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1、高中英语语法总结大全之定语从句 定语从句 定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词 组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引 出。关系代词有:who,whom,whose,that,which 等。关系副词有:when,where,why 等。关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成 分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1)who,whom,that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所
2、起作用如下:Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that 在从句中作主语)He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that 在从句中作宾语)2)Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同 of which 互换),例如:They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮 忙。Please pass me the book whose(of
3、 which)cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。3)which,that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村出现了 前所未有的繁荣。(which/that 在句中作宾语)The package(which/that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which/that 在句中作宾语)关系副词引导的定语从句 关系
4、副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。1)when,where,why 关系副词 when,where,why的含义相当于介词+which结构,因此常常和介词+which 结构交替使用,例如:There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?2)th
5、at 代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代 when,where,why和介词+which 引导的定语从句,在口语中 that 常被省略,例如:His father died the year(that/when/in which)he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。He is unlikely to find the place(that/where/in which)he lived forty years ago.他不大可能 找到他四十年前居住过的地方。判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一:用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动
6、词后面无宾 语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如:This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.判断改错(注:先显示题,再显示答案,横线;用不同的颜色表示出。)(错)This is the mountain village where I visited last year.(错)I will never forget the days when I spent in the countrysi
7、de.(对)This is the mountain village(which)I visited last year.(对)Ill never forget the days(which)I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where,when 联系在一起。此两题错在关系词 的误用上。方法二:准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出 关系代词/关系副词。例 1.Is this museum _ you visited a few days age?A.whereB.thatC.on whichD.the
8、 one 例 2.Is this the museum the exhibition was held.A.whereB.thatC.on whichD.the one 答案:例 1 D,例 2 A 例 1 变为肯定句:This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例 2 变为肯定句:This is the museum _ the exhibition was held.在句 1 中,所缺部分为宾语,而 where,that,on which 都不能起到宾语的作用,只有 the one 既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选
9、D。而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词 where,又因in the museum 词组,可用介词 in+which 引导地点状语。而此题中,介词 on 用的不对,所以选 A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时,选择关系 代词(who,whom,that,which,whose);先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词(where 地 点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语)。限制性和非限制性定语从句 1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉 它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词
10、的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的 意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,例如:This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)2)当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制 性的,例如:Charles Smith,who was my former teacher,retired last year.查理 史密斯去年退休了,他曾 经是我的老师
11、。My house,which I bought last year,has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂 亮的花园。This novel,which I have read three times,is very touching.这本小说很动人,我已经读了三 遍。3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要 用第三人称单数,例如:He seems not to have grasped what I meant,which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意 思,这使我心烦。Liquid wate
12、r changes to vapor,which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。说明:关系代词 that 和关系副词 why 不能引导非限制性定语从句。介词+关系词 1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。2)that 前不能有介词。3)某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的 介词+关系词 结构可以同关系副词 when 和 where 互换。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember
13、the day on which you joined our club?Do you remember the day when you joined our club?w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m as,which 非限定性定语从句 由as,which引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。As 一般放在句首,which 在句中。As we know,smoking is harmful to ones health.The sun heats the earth,which is very important to us.
14、典型例题 1)Alice received an invitation from her boss,_came as a surprise.A.itB.thatC.whichD.he 答案 C.此为非限定性从句,不能用 that 修饰,而用 which.,it 和 he 都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选 he句意不通。2)The weather turned out to be very good,_ was more than we could expect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it 答案 B。which 可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句,而 w
15、hat 不可。That 不能用于非限 定性定语从句,it 不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3)It rained hard yesterday,prevented me from going to the park.A.thatB.whichC.asD.it 答案 B.as 和 which 在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:(1)as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而 which 不可。(2)as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行 为动词,则从句
16、中的关系代词只能用 which.。在本题中,prevent 由于是行为动词,所以正确选项应为 B。As 的用法 例1.the sameas suchas中的as是一种固定结构,和.一样.。I have got into the same trouble as he(has).例 2.as 可引导非限制性从句,常带有 正如。As we know,smoking is harmful to ones health.As is know,smoking is harmful to ones health.As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语;例2中,它充当从句的主语,谓语动词know 要用被
17、动式。先行词和关系词二合一 1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.(what 可以用 all that 代替)what/whatever/that.1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)2)The parents will
18、use what they have to send their son to technical school.(what 可以用 all that 代替)关系代词 that 的用法 1)不用that的情况 a)在引导非限定性定语从句时。(错)The tree,that is four hundred years old,is very famous here.b)介词后不能用。We depend on the land from which we get our food.We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.2)只能用
19、 that 作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a)在there be句型中,只用that,不用which。b)在不定代词,如:anything,nothing,the one,all,much,few,any,little 等作先行词时,只用 that,不用 which。c)先行,有 the only,the very 修饰时,只用 that。d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用 that。.e)先行词既有人,又有物时。举例:All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需的只是供油问题。Finally,the thief handed everythin
20、g that he had stolen to the police.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察 人品好的人,自带光芒,无论走到哪里,总会熠熠生辉。人活着,谁都会有烦恼,每天都有烦恼,最重要的是你不理会烦恼,烦恼自然就没有了!因此,朋友们,最好的活法,就只要记住这两句 话:烦恼天天有,不捡自然无!当你不开心的时候,想想自己还剩下多少天可以折腾,还有多少时间够你作践。你开心,这一天过了;不开心,一天也过了。想明白了,你就再也不会生气了。当 你烦恼的时候,想想人生就是减法,见一面少一面,活一天就少一天,还有什么好烦恼的呢,不忘人恩,不念人过,不思人非,不计人怨。不缺谁,不少谁,对得起良心就好。当你忧伤的时候,想想生活就是一场路过,赤条条来,赤条条去,带不来一丝尘土,带不走半片云彩。什么功名利禄,什么人情往份,啥你都带不走,想明白了,还有什么好难过的?当你不满的时候,想想和富人 比,我们活着知足就是幸福。和病人比,我们活着健康就是幸福。和死人比,我们还活着就是幸福。人这辈子想活好,心要简单,人要糊涂。当你生气的时候,想想是否有必要为不值得的人生气?有必要为不值得的事闹心?好好吃饭,好好睡觉,好好养老,好好花钱就可以了。你好好的,家人好好的,一切也就好好的了!当你计较的时候,想想人在世间走,本是一场空,何必处处计较