实用英语语法教程八章 非限定动词.pptx

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1、实用英语语法教程八章实用英语语法教程八章 非限定动词非限定动词1.不定式 1.1 1.1不定式的基本用法不定式的基本用法 不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语以及宾语补足语等。不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语以及宾语补足语等。(1 1)不定式作主语。例如:)不定式作主语。例如:To hesitate means failure.To hesitate means failure.当主语较长而谓语较短时,常用当主语较长而谓语较短时,常用it it 作形式主语,不定式短语则放在谓语的后面。例如:作形式主语,不定式短语则放在谓语的后面。例如:It took me th

2、ree days to bring this work to an end.It took me three days to bring this work to an end.It is better to be envied than to be pitied.It is better to be envied than to be pitied.(2 2)不定式作表语。例如:)不定式作表语。例如:To know everything is to know nothing.To know everything is to know nothing.第1页/共53页 当句子的主语为当句子的主

3、语为aimaim(目的),(目的),ambition(ambition(志愿志愿),duty duty(责任),(责任),functionfunction(功能),(功能),goalgoal(目标)(目标),idea,idea(想法),(想法),intentionintention(意图),(意图),objectiveobjective(目(目的)的),plan,plan(计划),(计划),purposepurpose(目的)(目的),reason,reason(理由),(理由),suggestion suggestion(建(建议),议),wish wish(愿望)等抽象名词时,常常用不定式

4、作句子的表语。例如:(愿望)等抽象名词时,常常用不定式作句子的表语。例如:The goal of the exchange program is to promote the understanding between The goal of the exchange program is to promote the understanding between the two countries.the two countries.Her suggestion is to look into the matter immediately.Her suggestion is to look i

5、nto the matter immediately.第2页/共53页(3 3)不定式作宾语。例如:)不定式作宾语。例如:Mr.Smith promised to buy his son a birthday gift.Mr.Smith promised to buy his son a birthday gift.常跟不定式作宾语的动词有:常跟不定式作宾语的动词有:affordafford(负担得起),(负担得起),agreeagree(同意),(同意),aimaim(目标是),(目标是),applyapply(申请),(申请),askask(要求),(要求),attemptattempt(

6、试图),(试图),begbeg(恳求),(恳求),consentconsent(同意),(同意),decidedecide(决定),(决定),demanddemand(要(要求),求),determinedetermine(决心),(决心),expectexpect(期待),(期待),failfail(未能),(未能),hopehope(希望),(希望),intendintend(打算)等。(打算)等。不定式充当宾语时,如果后面再接一个宾语补足语,则需要用不定式充当宾语时,如果后面再接一个宾语补足语,则需要用it it作形作形式宾语,而将不定式移到补语后面。例如:式宾语,而将不定式移到补语后面

7、。例如:Tom found it hard to achieve the goal his parents set for him.Tom found it hard to achieve the goal his parents set for him.This has made it necessary for us to apply for a new licence.This has made it necessary for us to apply for a new licence.第3页/共53页(4 4)不定式作宾语补足语。例如:)不定式作宾语补足语。例如:I encourag

8、ed the students to ask more questions in class.I encouraged the students to ask more questions in class.常用不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:常用不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:advise advise(劝告),(劝告),allowallow(允许),(允许),askask(要求),(要求),begbeg(乞求),(乞求),causecause(引起),(引起),commandcommand(命令),(命令),compelcompel(迫使),(迫使),encourageencourage(鼓励),

9、(鼓励),expectexpect(期望),(期望),forceforce(迫(迫使),使),getget(使得),(使得),instructinstruct(指示),(指示),intendintend(打算),(打算),inviteinvite(邀请),(邀请),orderorder(命令),(命令),permitpermit(允许),(允许),persuadepersuade(说服),(说服),preferprefer(宁愿),(宁愿),presspress(迫使),(迫使),remindremind(提醒),(提醒),requestrequest(要求),(要求),telltell(告诉

10、)等。(告诉)等。第4页/共53页(5 5)不定式作定语,例如:)不定式作定语,例如:They had their families to support.They had their families to support.This is the only way to break open the box.This is the only way to break open the box.下面的一些名词后常跟不定式作定语:下面的一些名词后常跟不定式作定语:ability ability(能力),(能力),agreement agreement(同意),(同意),ambitionambit

