓语。Three pieces of news were announced on TV.电视上播放了3条消息。11百分数of复名复谓,百分数of单名/不可数名词单谓。分数后的谓语形式同百分数。40 percent of the students are girls.40%的学生是女生。80 percent of the task has been finished.完成了80%的工作。2021/8/11 星期三3712who/why/how/whether/if/than引导的名词从句单谓。How he go
25、t there is unknown.不知道他是怎样到那儿的。13Many a 单数名词作主语,谓语用单数。14More than one 单数名词作主语,谓语用单数。15One and a half 复数名词作主语,谓语用单数。2021/8/11 星期三381.Entering the room,the headmaster said,“Everyone _ quiet,please.”A.keep B.keeps C.is keeping D.to keep2021/8/11 星期三39 A此题容易误选B,因为主语 everyone通常被视为第三人称单数,所以其后谓语用 keeps。但事实
26、上,最佳答案应是A,注意句末的 please,它表明此直接引语为祈使句,只不过该祈使句带上 everyone 这个主语。既然是祈使句,所以动词用原形,即选A。2021/8/11 星期三402.In fact,_ one cause that leads to the problem.A.cattle is B.cattle are C.cattles are D.the cattles are2021/8/11 星期三41B从表面上看,此题似乎应选A,其实,正确答案为B。cattle(牲畜,牛)为集合名词,用作复数意义,但不用于复数形式(即不加复数词尾s),若用作主语,谓语要用复数。2021/
27、8/11 星期三423.More than one student _ read the novels,which _ written by David.A.has;was B.have;were C.has;were D.have;was2021/8/11 星期三43C此题容易误选B,其实最佳答案为C。more than one student(不止一个学生)从形式上看是单数,但从意义上却是复数,它用作主语时,英语习惯上让其谓语与该主语的形式(而不是意义)保持一致,即用单数谓语。至于第二空要用复数,因为which指的是novels,故谓语用were。2021/8/11 星期三442021/8/11 星期三45