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1、 Strategies of Reading&Translation for Chinese Students By Prof.Zhang Dingzhou I.Reading&translation I.Reading&translation indispensable skills indispensable skills for students of English for students of English1.an important course for a student1.an important course for a student 2.an important re
2、quisite for an employee2.an important requisite for an employee Syllabus for TEM 8:Syllabus for TEM 8:a)a)能运用汉译英的理论和技巧，翻译我国报刊杂志上的能运用汉译英的理论和技巧，翻译我国报刊杂志上的文章和一般文学作品。速度为每小时文章和一般文学作品。速度为每小时250-300250-300个汉个汉字。译文必须忠实原意，语言通顺。流畅。字。译文必须忠实原意，语言通顺。流畅。b)b)能运用英译汉的理论和技巧，翻译英美报刊杂志上的能运用英译汉的理论和技巧，翻译英美报刊杂志上的文章和文学原著。速度
3、为每小时文章和文学原著。速度为每小时250-300250-300个英文单个英文单词。译文必须忠实原意，语言通顺。流畅。词。译文必须忠实原意，语言通顺。流畅。测试形式：测试形式：主观试题，考试时间主观试题，考试时间6060分钟。分钟。From Chinese to English:150From Chinese to English:150个汉字的段落个汉字的段落 From English to Chinese:150From English to Chinese:150个英文单词的段落个英文单词的段落 Challenges for students of English in reading&
4、Challenges for students of English in reading&translation translation 1.Tom was not late for class because of his 1.Tom was not late for class because of his illness.illness.因为生病因为生病,汤姆上课没有迟到。汤姆上课没有迟到。2.My only capital is diligence.2.My only capital is diligence.我唯一的资本是勤奋。我唯一的资本是勤奋。Diligence Diligen
5、ce my only means to success.my only means to success.II.Difficulties for Chinese students in reading&II.Difficulties for Chinese students in reading&translation translation 严复：严复：“一名之立，旬月踟躇。一名之立，旬月踟躇。”理查兹：理查兹：“翻译很可能是整个宇宙进化过程中迄今翻译很可能是整个宇宙进化过程中迄今 为止最复杂的一种活动。为止最复杂的一种活动。”-许渊冲：许渊冲：英汉、汉英翻译教程序言英汉、汉英翻译教程序言
6、,1990,19901.1.两种不同的文字系统：两种不同的文字系统：中文：中文：parataxis,parataxis,意合法意合法 英文：英文：hypotaxishypotaxis,形合法形合法她弹钢琴，他吹笛子她弹钢琴，他吹笛子。1)She plays the piano and he plays the flute.1)She plays the piano and he plays the flute.Both of them are musicians.Both of them are musicians.2)She plays the piano but he plays the
7、flute.2)She plays the piano but he plays the flute.They play different musical instruments.They play different musical instruments.3)While she was playing the piano,he played3)While she was playing the piano,he played the flute.They produced beautiful tunes.the flute.They produced beautiful tunes.4)
8、After she played the piano,he played the4)After she played the piano,he played the flute.Their performances were a great flute.Their performances were a great treat to the guests.treat to the guests.Examples:Examples:1)1)瓜熟蒂落，水到渠成。瓜熟蒂落，水到渠成。When a melon is ripe,it falls off its stem.When a melon is
9、ripe,it falls off its stem.When water flows,a channel is formed.When water flows,a channel is formed.2)Everything is good when new,but friends when 2)Everything is good when new,but friends when old.old.物莫如新，友莫如故。物莫如新，友莫如故。3)A woman without a man is like a fish without a 3)A woman without a man is l
10、ike a fish without a bicycle.bicycle.没有男人的女人好似没有自行车的鱼。没有男人的女人好似没有自行车的鱼。女人用不着男人，就象鱼用不着自行车。女人用不着男人，就象鱼用不着自行车。Examples:Examples:4 4）Time goes fast for one who has a sense ofTime goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty,when there are pretty children in beauty,when there are pretty children in a pool