11、ion(志向),(志向),anxietyanxiety(渴望),(渴望),attemptattempt(试图)(试图)campaigncampaign(运动),(运动),claimclaim(宣称),(宣称),chancechance(机会),(机会),decisiondecision(决定),(决定),determinationdetermination(决心),(决心),eagernesseagerness(急切),(急切),efforteffort(努力),(努力),inclinationinclination(倾向,爱好),(倾向,爱好),intentionintention(意图),

12、(意图),impatienceimpatience(不耐烦)(不耐烦)一些词组如一些词组如the first,the second,the last,the best,the only thing,the most suitablethe first,the second,the last,the best,the only thing,the most suitable等后面也常跟不定式等后面也常跟不定式作定语。例如:作定语。例如:He is always the first to answer questions.He is always the first to answer quest

13、ions.Is a solicitor the best person to advise me about buying a house?Is a solicitor the best person to advise me about buying a house?第5页/共53页(6(6)不定式作状语)不定式作状语表示目的(为了加强语势,还可用表示目的(为了加强语势,还可用in order to/so as toin order to/so as to来引导不定式),例如:来引导不定式),例如:The whole family went to the beach to spend the

14、ir weekend.The whole family went to the beach to spend their weekend.表示结果(有时在不定式前加上表示结果(有时在不定式前加上onlyonly,表示出乎意料或令人不愉快的结果),例如:,表示出乎意料或令人不愉快的结果),例如:A few days later he came back only to find that the troops had left.A few days later he came back only to find that the troops had left.表示原因,例如:表示原因,例如:W

15、e shall be very happy to cooperate with you in the project.We shall be very happy to cooperate with you in the project.表示条件,例如:表示条件,例如:How can you catch the train to start so late?How can you catch the train to start so late?第6页/共53页【注】不定式作状语时,要注意【注】不定式作状语时,要注意so as to so as to 和和sosoas to as to 的区别

16、。的区别。so as to so as to 引导的是目的状语,相当于引导的是目的状语,相当于in order to,in order to,表示表示“以便以便”;而;而sosoas toas to引导是结果状语,引导是结果状语,soso后面跟形容词或副词,表示后面跟形容词或副词,表示“到这到这种程度以致种程度以致”。例如:。例如:You have to do twelve courses so as to obtain the degree.You have to do twelve courses so as to obtain the degree.He spoke so eloquen

17、tly as to move us to tears.He spoke so eloquently as to move us to tears.(7 7)不定式作独立成分(相当于句子状语),例如:)不定式作独立成分(相当于句子状语),例如:To make a long story short,this film is rather fantastic.To make a long story short,this film is rather fantastic.To tell the truth,I don To tell the truth,I don t like his dinnin

18、g etiquette at all.t like his dinning etiquette at all.此类不定式短语常见的有:此类不定式短语常见的有:to begin with(to begin with(首先首先),to make matters to make matters worseworse(更糟糕的是),(更糟糕的是),to put it straight(to put it straight(直截了当地说直截了当地说),to put to put it in another wayit in another way(换句话说),(换句话说),to be honestto

19、be honest(老实说),(老实说),to to sum upsum up(总而言之)等。(总而言之)等。第7页/共53页1.2 不定式的时式和语态 不定式有一般、进行、完成和完成进行四种时式,一般不定式有一般、进行、完成和完成进行四种时式,一般式和完成式有被动语态变化形式(见下表):式和完成式有被动语态变化形式(见下表):第8页/共53页1.2.1 不定式的时式 不定式的时式包括不定式的一般式、完成式、进行式和完成进行不定式的时式包括不定式的一般式、完成式、进行式和完成进行式四种。式四种。(1)(1)如果不定式的动作发生在句子的谓语动词的动作之后,或与句如果不定式的动作发生在句子的谓语动

20、词的动作之后,或与句子的谓语动词的动作同时发生,通常使用不定式的一般式。例如:子的谓语动词的动作同时发生,通常使用不定式的一般式。例如:Mike decided to work hard this semester.Mike decided to work hard this semester.He is pleased to be my friend.He is pleased to be my friend.(2)(2)如果不定式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作发生在同一时间,如果不定式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作发生在同一时间,而不定式由动态动词充当,通常要用不定式的进行式。例如:而不定

