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1、农业资源与环境专业英语农业资源与环境专业英语English for Agricultural Resources and EnvironmentSelf-introductionWhy?Why?Weneedit!Weneedit!WhatWhat？GoalsGoals（1 1）Literature searchingLiterature searching（2 2）Translation skillsTranslation skills（3 3）Writing of Scientific and Writing of Scientific and Technical papersTechnic
2、al papers（4 4）Share Ideas,Experience and Results Share Ideas,Experience and Results of your researchof your researchDescription of the CourseThe nature of the curriculum:Compulsory courseThe nature of the curriculum:Compulsory courseAntecedence courses:EnglishAntecedence courses:English、Soil science
3、Soil science、Plant Plant nutritionnutrition Reference booksReference books：English Course for Science of English Course for Science of Resources and EnvironmentResources and Environment许宏修主编;环境科学与工程专业英语彭举威主编；英汉科技翻译教程韩其顺主编；英语科技论文写作精要辜嘉铭编著；Duration of course:Duration of course:36 hours36 hoursTypes of
4、 activities:learning-based classes,case Types of activities:learning-based classes,case study,workshop,translation exercise,watching study,workshop,translation exercise,watching video related to environmental issue.video related to environmental issue.Test mode:attendance(20%);Performance in Test mo
5、de:attendance(20%);Performance in class(50%);housework(30%)class(50%);housework(30%)ContentsUnit 1 The Basic Knowledge of English Unit 1 The Basic Knowledge of English for Professional Purposefor Professional PurposeUnit 2 The translation of English for Unit 2 The translation of English for Special
6、PurposeSpecial PurposeUnit 3 Reading Comprehension and Unit 3 Reading Comprehension and Translation of English for Agricultural Translation of English for Agricultural Resources and EnvironmentResources and EnvironmentUnit 4 Writing of Scientific and Unit 4 Writing of Scientific and Technical Papers
7、Technical PapersUnit 1 The Basic Knowledge of English Unit 1 The Basic Knowledge of English for Professional Purposefor Professional Purpose1.1 The characters of Language1.1 The characters of Language1.2 The characters of Grammar1.2 The characters of Grammar1.3 The characters of Words and 1.3 The ch
8、aracters of Words and ExpressionsExpressions1.4 The characters of the Structure1.4 The characters of the Structure1.1 The characters of 1.1 The characters of LanguageLanguage1.1.1 Accuracy 1.1.1 Accuracy 准确：表达上不使用模棱两可的词。准确：表达上不使用模棱两可的词。e.g.Water supply and Drainage Engineering offers a e.g.Water sup
9、ply and Drainage Engineering offers a particular challenge because particular challenge because almost every process of every process of wastewater treatment that is designed and built by wastewater treatment that is designed and built by engineers is unique.One processengineers is unique.One proces
10、s rarely duplicate anotherduplicate another exactly.1.1.2 Brevity 1.1.2 Brevity 简洁：避免不必要的润饰和重复，但不简洁：避免不必要的润饰和重复，但不排除长句的使用。排除长句的使用。e.g.Be strict to the examination and approval of the e.g.Be strict to the examination and approval of the new projects in HuaiHe River basin,andnew projects in HuaiHe Riv