11、 and a young Diana on the edge,to a pool and a young Diana on the edge,to receive with wonder anything you can catch!receive with wonder anything you can catch!当你跟可爱的孩子们站在池子里，又有个年轻当你跟可爱的孩子们站在池子里，又有个年轻 的狄安娜在池边好奇地接受你捉上来的任何东的狄安娜在池边好奇地接受你捉上来的任何东 西时，如果你懂得什么叫美的话，时间是过得西时，如果你懂得什么叫美的话，时间是过得 很快的！（很快的！（152152）
12、Zeugma Zeugma 共轭共轭1.The senator 1.The senator picked uppicked up his hat and courage.his hat and courage.参议员捡起了帽子，同时鼓起了勇气。参议员捡起了帽子，同时鼓起了勇气。2.While the Vietnam vet was fighting,and 2.While the Vietnam vet was fighting,and losinglosing limb and mind,others stayed behind to limb and mind,others stayed
13、behind to pursue pursue education and career.education and career.越战老兵在浴血奋战时，即使不缺胳膊少腿也回沦为疯越战老兵在浴血奋战时，即使不缺胳膊少腿也回沦为疯 子，而其他人这会儿却躲在他们后面求学深造，一展宏子，而其他人这会儿却躲在他们后面求学深造，一展宏 图呢。图呢。3.Friction can be considerably reduced and the 3.Friction can be considerably reduced and the life of the machine prolonged by car
14、eful life of the machine prolonged by careful lubrication.lubrication.对机器仔细加以润滑，能大大减少摩擦，从而延长机器对机器仔细加以润滑，能大大减少摩擦，从而延长机器 的寿命。的寿命。4.A scientist constantly tried to defeat his 4.A scientist constantly tried to defeat his hypotheses,his theories,and his conclusions hypotheses,his theories,and his conclus
15、ions 科学家会经常设法去否定自己的假设，推翻自己的理科学家会经常设法去否定自己的假设，推翻自己的理 论，放弃自己的结论。论，放弃自己的结论。5.The availability of venture capital financing5.The availability of venture capital financing to young,high technology companies has been a to young,high technology companies has been a primary contributor to the dramatic reven
16、ue primary contributor to the dramatic revenue growth enjoyed growth enjoyed by,by,and the increased and the increased competitiveness competitiveness of,of,America Americas high technologys high technology industry.industry.新兴高科技公司所获取的风险资本融资，对于美国高新兴高科技公司所获取的风险资本融资，对于美国高 科技产业收益率的大幅提高和竞争力的不断提升起到科技产业收
17、益率的大幅提高和竞争力的不断提升起到 了重大的作用。了重大的作用。6.The start-up program for the reactor must not 6.The start-up program for the reactor must not be commenced be commenced beforebefore completion and and formal formal acceptance acceptance of fire precautions and associated installations by the competent authorities
18、 inby the competent authorities in question and by the insurers or their question and by the insurers or their representatives.representatives.在消防措施和相关设施完成并由有关当局及保险公司在消防措施和相关设施完成并由有关当局及保险公司 或其代理人正式验收之前，不得开始反应堆程序。或其代理人正式验收之前，不得开始反应堆程序。2.2.植根于不同文化土壤中的两种语言植根于不同文化土壤中的两种语言 1 1）Every dog has his day Every
19、 dog has his day 2 2）月貌花容）月貌花容 with a face like the moon and a visage with a face like the moon and a visage like a flower like a flower 3 3）His retort was delivered with a strong His retort was delivered with a strong note of vinegar.note of vinegar.他用非常不快的口气作了反驳。他用非常不快的口气作了反驳。4 4）Shall I compare t
20、hee to a summerShall I compare thee to a summers day?s day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate.Thou art more lovely and more temperate.(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)Examples:Examples:5)5)“The chancellor has been sentenced to The chancellor has been sentenced to death.death.”“Give a dog a bad name.Gi
