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1、The Lost GenerationLostGenerationreferstothegenerationaftertheWorldWarI.Meanwhile,italsoreferstotheyoungwriterswholivedasexpatriates(移居国外者)inWesternEuropeforashorttime.ThetermLostGenerationwascoinedbyGertrudeStein(格特鲁德.斯坦)torefertoagroupofAmericanliterarynotables(Apersonofdistinctionorgreat名人)wholiv
2、edinParisinthe1920sand1930s.SignificantmembersincludedErnestHemingway,F.ScottFitzgerald,SherwoodAnderson,WaldoPeirce,andGertrudeSteinherself.第1页/共58页The Lost GenerationBecausemostofhisworkstakethewarasbackground,describethepainsandhurtthewarbringstohumanbeing,andreflectayoungergenerationsaimlessness
3、andlossofthebeliefsaftertheWorldWarI,theseworksimmediatelywontheresponsesfrommanypeoplewhosurvivedthewarphysicallybutwereafterwardsspirituallyandmorallyadrift(withoutdirectionorpurpose).Then,HemingwaybecamethespokesmanforwhattheGertrudeSteinhadcalled“TheLostGeneration”.第2页/共58页The Lost GenerationThe
4、LostGenerationisalsocalledtheSadYoungManbyF.ScottFitzgeraldinhisbookwhichdescribesthedisillusionedyoungergenerationaftertheFirstWorldWar.第3页/共58页Life borninasmalltowncalledOakParkinIllinoisnearChicagofather:asuccessfulphysician,middleclass,lovefishingandhunting;mother:musicteacherahappychildhood;alo
5、verofbrutalsports,suchasboxingandfootballinmiddleschoolThoughhisfatherhopedhimtobeaphysician,Hemingwayrefusedtoenteruniversity.Hechosetobeareporter.DuringtheWWI,hewantedtojointhearmybutwasrefusedbecauseofhispooreyesight.ThenHemingwaycametoItalytoworkasanambulancedriver.Hewasseriouslywoundedinthebatt
6、lefield.Thenightmarishwarexperiencechangedhislife.第4页/共58页*thesecondchild,andfirstson;*raisedinOakPark,Illinois,asuburbofChicago；*musiclessonswereusefulinhiswritingandalifelongpassionforoutdooradventureandforlivinginremoteorisolatedareas；childhood:childhood:第5页/共58页*attendedOakParkandRiverForestHigh
7、Schoolandexcelledbothacademicallyandathletically;*firstwritingexperiencewasfortheschoolsnewspaperandyearbook;school life:school life:Hemingway at the time of his graduation from high school,1917第6页/共58页*workedasareporterforTheKansasCityStar(堪萨斯星报)beforeWorldWarIforonlysixmonths;after high school:aft
8、er high school:第7页/共58页*joinedtheRedCrossAmbulanceCorps(红十字会战场服务队);*onJuly8,1918,woundedbutcarriedanItaliansoldiertosafety,receivedtheItalianSilverMedalofBravery;*wheninthehospital,metandfellinlovewithAgnesgnis,aRedCrossnursebutrejected;World warWorld war:第8页/共58页*beganasafreelancer(自由职业)andforeignc
9、orrespondentfortheToronto Star Weekly;*alsoworkedasanassociateeditoroftheCo-operative Commonwealth,amonthlyjournal;*metHadleyRichardson,thefirstwife,andmarriedin1921;Journalist&writing:Journalist&writing:Hadley Richardson第9页/共58页*settledinParisandcoveredtheGreco-TurkishWarfortheToronto Star;*madefri
10、endswithJamesJoyce,F.ScottFitzgerald;*HismarriagetoHadleybrokeupashewasworkingonThe Sun Also RisesbecauseofhisaffairwithPaulinePfeiffer,divorcedinJanuary1927andmarriedPaulinePfeiffer,secondwife,inMay.Life in Paris(1921-1928):Life in Paris(1921-1928):The 2nd wife第10页/共58页*In1928，theymovedtoKeyWest,Fl
11、orida,tobegintheirnewlifetogether;*hisfathercommittedsuicide;*Duringtheearly1930sHemingwaywerebusywithhunting,fishing,bullfighting,travelingandwriting;life in Key West:life in Key West:Hemingway house第11页/共58页*in1937hereportedonthewarfortheNorth American Newspaper Alliance(NANA)*heusedthisexperience