11、er basin,and carry out the carry out the environment influence assessment system.The projects environment influence assessment system.The projects which are not in accord with the Tenth-Five-year plan which are not in accord with the Tenth-Five-year plan should not be approved.should not be approved
12、.e.g.Metals expand when heated and contract when coolede.g.Metals expand when heated and contract when cooled1.1.3 Clarity 1.1.3 Clarity 清晰：清晰主要是强调逻辑严谨、清晰：清晰主要是强调逻辑严谨、概念清晰、关系分明、句子连贯。概念清晰、关系分明、句子连贯。1.1 The characters of 1.1 The characters of LanguageLanguage？because,because of,due to,owing to,as,beca
13、use,because of,due to,owing to,as,as a result of,caused by,foras a result of,caused by,forbut,however,nevertheless,yet,otherwisebut,however,nevertheless,yet,otherwiseso,thus,therefore,furthermore,moreover,so,thus,therefore,furthermore,moreover,in addition toin addition toonly,if only,except,besides,
14、unlessonly,if only,except,besides,unlesssuppose,assuming provided,suppose,assuming provided,providingproviding1.2 The characters of 1.2 The characters of GrammarGrammar1.2.1 1.2.1 大量使用被动语态大量使用被动语态（1/31/3及物动词）及物动词）一方面是因为科技文体反映的是客观事实及据此作出的科学推论，一方面是因为科技文体反映的是客观事实及据此作出的科学推论，语言运用要求体现客观性和普遍性，避免使用人称作主语以免主语
15、言运用要求体现客观性和普遍性，避免使用人称作主语以免主观臆断观臆断，更少有主观色彩，更少有主观色彩；另一方面是因为科技文体描述的是科研的对象、手段、过程，使另一方面是因为科技文体描述的是科研的对象、手段、过程，使用被动语态用被动语态更能说明需要论证的对象，更能使其位置鲜明、突出。更能说明需要论证的对象，更能使其位置鲜明、突出。e.g.During this oxidation process,pollutants e.g.During this oxidation process,pollutants are broken downare broken down into carbon dio
16、xide(CO into carbon dioxide(CO2 2),water),water(H(H2 2O),nitrates,sulphates and biomass(micro-O),nitrates,sulphates and biomass(micro-organisms).organisms).e.g.By optimizing the oxygen supply with so-e.g.By optimizing the oxygen supply with so-called aerators,the process can be called aerators,the p
17、rocess can be significantly significantly acceleratedaccelerated.1.2.2 1.2.2 名词化结构特别是名词化结构特别是动词的非谓语形式动词的非谓语形式（不定式，动（不定式，动名词，现在分词，过去分词）名词，现在分词，过去分词）使用的频率高使用的频率高 e.g.e.g.The mastery of a foreign language The mastery of a foreign language will be of will be of great use to great use to your study of ag
18、ricultural resource your study of agricultural resource and environment and environment e.g.e.g.The demands for sophisticated analysis,The demands for sophisticated analysis,coupled with some serious limitations on coupled with some serious limitations on computational capability,led to a host of co
19、mputational capability,led to a host of special techniques for solving a corresponding special techniques for solving a corresponding set of special problems.set of special problems.1.2.3 1.2.3 非人称的语气和客观的态度，常用非人称的语气和客观的态度，常用It+It+及物动词及物动词+加不定式结构加不定式结构e.g.It makes no difference to take this medicine
20、e.g.It makes no difference to take this medicine before or after meals.before or after meals.e.g.Although the quantities of water used for e.g.Although the quantities of water used for potable reuse are limited,because it is a hotly potable reuse are limited,because it is a hotly debated subject to