21、式由动态动词充当,通常要用不定式的进行式。例如:They seemed to be watching TV.They seemed to be watching TV.The boys seem to be getting along quite well.The boys seem to be getting along quite well.第9页/共53页(3)(3)如果不定式表示的动作发生在句子的谓语动词表示的动作之前,如果不定式表示的动作发生在句子的谓语动词表示的动作之前,通常使用不定式的完成式。例如:通常使用不定式的完成式。例如:They are said to have fini

22、shed the project two months before.They are said to have finished the project two months before.They claimed to have shot down 22 planes.They claimed to have shot down 22 planes.(4)(4)如果不定式表示的动作发生在句子的谓语动词表示的动作之前,如果不定式表示的动作发生在句子的谓语动词表示的动作之前,并且该动作一直在进行着,通常使用不定式的完成进行式。例如:并且该动作一直在进行着,通常使用不定式的完成进行式。例如:To

23、m was happy to have been staying with his uncle.Tom was happy to have been staying with his uncle.He was too young to have been working for ten years.He was too young to have been working for ten years.第10页/共53页1.2.2 不定式的语态(1 1)不定式有主动语态和被动语态两种。如果不定式的逻辑主语)不定式有主动语态和被动语态两种。如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者,则要用不定式的被

24、动态。例如:是不定式动作的承受者,则要用不定式的被动态。例如:It It s an honor for me to be invited to speak here.s an honor for me to be invited to speak here.He is said to have been elected monitor of class two.He is said to have been elected monitor of class two.The football star refused to be photographed.The football star re

25、fused to be photographed.(2 2)在某些结构及习惯用法中,常用不定式的主动态表示被动含)在某些结构及习惯用法中,常用不定式的主动态表示被动含义。例如:义。例如:The old man is hard to convince.The old man is hard to convince.This fruit is not fit to eat in this season.This fruit is not fit to eat in this season.There is so much work to do.There is so much work to do

26、.第11页/共53页1.3 不定式的其他要点1.3.1 1.3.1“It is+It is+形容词形容词+for(+for(或或 of)+sb.+of)+sb.+不定式不定式”句型句型这一句型中,这一句型中,for(for(或或of)of)引导的是不定式的逻辑主语。一般情况下用引导的是不定式的逻辑主语。一般情况下用forfor引导,但下列表示人物特征的形容词常用引导,但下列表示人物特征的形容词常用of of 搭配:搭配:bold(bold(胆大胆大的的),brave),brave(勇敢的)(勇敢的),careful,careful(小心的)(小心的),clever,clever(聪明的)(聪明

27、的),considerateconsiderate(体贴的),(体贴的),foolishfoolish(愚蠢的)(愚蠢的),generous,generous(慷慨的)(慷慨的),nicenice(好的)(好的),rash,rash(鲁莽的)等。例如:(鲁莽的)等。例如:It is hard for him to get rid of his bad habit.It is hard for him to get rid of his bad habit.It will be important for us to attend the meeting.It will be important

28、 for us to attend the meeting.It It s careless of you to make such a mistake.s careless of you to make such a mistake.第12页/共53页1.3.2 1.3.2 分裂不定式分裂不定式在在toto和动词原形之间插入修饰不定式的副词叫分裂不定式,这种结构可清楚地表明副词是修和动词原形之间插入修饰不定式的副词叫分裂不定式,这种结构可清楚地表明副词是修饰不定式而不是其他。例如:饰不定式而不是其他。例如:He failed to entirely/fully/completely unde

29、rstand it.He failed to entirely/fully/completely understand it.1.3.3 1.3.3 不带不带toto的不定式的不定式(1 1)当不定式充当一些感知动词以及使役动词的宾语时一般不带)当不定式充当一些感知动词以及使役动词的宾语时一般不带toto。这类词有:。这类词有:feel,observe,feel,observe,hear,watch,perceive,listen to,see,look at,make,let,havehear,watch,perceive,listen to,see,look at,make,let,hav

30、e等。例如:等。例如:The old couple like to watch the children play.The old couple like to watch the children play.The general manager let his secretary type a business correspondence.The general manager let his secretary type a business correspondence.【注注】这些动词用于被动式时,后面要跟带这些动词用于被动式时,后面要跟带toto的不定式。的不定式。第13页/共5