12、inSpainasthebackgroundforFor Whom the Bell Tolls;Afterthewar,HemingwaydivorcedwithPaulineandmarriedMarthaGellhorn,histhirdwifein1940andwrotethefamousnovel,For Whom the Bell Tolls,whichwasnominatedforaPulitzerPrize；Spanish Civil War:Spanish Civil War:第12页/共58页*inEuropefromJunetoDec.1944;*involvedinth
13、ewaractivitiesasawarcorrespondentandin1947awardedaBronzeStarforhisbraveryduringWWII;*HeleftMarthain1945whenpreparingtoreturntoCubaandmeanwhile,hehadaskedMaryWelsh,Time magazinecorrespondent,tomarryhimontheirthirdmeeting;World War II:World War II:第13页/共58页*hadaseriesofaccidentsandhealthproblemsaftert
14、hewar;*WhenhetraveledtothesiteofWWIandbegantoworkonAcross the River and Into the Trees(过河入林);*ThenextyearwroteOld Man and the Seathe best I can write ever for all of my life“andwonthePulitzerPrizeinMay1952andInOctober1954receivedtheNobelPrizeinLiterature;Later years:Later years:第14页/共58页Discouragedb
15、yatroubledfamilybackground,illnessandthebeliefthathewaslosinghisgiftforwriting,hequitedeliberatelyshothimselfwithhisfavoriteshotgunintheearlymorninghoursofJuly2,1961;Suicide:Suicide:第15页/共58页LifeAfterthewar,hestillworkedasareporter.HewassenttoParisandknewPound,GertrudeStein,SherwoodAndersonandsomeot
16、herfamouswriterswhoencouragedhimtowrite.HealsoworkedasawarreporterintheSpanishCivilWarandtheWWII.Heisatoughguywithrathermasculinemanner.Inallhislife,helovedtoughgames,suchasboxing,hunting,deep-seafishing,bullfightandsoon.Hewasinjuredmanytimes.Inalltheoperations,237steelfragmentsweretakenoutfromHemin
17、gwaysbody.Healsosuffered3caraccidentsand2aircrushes.Hewasadmiredasaherobylotsofpeopleandhislifestylewasimitated.In1961,Hemingwayshothimselfwithguninhishome.第16页/共58页AchievementsMajorThemesArtisticfeatures第17页/共58页Works(1)“The Sun Also Rises”1926(DeepillusionofthewholegenerationaftertheWWI;thecharact
18、ersindulgedthemselvesindepravedlifetomakethemselvesnumb)(2)“A Farewell to Arms”1928(atragicstoryaboutwarandlove)(Heroandheroine:FredericHenryandCatherineBarkley)(3)“For Whom the Bell Tolls”1940(Spanishcivilwar)(alsoastoryaboutwarandlove)(thetitleofthenovel:fromJohnDonnessermons)第18页/共58页Works(4)The
19、Old Man and the Sea”1952(In1954,HemingwaygottheNobelPrize)aquitespecialnovelinallhisnovelssymbolismSantiagomankind;seanatureandenvironment;marlinpurposeoflife;sharktheevilforcewhichcontrolhumansfatetheme:theimportanceoflifeliesintheprocessofsearchingandresistance第19页/共58页Major Themes*The“Nada”Concep
20、t*Graceunderpressure*CodeHero第20页/共58页1.The Nada Concept“Nada”(“nothing”)InthelastpartoftheshortstoryACleanandWell-lightedPlace,thereisanevaluationaboutnada:“ItwasnotfearordreadItwasallnothingandamanwasnothingtooSomelivedinitandneverfeltitbutheknewitallwasnadaHailnothingfullofnothing,nothingiswhitth
21、ee.”第21页/共58页1.The Nada Concept*Manisbornintoanaturalisticandindifferentuniversethathasnopurpose,meaning,order,orvalue*“Nada”isthenfocusedon1.mansconfrontationwiththeabsenceofGod2.indifferenceandhostilityoftheuniverse3.absenceofpurpose,order,meaning,value第22页/共58页Motifs for Nada*Death-isinevitablean
22、deverpresent*Darkness&Disorder-chaos,“unknowability”,andhostilityofuniverse.*Waror“violentencounter”-ever-presentpainanddeath*BadNerves-therecognitionof“nada”bringsonfear,anxiety,&lossofcontrol*Insomnia-symbolofmansattemptto,andhisinabilityto,stopthinkingaboutnada*Despair-absenceofhopeandconfidence第