21、reuse reclaimed water that debated subject to reuse reclaimed water that encompasses important issues related to advanced encompasses important issues related to advanced wastewater treatment,public health,and public wastewater treatment,public health,and public acceptance.acceptance.1.2.4 长长句句较较多多，
22、但但因因专专业业英英语语多多为为说说明明性性的的，从从句句与与从从句句之之间间、主主从从句句之之间间、短短语语之之间间、短短语语与与句句子子间间关关系系较较简简单单，可可借借助助专专业业知识，根据上下文逻辑关系解决知识，根据上下文逻辑关系解决 e.g.e.g.Unfortunately,Unfortunately,it it is is universal universal that that the the polluted polluted rivers rivers can can be be found found near near densely densely populate
23、d populated areas areas all all over over the the world,world,supportsupport no no fish,fish,areare high high in in bacterial bacterial content(usually content(usually including including pathogenic pathogenic organismsorganisms（病病原原体体）)sincesince,in in extreme extreme cases,cases,the the polluted p
24、olluted rivers rivers whichwhich appear appear muddily muddily blue-green blue-green from from chokingchoking（令令人人窒窒息息的的）algaealgae（藻藻类类）and and stinkstink（发发出出臭臭味味）from from putrefaction(putrefaction(腐腐败败)and fermentation)and fermentation（发酵）（发酵）.That That 引出主语从句，引出主语从句，since since 引出原因状语从句，在引出原因状语
25、从句，在sincesince从句中，从句中，包含由关系代词包含由关系代词whichwhich引出的定语从句，修饰引出的定语从句，修饰 the polluted the polluted riversrivers1.2.5 1.2.5 省略句较多：为了简洁，有时省略掉句子中的一省略句较多：为了简洁，有时省略掉句子中的一些成分，如状语从句中的主语和谓语、定语从句中的关些成分，如状语从句中的主语和谓语、定语从句中的关联词联词whichwhich或或whatwhat，从句中的助动词等，但基本不省略，从句中的助动词等，但基本不省略形容词、副词。形容词、副词。e.g.e.g.If not well con
26、trolledIf not well controlled,the inland water the inland water may be more deteriorate.may be more deteriorate.常见的省略句型有：常见的省略句型有：As already discussed;If possible;As As already discussed;If possible;As described above;If so;As explained before;described above;If so;As explained before;When(If)necess
27、ary;As indicated in Fig.1;When When(If)necessary;As indicated in Fig.1;When needed;As previously mentioned;Where feasible;needed;As previously mentioned;Where feasible;When in use;Where possible.When in use;Where possible.1.2.6 1.2.6 条件语句较多，最常用的是条件语句较多，最常用的是IfIf条件句。条件句。e.g.The huge investment in the
28、 infrastructuree.g.The huge investment in the infrastructure(基础设施基础设施)will be erased quickly if proper will be erased quickly if proper maintenance and rehabilitation procedures are maintenance and rehabilitation procedures are enforced and funded.enforced and funded.1.2.7 1.2.7 较多使祈使语气和公式化表达方式较多使祈使
29、语气和公式化表达方式在理论分析和公式推导中常采用在理论分析和公式推导中常采用Assumed that,Assumed that,Suppose that,LetSuppose that,Let等祈使语气等祈使语气表达方式。表达方式。e.g.Be careful not to simply assume they are e.g.Be careful not to simply assume they are caused by climate change.caused by climate change.e.g.Suppose that P=0 at x=ye.g.Suppose that
30、P=0 at x=y构构词词法法：通通过过学学习习构构词词法法，可可以以运运用用构构词词规规律律，分分析析词词的的构构成成，加加强强对对词词汇汇的的理理解解和和记记忆忆。甚甚至至遇遇到到生生词词也也可可能能通通过过解解析析而而辩辩义义识识词词，以便迅速扩大和巩固词汇，提高阅读和翻译的能力。以便迅速扩大和巩固词汇，提高阅读和翻译的能力。英语构词主要有以下三种方法：英语构词主要有以下三种方法：1.1.合合成成法法(compounding)(compounding)：由由两两个个或或两两个个以以上上独独立立的的词词合合成成一一个个新新词词，叫叫合合成成法法。这这种种方方法法不不论论在在普普通通词词汇