31、3页(2 2)在)在do nothing/anything/everything/but,can/could not do nothing/anything/everything/but,can/could not but,do nothing(else)than,would/had soonerbut,do nothing(else)than,would/had soonerthan,than,would/had ratherwould/had ratherthanthan等习惯用法中。例如:等习惯用法中。例如:She did nothing but weep last night.She

32、did nothing but weep last night.I I ll do anything but apologize to him.ll do anything but apologize to him.The enemy could do nothing else than surrender.The enemy could do nothing else than surrender.第14页/共53页 (3 3)当句子的主语含有实意动词)当句子的主语含有实意动词dodo时,充当表语的不定式常可省时,充当表语的不定式常可省 略略toto。例如:。例如:The first thi

33、ng he did on his return to his hometown was(to)visit The first thing he did on his return to his hometown was(to)visit his school teachers.his school teachers.All she can do is scare us to death.All she can do is scare us to death.(4 4)充当)充当helphelp的宾语或宾语补足语的不定式可带的宾语或宾语补足语的不定式可带toto,也可不带,也可不带to to 例

34、如:例如:Salt even help relieve itching.Salt even help relieve itching.Computers can help us(to)deal with the knowledge explosion in Computers can help us(to)deal with the knowledge explosion in many ways.many ways.第15页/共53页1.3.4 不定式的否定式不定式的否定式是不定式的否定式是not+to donot+to do。例如:。例如:It would be unwise not to

35、 strive for a good education.It would be unwise not to strive for a good education.不努力争取接受良好的教育是不明智的。不努力争取接受良好的教育是不明智的。She went in quietly so as not to wake the baby.She went in quietly so as not to wake the baby.她静悄悄地进去,以防把婴儿弄醒。她静悄悄地进去,以防把婴儿弄醒。Paul appears never to say Paul appears never to say“non

36、o”to anyone.to anyone.保罗似乎从没对谁说过保罗似乎从没对谁说过“不不”。第16页/共53页1.3.5“疑问词不定式”结构 不定式前面可加上不定式前面可加上where,how,what,whichwhether,where,how,what,whichwhether,when,whomwhen,whom等疑问词,这个结构可作主语、宾语、表等疑问词,这个结构可作主语、宾语、表语和同位语等。例如:语和同位语等。例如:How to improve oral English is often discussed among How to improve oral English i

37、s often discussed among the students.the students.I donI don t know what/which/who(m)to choose.t know what/which/who(m)to choose.We pain little attention to where to hold the meeting.We pain little attention to where to hold the meeting.第17页/共53页1.3.6 1.3.6“介词关系代词不定式介词关系代词不定式”结构结构这种结构一般充当名词的定语,作用类似于

38、定语从句。例如:这种结构一般充当名词的定语,作用类似于定语从句。例如:Yet now he had no pretext on which to prolong his stay.Yet now he had no pretext on which to prolong his stay.现在他没有借口来延长他的逗留时间。现在他没有借口来延长他的逗留时间。It was a good season in which to have outings.It was a good season in which to have outings.这是一个短途游玩的好季节。这是一个短途游玩的好季节。第18

39、页/共53页2.动名词 2.1 动名词的基本用法动名词主要起名词的作用,可在句子中充当主语、表语、动名词主要起名词的作用,可在句子中充当主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语等。宾语、同位语和定语等。(1 1)动名词作主语。例如:)动名词作主语。例如:Seeing is believing.Seeing is believing.眼见为实。眼见为实。Not being tall is not a serious disadvantage in life.Not being tall is not a serious disadvantage in life.The lighting of fires

40、is forbidden.The lighting of fires is forbidden.(2 2)动名词作表语。例如:)动名词作表语。例如:My hobby is playing the piano.My hobby is playing the piano.第19页/共53页2.3.22.3.2既可跟动名词又可跟不定式作宾语的动词既可跟动名词又可跟不定式作宾语的动词这些动词又可分为两类:这些动词又可分为两类:(1 1)其后跟动名词还是不定式意义有本质区别。例如:)其后跟动名词还是不定式意义有本质区别。例如:chance to do chance to do(碰巧做某事)(碰巧做某事)

