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1、External featureThe telencephalon consists of right and left cerebral hemisphere,partially separated by cerebral longitudinal fissure.The cerebral transverse fissure intervenes between the hemispheres and the cerebellumEach hemisphere has three surfaces:superolateral,medial and inferior第1页/共39页Three
2、 principal sulci Central sulcus 中央沟Lateral sulcus 外侧沟Parietooccipital sulcus 顶枕沟Central sulcusLateral sulcusParietooccipital sulcus第2页/共39页 Five lobes Frontal lobe 额叶Parietal lobe 顶叶Temporal lobe 颞叶Occipital lobe 枕叶Insular lobe 岛叶Frontal lobeParietal lobeOccipital lobeTemporal lobeInsular lobe第3页/共3
3、9页Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surfaceFrontal lobe:Precentral sulcus 中央前沟Superior frontal sulcus 额上沟Inferior frontal sulcus 额下沟Precentral gyrus 中央前回Superior frontal gyrus 额上回Middle frontal gyrus 额中回Inferior frontal gyrus 额下回第4页/共39页Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surfacePrecentral sulcus Precentr
4、al gyrus Superior frontal sulcus Inferior frontal sulcus Superior,middleand inferioe frontal gyri 第5页/共39页Parietal lobe:Postcentral sulcus 中央后沟 Postcentral gyrus中央后回 Intraparietal sulcus 顶内沟 Superior parietal lobule 顶上小叶 Inferior parietal lobule 顶下小叶 Supramarginal gyrus 缘上回 Angular gyrus 角回第6页/共39页S
5、ulci and gyri of Superolateral surface Postcentral sulcus Postcentral gyrus Superior parietal lobule Supramarginal gyrus Angular gyrus Intraparietal sulcus第7页/共39页Temporal lobe:Superior temporal sulcus 颞上沟Inferior temporal sulcus 颞下沟Superior temporal gyrus 颞上回 Middle temporal gyrus 颞中回 Inferior temp
6、oral gyrus 颞下回 Transverse temporal gyri 颞横回第8页/共39页Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface Superior temporal sulcus Inferior temporal sulcus Superior temporal gyrus Middle temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus 第9页/共39页Transverse temporal gyri 第10页/共39页Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surfacePrecentr
7、al sulcus Precentral gyrus Superior frontal sulcus Inferior frontal sulcus Superior,middleand inferioe frontal gyri Postcentral sulcus Postcentral gyrus Superior parietal lobule Supramarginal gyrus Angular gyrus Superior temporal sulcus Inferior temporal sulcus Superior temporal gyrus Middle tempora
8、l gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus 第11页/共39页Sulci and gyri of medial surfaceCorpus callosum 胼胝体 Callosal sulcus 胼胝体沟 Cingulate sulcus 扣带沟Cingulate gyrus扣带回 Marginal ramus 缘支Paracentral lobule 中央旁小叶Calcarine sulcus 距状沟 Cuneus 楔叶 Lingual gyrus 舌回第12页/共39页Sulci and gyri of medial surfaceCorpus callosum Ca
9、llosal sulcus cingulate gyrus Cingulate sulcus Marginal ramus Paracentral lobule Calcarine sulcus CuneusParietooccipital sulcusLingual gyrus第13页/共39页Sulci and gyri of inferior surfaceOlfactory bulb 嗅球 Olfactory tract 嗅束 Olfactory trigone 嗅三角 Anterior perforated substance 前穿质 Collateral sulcus 侧副沟 Oc
10、cipitotemporal sulcus 枕颞沟 Medial occipitotemporal gyrus 枕颞内侧回 Lateral occipitotemporal gyrus 枕颞外侧回 Hippocampal sulcus 海马沟 Parahippocampal gyrus 海马旁回 Uncus 钩 Hippocampus 海马 Dentate gyrus 齿状回 Hippocampal formation 海马结构第14页/共39页Inferior surfaceOlfactory bulb Olfactory tract Olfactory trigone Anterior p
11、erforated substance Collateral sulcus Occipitotemporal sulcusMedial and lateraloccipitotemporal gyri Parahippocampal gyrus Uncus 第15页/共39页HippocampusDentate gyrus Hippocampal formation 第16页/共39页Histology of the cerebral cortexArchicortex 原皮质 (hippocampal formation 海马结构)Paleocortex 古皮质 (rhinencephalo
12、n 嗅脑)Neocortex 新皮质 (most of cerebral cortex)3 cell layers6 cell layers第17页/共39页第18页/共39页Functional location of cerebral cortex第19页/共39页First somatic motor area 第一躯第一躯体运动区体运动区Position:located in precentral gyrus and anterior portion of paracentral lobule第20页/共39页First somatic motor area第一躯第一躯体运动区体运动区
13、Characters Representation is inverted,but head and face are uprightA body part is represented by a cortical area proportional to its use rather than its size Receiving fibers from postcentral gyrus,VA,VL and VPL,sending out fibers to form pyramidal tract,controlling voluntary movements 第21页/共39页Firs