31、汇或或是是科科技技词词汇汇的的构构词词中中，都占有很大的数量。一般来说，合成词的前者往往都占有很大的数量。一般来说，合成词的前者往往修饰修饰后者。后者。1.3 The characters of Words and 1.3 The characters of Words and Expressions Expressions (1)(1)复合名词的构成方式复合名词的构成方式 名词十名词名词十名词 news-papernews-paper（报纸），（报纸），test-tubetest-tube（试管（试管)形容词十名词形容词十名词 green-house(green-house(温室温室)，da
32、rk-room(dark-room(暗室暗室)动名词十名词动名词十名词freezing-point(freezing-point(冰点冰点)，working-table(working-table(工作台工作台)动词十名词动词十名词work-shop(work-shop(车间车间)，grind-stone(grind-stone(磨石，砂轮磨石，砂轮)副词十名词副词十名词out-break(out-break(爆发爆发)，over-coat(over-coat(大衣大衣)代词代词+名词名词he-goat(he-goat(公山羊公山羊)，she-wolf(she-wolf(母狼母狼)动词十副词动
33、词十副词break-down(break-down(崩溃崩溃)，get-together(get-together(联欢联欢)名词十介词名词十介词editor-in-chief(editor-in-chief(总编辑总编辑)，father-in-law(father-in-law(岳父岳父)(2)(2)复合形容复合形容词词的构成方式的构成方式 形容词十名词形容词十名词first-hand(first-hand(第一手的第一手的)，low-temperature(low-temperature(低温的低温的)形容词形容词+形容词形容词light-blue(light-blue(浅蓝的浅蓝的)，r
34、ed-hot(red-hot(灼热的灼热的)名词名词+形容词形容词colour-blind(colour-blind(色盲的色盲的)，world-wide(world-wide(全世界规模的全世界规模的)形容词十名词十形容词十名词十ed(ed(或或-d)small-sized(-d)small-sized(小型的小型的)，open-minded(open-minded(胸襟开阔胸襟开阔的的)名词十过去分词名词十过去分词man-made(man-made(人造的人造的)，snow-covered(snow-covered(雪盖着的雪盖着的)名词名词+现在分词现在分词man-eating(man-
35、eating(吃人的吃人的)，earth-shaking(earth-shaking(震动世界的震动世界的)副词副词+分词分词far-reaching(far-reaching(意义深远的意义深远的)，well-informed(well-informed(消息灵通的消息灵通的)副词十介词十名词副词十介词十名词up-to-date(up-to-date(最新式的最新式的)，out-of-date(out-of-date(过时的过时的)数词十名词数词十名词(+ed)five-year-planed(+ed)five-year-planed(五年计划五年计划)，four-cornered(four
36、-cornered(四角的四角的)副词十形容词副词十形容词ever-green(ever-green(常绿的常绿的)，over-sensitive(over-sensitive(过敏的过敏的)形容词十分词形容词十分词ready-made(ready-made(现成的现成的)，good-looking(good-looking(好看的好看的)名词名词+名词名词+ed iron-willed(+ed iron-willed(有钢铁意志的有钢铁意志的)(3)(3)复合代复合代词词的构成方式的构成方式 代词宾格或物主代词十代词宾格或物主代词十self(selves)himselfself(selves
37、)himself，ourselvesourselves 某些不定代词某些不定代词(some(some，anyany，nono，every)every)十十(body(body，oneone，thing)thing)everybody everybody，everythingeverything，nobodynobody，no oneno one，nonenone，nothingnothing(4)(4)复合复合动词动词的构成方式的构成方式 副词副词+动词动词overcome(overcome(克服克服)，uphold(uphold(主张主张,支持支持)名词名词+动词动词sun-bathe(su
38、n-bathe(行日光浴行日光浴)(5)(5)复合副复合副词词的构成方式的构成方式 名词名词+名词名词sideways(sideways(横着横着)；名词；名词+副词副词headfirst(headfirst(头朝下头朝下)形容词十名词形容词十名词meanwhile(meanwhile(同时同时)；介词介词+名词名词beforehand(beforehand(事先事先)2派派生生法法(affixation)(affixation)：在在一一个个单单词词前前或或后后加加上上一一个个词词缀缀(词词头头或或词词尾尾)，变变成成一一个个新新词词，这这种种构构词词法法叫叫派派生生法法。词词缀缀有有前前缀
39、缀(词词头头)和和后后缀缀(词词尾尾)二二种种。加加前前缀缀一一般般只只引引起起词词意意变变化化，而而不不引引起起词词类类转化。加后缀则往往可使词类转化，有时词意也随之而变化。转化。加后缀则往往可使词类转化，有时词意也随之而变化。加加前前缀缀(prefix)(prefix)的的单单词词如如：ununfair(fair(不不公公正正的的)，disdislike(like(厌厌恶恶)，a amoral moral(超超道道德德的的)，supersuperman(man(超超人人)，cocooperate(operate(合合作作，协协作作)，foreforetell(tell(预言预言)，bibi
40、cycle(cycle(自行车自行车)，tritricycle(cycle(三轮车三轮车)等。等。加后缀加后缀(postfix)(postfix)的单词如：的单词如：pigpigletlet(猪崽猪崽)，friendfriendshipship(友谊友谊)，socialsocialist ist(社会主义者社会主义者)，happihappinessness(幸福幸福)，childchildlessless(无子女无子女的的)，pointpointeded(尖锐的尖锐的)为了描述各种科学现象和物质特性，科技英语中有许多表示数量、为了描述各种科学现象和物质特性，科技英语中有许多表示数量、大小、程度