41、chance doingchance doing(冒险做某事)(冒险做某事)forget to doforget to do(忘记要做某事)(忘记要做某事)forget doingforget doing(忘记做过某事)(忘记做过某事)go on to dogo on to do(做完一件事,继续做另外一件事)(做完一件事,继续做另外一件事)go on doinggo on doing(继续做同一件事)(继续做同一件事)remember to doremember to do (记得要做某事)(记得要做某事)remember doingremember doing (记得做过某事)(记得做过某

42、事)regret to doregret to do(因要做某事而感到不安)(因要做某事而感到不安)regret doingregret doing(后悔做过某事)(后悔做过某事)try to dotry to do(设法做某事)(设法做某事)try doingtry doing(试着做某事)(试着做某事)mean to domean to do(打算做某事)(打算做某事)mean doingmean doing(意味着做某事)(意味着做某事)第20页/共53页(3 3)动名词作宾语。例如:)动名词作宾语。例如:We appreciate his devoting himself to the

43、 cause of We appreciate his devoting himself to the cause of sports.sports.He was deeply in trouble and considered going away.He was deeply in trouble and considered going away.(4 4)动名词作介词宾语。例如:)动名词作介词宾语。例如:He left without saying good-bye to us.He left without saying good-bye to us.The boy apologize

44、d for breaking the vase.The boy apologized for breaking the vase.第21页/共53页(5 5)动名词作同位语。例如:)动名词作同位语。例如:He enjoys his present job,working as an assistant to the manager.He enjoys his present job,working as an assistant to the manager.My interest,collecting coins,takes up much of my spare time.My inter

45、est,collecting coins,takes up much of my spare time.(6 6)动名词作前置定语。例如:)动名词作前置定语。例如:driving licence driving licence(驾驶执照),(驾驶执照),waiting-room waiting-room(等候室),(等候室),sleeping sleeping car car(卧车),(卧车),working language working language(工作语言)(工作语言)【注注】现在分词也可以充当前置定语,这时被修饰的名词常常是它现在分词也可以充当前置定语,这时被修饰的名词常常是它

46、逻辑上的主语。例如:逻辑上的主语。例如:running water(=water that runs),growing crops(=crops that are running water(=water that runs),growing crops(=crops that are growing),a smiling girl(=a girl that smiles),a sleeping baby growing),a smiling girl(=a girl that smiles),a sleeping baby(=a baby who is sleeping)(=a baby w

47、ho is sleeping)。第22页/共53页2.2 动名词的完成式和被动式(1 1)动名词的完成式)动名词的完成式如果句子中动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前,就要用动名词的完成式,即:如果句子中动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前,就要用动名词的完成式,即:having+having+done done。例如:。例如:I did not deny having told him a lie.I did not deny having told him a lie.My father was praised for having made great contributions to ed

48、ucation.My father was praised for having made great contributions to education.(2 2)动名词的被动式)动名词的被动式 如果句子中动名词的逻辑主语是该动作的承受者,该动名词要用被动式,即:如果句子中动名词的逻辑主语是该动作的承受者,该动名词要用被动式,即:being+donebeing+done。例。例如:如:They enjoyed being praised.They enjoyed being praised.He went there without being asked.He went there wi

49、thout being asked.第23页/共53页2.3 动名词的其他要点2.3.12.3.1习惯跟动名词作宾语的动词及动词短语习惯跟动名词作宾语的动词及动词短语 常见的这类动词有:常见的这类动词有:admit(admit(承认承认),acknowledge(acknowledge(承认承认),appreciate(appreciate(欣赏欣赏),anticipate(anticipate(期待期待),avoid avoid(避免),(避免),considerconsider(考虑),(考虑),delay delay(耽搁),(耽搁),deny deny(否认),(否认),dislike

50、(dislike(不不喜欢喜欢),dread(dread(害怕害怕),endure endure(忍受),(忍受),enjoy enjoy(享受),(享受),escapeescape(逃避),(逃避),excuseexcuse(原谅),(原谅),fancyfancy(想象),(想象),finishfinish(完(完成),成),forbidforbid(严禁),(严禁),forgive(forgive(原谅原谅),imagineimagine(想象),(想象),mindmind(介意),(介意),missmiss(错过),(错过),mention(mention(提到提到),permitper

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