14、t somatic sensory area第一躯体第一躯体感觉区感觉区Positionlies in postcentral gyrus and posterior portion of paracentral lobule第22页/共39页First somatic sensory area第一躯体第一躯体感觉区感觉区Characters Sensory representation,like motor area,is crossed and invertedReceiving and interpret sensation from opposite side of body第23页/
15、共39页Auditory area 听区听区Located in transverse temporal gyriReceive auditory information from both ears第24页/共39页Visual area 视区视区Lie on either side of calcarine sulcus in medial surface of occipital lobe Visual cortex of one hemisphere receives impression from temporal part of retina of same side and na
16、sal part of opposite sideLesions of visual cortex produce contralateral homonymous visual field defections 第25页/共39页Vestibular area平衡觉区:located in front of superior temporal gyrus Olfactory area 嗅觉区:located near the uncusTaste area 味觉区:located at frontal operculum第26页/共39页Language area 语言中枢语言中枢It is
17、 dominant in left hemisphere in right-handed personMotor speech area 运动性语言中枢Located in posterior portion of inferior frontal gyrusDamage:motor aphasiaWriting area 书写中枢Located in posterior portion of middle frontal gyrusDamage:agraphiaAuditory speech area 听觉性语言中枢Located in posterior portion of superi
18、or temporal gyrus Lesion:sensory aphasiaVisual speech area 视觉性语言中枢Located in angular gyrusLesion:alexia第27页/共39页Lateral ventricle 侧脑室Position:located in cerebral hemispheresFour parts Central part:lies in parietal lobe Anterior horn:extends into frontal lobe Posterior horn extend into occipital lobe
19、 Inferior horn:extend into temporal lobeInternal structures第28页/共39页Communicationlateral ventricle interventricular foramen third ventricle第29页/共39页Basal nuclei 基底核基底核Corpus striatum 纹状体Lentiform nucleus 豆状核 Caudate nucleus 尾状核Claustrum 屏状核Amygdaloid body 杏仁体Globus pallidus 苍白球putamen 壳Neostriatum 新
20、纹状体 paleostriatum 旧纹状体第30页/共39页第31页/共39页White matterAssociation fibers 联络纤维 Run between gyri within the same hemisphereCerebral arcuate fibers 大脑弓状纤维Superior longitudinal fasciculi 上纵束Inferior longitudinal fasciculi 下纵束Uncinate fasciculus 钩束Cingulum 扣带第32页/共39页Commissural fibers 连合纤维 run between lef
21、t and right hemisphere Corpus callosum胼胝体:rostrum,genu,trunk,spleniumAnterior commissure 前连合Fornix and commissure of fornix 穹隆和穹隆连合第33页/共39页Projection fibers投射纤维:connect cortex with lower part of brain and spinal cord and they include both ascending and descending fibers Internal capsulePosition:a t
22、hick lamina of white matter lying between caudate nucleus,thalamus and lentiform nucleus第34页/共39页第35页/共39页Three partsAnterior limb of internal capsule 内囊前肢Lies between caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleusContaining frontopontine tract and anterior thalamic radiationGenu of internal capsule 内囊膝Is an
23、gle at which anterior and posterior limbs meetContaining corticonuclear tractPosterior limb of internal capsule 内囊后肢Lies between thalamus and lentiform nucleusContain corticospinal tract,corticorubral tract,central thalamic radiation,parieto-occipito-temporo-pontine tract,acoustic radiation and opti
24、c radiation第36页/共39页Anterior thalamic radiationFrontopontine tractLentiform nucleusCorticorubral tractParieto-occipito-temporo-pontine tractAcoustic radiationOptic radiationHead of caudate nucleusCorticonuclear tractCorticospinal tractDorsal thalamusCentral thalamic radiationMedial geniculate body L
25、ateral geniculate body第37页/共39页Limbic system边缘系统边缘系统CompositionLimbic lobe:includes septal area,cingulated gyrus,parahippocampal gyrus,hippocampus,dentate gyrus,temporal pole,anterior part of insular lobe and so onAssociated subcortical nuclei:amygdaloid body,septal nuclei,hypothalamus,epithalamus,anterior nucleus group of thalamus,tegmentum of midbrainFunction:concerned with visceral activities,olfaction,emotion and memory,so this system is called visceral brain 第38页/共39页感谢您的观看。第39页/共39页