21、ve a dog a bad name.”“首相被判死刑。首相被判死刑。”“欲加之罪，何患无词。欲加之罪，何患无词。”6)6)这个女人真是红眼病，连朋友长得好看都要嫉妒。这个女人真是红眼病，连朋友长得好看都要嫉妒。She is a green-eyed woman,even jealous She is a green-eyed woman,even jealous of her friend of her friends good looks.s good looks.Examples:Examples:7.7.旧历新年快来了。这是一年中的第一件大事。旧历新年快来了。这是一年中的第一件大事。
22、除了除了 那些负债过多的人以外那些负债过多的人以外，大家都热烈地欢迎这个佳，大家都热烈地欢迎这个佳 节的到来。节的到来。The traditional New Year Holiday was fast The traditional New Year Holiday was fast approaching,the first big event of the year,approaching,the first big event of the year,and everyone,except those who owed and everyone,except those who owe
23、d heavy debts heavy debts which traditionally had to bewhich traditionally had to be paid off before the yearpaid off before the year was was enthusiastically looking forward to it.enthusiastically looking forward to it.3.3.两种不同的思维方式和表现手法两种不同的思维方式和表现手法）你来）你来得不是时候。得不是时候。You could have come at a bette
24、r time.You could have come at a better time.）He canHe cant see you quickly enought see you quickly enough.他想尽快和你见面。他想尽快和你见面。3 3）WeWed better let the sleeping dogs lie.d better let the sleeping dogs lie.我们最好别去惹这个是非。我们最好别去惹这个是非。More examples:More examples:4 4）The team was organized two years ago and i
25、t has The team was organized two years ago and it has yet to win a single game.yet to win a single game.这个队两年前就成立了，到现在还没赢过一场球。这个队两年前就成立了，到现在还没赢过一场球。5 5）A A：你应该休息一下。：你应该休息一下。B:B:我必须一口气把它做完。我必须一口气把它做完。A:You should take a break sometime.A:You should take a break sometime.B:I have to do this in one sitt
26、ing.B:I have to do this in one sitting.(perspective)(perspective)More examples:More examples:6)I don6)I dont know her to speak to.t know her to speak to.我和她只有点头之交。我和她只有点头之交。7)A big elephant is not more an animal than a 7)A big elephant is not more an animal than a little cat is.little cat is.大象是动物，小
27、猫也是动物。大象是动物，小猫也是动物。8)He was not the eldest son of his father 8)He was not the eldest son of his father for nothing.for nothing.他不愧是他父亲的长子。（否定转移他不愧是他父亲的长子。（否定转移）More examples:More examples:9)A:You have a big nose.9)A:You have a big nose.B:Look who is talking!B:Look who is talking!A:A:你的鼻子很大啊！你的鼻子很大啊！
28、B B：你不是也一样！：你不是也一样！10)10)A:Those students are terrible.A:Those students are terrible.B:Don B:Dont I know it!t I know it!A:A:那些学生真差啊。那些学生真差啊。B B：一点都没错。：一点都没错。(Mode of thinking)(Mode of thinking)11)The maxim was that when a married couple saw11)The maxim was that when a married couple saw red lawyers
29、saw green.red lawyers saw green.俗语说，夫妇吵得脸红耳赤之时，便是律师招财进俗语说，夫妇吵得脸红耳赤之时，便是律师招财进 宝之日。宝之日。III.III.StrategicalStrategical consideration of consideration of Translation TranslationTranslation Translation an early social activity in human an early social activity in human historyhistory1.1.册府元龟册府元龟里的里的外臣部外臣
30、部 朝贡朝贡：“夏后即位七夏后即位七 年，于夷来宾。少康即位三年，年，于夷来宾。少康即位三年，方夷来宾。方夷来宾。”（夏后即位：（夏后即位：2197 B.C.2197 B.C.少康即位：少康即位：2079 B.C.)2079 B.C.)2.2.安世高，东汉，安世高，东汉，148 A.D.148 A.D.二十余年，佛经二十余年，佛经9595部部3.3.埃及国王托勒密二世邀埃及国王托勒密二世邀7272学者到亚历山大图书馆，学者到亚历山大图书馆，把把圣经圣经 旧约旧约从希伯来语译成希腊语从希伯来语译成希腊语 (285 B.C.-249 B.C.)(285 B.C.-249 B.C.)中国列代的翻译理