41、、性质、状态的形容词，除一般形容词外，大多数由动大小、程度、性质、状态的形容词，除一般形容词外，大多数由动词、名词派生而来，如动词后加词、名词派生而来，如动词后加-able-able，-ed-ed，-ing-ing，-ire-ire；名词后；名词后加加-al-al，-ic-ic，-ious-ious等。等。inter-inter-表示表示“在一起在一起,交互交互”pref.pref.（前缀）（前缀）(1)(1)在在之间；在之间；在之中：之中：international.intercity.international.intercity.(2)(2)在在中间；在中间；在里面：里面：inter-t
42、ropical.inter-tropical.南北回归之间的南北回归之间的,热带地区热带地区 (3)(3)相互的；相互地：相互的；相互地：interrelate.interconnect.interdependenceinterrelate.interconnect.interdependence (4)(4)交互的；交互地：交互的；交互地：intermingleintermingleun-un-用于形容词之前用于形容词之前,表示表示“不不”pref.pref.（前缀）（前缀）(1)(1)不：不：unhappy,unacceptedunhappy,unaccepted (2)(2)对对相对的；
43、与相对的；与相反的：相反的：unrestunrest (3)(3)表示表示“做相反之动作做相反之动作”：unbindunbind Desiredesirable(Desiredesirable(令人满意的，值得想要的令人满意的，值得想要的)undesirable)undesirable im-im-(1)pref.(1)pref.（用于（用于b,m,pb,m,p之前）之前）=in-=in-表示表示“否定否定,与与.相反相反”之义之义 *impatient,impractical,impossibleimpatient,impractical,impossible(2)(2)表示表示“向向内，在
44、内，在上上”之义之义 *migrate(immigrate,emigrate)migrate(immigrate,emigrate)*port-(import,export)*port-(import,export)in-in-或或 il-il-或或 im-im-或或 ir-ir-在在 l l之前，之前，in-in-通常转化为通常转化为 il-il-，illiterate,illogicalilliterate,illogical 在在 r r 之前，之前，in-in-通常转化为通常转化为 ir-,irregular,irresistibleir-,irregular,irresistible
45、 3 3 转化法（转化法（conversionconversion）：）：把把一个词一个词从一种词类转化成另从一种词类转化成另一种词类；基本一种词类；基本不改变不改变词形，只是在使用时改变其词类。词形，只是在使用时改变其词类。Try to do it.Let me have a try.Try to do it.Let me have a try.Black/to blacken;hot /to heat;full/to Black/to blacken;hot /to heat;full/to fillfillCorrect(Correct(正确的正确的)Correct)Correct（纠正
46、）（纠正）Sample(Sample(样品样品)sample)sample（取样）（取样）1.3 The characters of Words and 1.3 The characters of Words and ExpressionsExpressions 1 1.3.1.3.1 专业（专业（specialspecial）词汇，半专业（）词汇，半专业（semi-specialsemi-special）词）词汇汇 专业词汇：专业词汇：词义专一，且词形越长词义就越专一，出现词义专一，且词形越长词义就越专一，出现频频 率不高率不高e.g.Pilot-scalee.g.Pilot-scale(小
47、规模试验小规模试验)；chemical-physicalchemical-physical(物理物理化学化学)；activated sludgeactivated sludge(活性污泥活性污泥)；water consumptionwater consumption(用水量用水量)；wastewater flowwastewater flow(污水量污水量)半专业词汇：半专业词汇：在不同的领域有不同的含义在不同的领域有不同的含义e.g.foundatione.g.foundation(基金，基础，地基基金，基础，地基)；frame(frame(框架，屋架，框架，屋架，画面等画面等)；opera
48、tionoperation(操作，运行，作业，手术，运算操作，运行，作业，手术，运算)；loadload(负荷，加载，装填等负荷，加载，装填等)前后缀出现的频率高：前后缀出现的频率高：据有关统计，现代专业科技英语中，有据有关统计，现代专业科技英语中，有50%50%以上的词汇源于希腊语、拉丁语等外来语，而这些外来语词汇构以上的词汇源于希腊语、拉丁语等外来语，而这些外来语词汇构成的一个显著特征就是广泛使用词缀（前缀成的一个显著特征就是广泛使用词缀（前缀prefixprefix和后缀和后缀suffixsuffix）hydrolyhydrolysis(sis(水解作用水解作用)，biodegradbi
49、odegradableable（生物可降解的），（生物可降解的），absorpabsorptiontion（吸收）（吸收）表示行为、性质、状态等抽象概念：表示行为、性质、状态等抽象概念：-ance -ence,-oty,-ment,-ness,-ance -ence,-oty,-ment,-ness,-sion,-tion,-th,-ur -sion,-tion,-th,-ure e 表示某种性质和特征：表示某种性质和特征：-able-able，-ible-ible -ant,-ent,-al,-ic,-ant,-ent,-al,-ic,-ical,-ive,-ousical,-ive,-ou
50、s1.3.3 1.3.3 专业英语较多使用了词性的转化专业英语较多使用了词性的转化常见的词性转换类型有：名词转动词、形容词转动词、动词转名词、常见的词性转换类型有：名词转动词、形容词转动词、动词转名词、形容词转名词形容词转名词Standard(n.)standardized(v.);former(adj.)the Standard(n.)standardized(v.);former(adj.)the former(n.);wide(adj.)widen(v.)former(n.);wide(adj.)widen(v.)1.3.4 1.3.4 广泛使用缩写（广泛使用缩写（Abbreviatio