31、论：中国列代的翻译理论：玄奘：玄奘：“既须求真，又须喻俗既须求真，又须喻俗”（公元（公元620620年前后）年前后）严复：严复：“信、达、雅信、达、雅”(1853-1921)(1853-1921)鲁迅：鲁迅：“我是至今主张我是至今主张宁信而不顺宁信而不顺的。的。”（给瞿秋白的信给瞿秋白的信）傅傅 雷雷:“传神传神”论：译文和原文在形式上和精神上论：译文和原文在形式上和精神上 同时一致起来。同时一致起来。（19511951）钱钟书钱钟书:“化境化境”说：原文的思想、感情、风格、神韵都说：原文的思想、感情、风格、神韵都 原原本本地化到译文的境界里，不留任何翻译原原本本地化到译文的境界里，不留任何翻
32、译 的痕迹。（的痕迹。（19641964）奈达的动态对等原理奈达的动态对等原理 （Dynamic EquivalenceDynamic Equivalence）:Translating consists in reproducing in the Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message,firs
33、t in terms ofof the source language message,first in terms ofmeaning and secondly in terms of style.meaning and secondly in terms of style.翻译就是在译语中复制出与原语首先在意义上其次翻译就是在译语中复制出与原语首先在意义上其次在风格上最切近与自然的等值语。在风格上最切近与自然的等值语。(Eugene A.(Eugene A.NidaNida and Charles R.Taber,p.12,and Charles R.Taber,p.12,The Theo
34、ry and Practice of Translation,1969)The Theory and Practice of Translation,1969)对翻译初学者的要求：对翻译初学者的要求：正确理解和表达原文的思想，正确理解和表达原文的思想，忠实与通顺忠实与通顺,译文的文字流畅地道。译文的文字流畅地道。翻译的方法翻译的方法:literal translation&freeliteral translation&free translation translation直译：按照词或句的直接含义来表达原文。直译：按照词或句的直接含义来表达原文。优点：能顺其自然地表达原文的本色。优点：能顺
35、其自然地表达原文的本色。缺点：在一定程度上影响译文的畅达缺点：在一定程度上影响译文的畅达 和可接受性。和可接受性。意译：在原语与译语无对应形式的情况下，意译：在原语与译语无对应形式的情况下，采用折射或迂回的手段来表达原文。采用折射或迂回的手段来表达原文。优点：能较好地保持译入语的习惯性优点：能较好地保持译入语的习惯性 和译文的可接受性。和译文的可接受性。缺点：在一定程度上影响译文的准确性缺点：在一定程度上影响译文的准确性。1 1）能直译时就直译：能直译时就直译：船小好掉头：船小好掉头：A small boat turns easily.A small boat turns easily.望而生
36、畏：望而生畏：be terrified by the sight of be terrified by the sight of 望梅止渴：望梅止渴：quench onequench ones thirst by thinkings thirst by thinking of plums of plums 看风使舵，他的口气立即变得温和了。看风使舵，他的口气立即变得温和了。Steering according to the wind,he Steering according to the wind,he immediately softened his tone.immediately so
37、ftened his tone.Examples:Examples:他活该！老虎头上扑苍蝇。他活该！老虎头上扑苍蝇。Serve him right!Only fools catch flies on a Serve him right!Only fools catch flies on a tiger tigers head.s head.你你“借刀杀人借刀杀人”之计好厉害呀！之计好厉害呀！Your scheme to murder with a borrowed knife Your scheme to murder with a borrowed knife is very effecti
38、ve.is very effective.A wise man thinks all that he says;a A wise man thinks all that he says;a fool says all that he thinks.fool says all that he thinks.智者思其所言，智者思其所言，愚者言其所思。愚者言其所思。This organization is today collapsing on its clayThis organization is today collapsing on its clayfeet.Its organs have
39、been cut out,dissected andfeet.Its organs have been cut out,dissected andreshaped so that they may perform the way thereshaped so that they may perform the way thepuppet masters want.puppet masters want.今天这个泥足支撑的组织正在崩溃。它的器官被割掉、肢今天这个泥足支撑的组织正在崩溃。它的器官被割掉、肢解和整形，以使其按照木偶操纵者所要求的方式行事。解和整形，以使其按照木偶操纵者所要求的方式行事
40、。（马来西亚总理马哈蒂尔马来西亚总理马哈蒂尔20042004年在第年在第5858届联合国大会上的发言）届联合国大会上的发言）Language enriched by literal translationLanguage enriched by literal translation幽默幽默 (humor);(humor);逻辑逻辑 (logic);(logic);芭蕾芭蕾 (ballet);(ballet);引擎引擎 (engine);(engine);扑克扑克 (poker);(poker);歇斯底里歇斯底里 (hysteria);(hysteria);达摩可利斯之剑达摩可利斯之剑 (Da
41、mocles Sword,(Damocles Sword,意指某种威胁意指某种威胁););潘多拉的匣子潘多拉的匣子 (Pandora(Pandoras Box,s Box,指灾祸之源指灾祸之源););挪亚方舟挪亚方舟 (Noah(Noahs Ark,s Ark,代表和平代表和平););犹大之吻犹大之吻 (JudaJudas s Kiss,Kiss,表示奸诈的背叛表示奸诈的背叛)Lose face Lose face 丢面子丢面子 paper tiger paper tiger 纸老虎纸老虎GongfuGongfu 功夫功夫 yinyangyinyang 阴阳阴阳Long time no see
42、 Long time no see 好久未见好久未见 貌合神离的假朋友：貌合神离的假朋友：pull onepull ones leg s leg 拖后腿拖后腿;eat one eat ones words s words 食言食言;make one make ones hair stand on end s hair stand on end 令人发指令人发指;a walking skeleton a walking skeleton 行尸走肉行尸走肉;foot the bill foot the bill 踩着支票；踩着支票；laugh onelaugh ones head off s he
43、ad off 笑掉大牙笑掉大牙 in the seventh heaven in the seventh heaven 升天升天 (a place or condition of utmost happiness)(a place or condition of utmost happiness)hang on hang on sbsbs s lips lips 挂在嘴上挂在嘴上 (listen attentively)(listen attentively)2 2）不能直译时就意译）不能直译时就意译 She liked to be with him better than with othe
44、rs.She liked to be with him better than with others.a.a.她喜欢与他在一起，她喜欢与他在一起，并不那样喜欢与别人在一起。并不那样喜欢与别人在一起。b.b.她觉得跟他比跟别人在一起更开心。她觉得跟他比跟别人在一起更开心。c.c.她觉得跟他在一起最开心。她觉得跟他在一起最开心。望穿秋水：望穿秋水：have long been looking forwardhave long been looking forward 望尘莫及：望尘莫及：too far behind to catch up;too far behind to catch up;t
45、oo inferior to compare with too inferior to compare with He got the sack because he used to loosen his He got the sack because he used to loosen his tongue.tongue.他曾因信口开河而被解雇他曾因信口开河而被解雇 范进被胡屠户一口啐在脸上，骂了个狗血喷头。范进被胡屠户一口啐在脸上，骂了个狗血喷头。Butcher Butcher HuHu spat in Fan Jin spat in Fan Jins face,and s face,an
46、d poured out a torrent of abuse.poured out a torrent of abuse.Examples:Examples:八字还没有一撇呢八字还没有一撇呢 a.not even the first stroke of the a.not even the first stroke of the character character 八八 is in sight.is in sight.b.There is not the slightest sign of b.There is not the slightest sign of anything hap
47、pening yet.anything happening yet.他没料到半路上会杀出一个程咬金来。他没料到半路上会杀出一个程咬金来。a.He did not expect that Cheng a.He did not expect that Cheng YaojinYaojin should appear half way.should appear half way.b.Little did he expect that half way b.Little did he expect that half way another man should appear and try ano
48、ther man should appear and try to poke his nose into the matter.to poke his nose into the matter.Examples:Examples:Sleep came upon me as it came on many otherSleep came upon me as it came on many other outcasts,against whom outcasts,against whom house-doorshouse-doors were lockedwere locked,and and
49、house-dogs barkedhouse-dogs barked.我和其它那些无家可归、无处栖身的流浪汉一样，在我和其它那些无家可归、无处栖身的流浪汉一样，在 不知不觉中睡着了。不知不觉中睡着了。Examples:Examples:Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin：If we do not hang together,we shall mostIf we do not hang together,we shall most assuredly hang separately.assuredly hang separately.a.a.咱们要是不咱们要是
50、不biaobiao（提手边加票）到一块儿，保准会（提手边加票）到一块儿，保准会 吊到一块儿。吊到一块儿。b.b.如果我们不能紧密地团结在一起，那就必然分散地如果我们不能紧密地团结在一起，那就必然分散地 走上绞刑台。走上绞刑台。1.1.表层义和隐含义：表层义和隐含义：Denotation and connotationDenotation and connotation NidaNida:“Translation means translating the Translation means translating the meaning.meaning.”I am never at a los