23、23页/共58页2.Grace under Pressure-Itsignifiescourage.DP:Exactly what do you mean by guts?EH:I mean,grace under pressure.-Ernest Hemingway(an interview with Dorothy Parker,New Yorker,30 November 1929)第24页/共58页2.Grace under PressureInthegeneralsituationofhisnovel,lifeisfulloftensionandbattles;theworldisi
24、nchaos;manisalwaysfightingdesperatelyalosingbattle.However,thoughlifeisbutalosingbattle,itisastrugglemancandominateinsuchawaythatlossbecomesdignity;mancanbephysicallydestroyedbutneverdefeatedspiritually.(Hays,1990:622-623)第25页/共58页2.Grace under PressureForexample:The Old Man and the Sea-whileSantiag
25、oisstrugglingtofightoffthesharkswhoaretearingapartthemagnificentfishhehascaught,hethinkstohimself:“Manisnotmadefordefeats.Amancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated.”The Sun Also Rises-JakeBarnessays,“Ididnotcarewhat(theworld)wasallabout.AllIwantedtoknowwashowtoliveinit.”For Whom the Bell Tolls-RobertJordankn
26、owsthatdeathisnottobefearedifhecanlivehislifetothefullestduringthe72hourshehaswiththeSpanishLoyalists;itcouldmeanthesameasafulllifeof72years.“AcrosstheRiverandintotheTrees”-RichardCantwellstrugglestomaintaindignityinthefaceofimpendingdeath.第26页/共58页3.The Hemingway Code HeroThephrase,Hemingwaycodeher
27、ooriginatedwithscholarPhilipYoung.HeusesittodescribeaHemingwaycharacterwholivescorrectly,followingcertainprinciplesofhonor,courage,andendurancewhichinalifeoftensionandpainmakeamanaman.第27页/共58页Typical traits for the code hero1.TheHemingwayheroisnotathinker,heisamanofaction.Buthisactionsarebasedupona
28、conceptoflife.2.“Graceunderpressure”istheirmotto3.TheHemingwaycodeheroesarebestrememberedfortheirindestructiblespirit.“A man can be destroyed but not defeated.-From The Old Man and the SeaMaintainingfree-willandindividualism,neverweaklyallowingcommitmenttoasinglewomanorsocialconventiontopreventadven
29、ture,travel,andactsofbravery.5.AdmittingthetruthofNada第28页/共58页Conclusion FromHemingwaysnovelsacleardevelopingprocesscanbefound.Fromtheloststateatthebeginning,hegraduallyfoundoutthesignificanceoflifeandtheprincipleshumanshouldholdinameaninglessworld.“TheOldManandtheSea”canbetakenasaconclusionofhisid
30、eas.Commonthemeofhisnovels:“graceunderpressure”Hemingway heroes:anoblebuttragichero;fightingwiththeoverwhelmingforce;thoughheknowsthathewillbedefeatedatlast,hedecidestoactlikeaheroSignificanceof“Hemingwayheroes”:restoringthehumandignityinthe20thcentury第29页/共58页Artistic FeaturesTheicebergtechniqueLan
31、guagestyle第30页/共58页Hemingways Iceberg Theory“Ialwaystrytowriteontheprincipleoftheiceberg.Thereisseven-eightsofitunderwaterforeverypartthatshows.Anythingyouknowyoucaneliminateanditonlystrengthensyouriceberg.Itisthepartthatdoesntshow.”“Isometimesthinkthatmystyleissuggestiveratherthandirect.Thereadermu
32、stoftenusehisimaginationorlosethemostsubtlepartofmythoughts.”“Ifawriterofproseknowsenoughaboutwhatheiswritingabout,hemayomitthingsthatheknowsandthereader,ifthewriteriswritingtrulyenough,willhaveafeelingofthosethingsasstronglyasthoughthewriterhadstatedthem.Thedignityofmovementofanicebergisduetoonlyon
33、e-eighthofitbeingabovewater.”-Hemingway第31页/共58页Hemingways Language Style*Deceptivelysimple*Understatementandomission(seeIcebergTheory)*Repetition*Focusonfacts“Findwhatgaveyoutheemotion;whattheactionwasthatgaveyoutheexcitement.Thenwriteitdownmakingitclearsothereaderwillseeittooandhavethesamefeelinga
34、syouhad.”第32页/共58页Fewadjectivesoradverbs,fewconventionalemotivelanguage,fewauthorialcomments*Simple,short,conventionalwordsandsentences*Concise,vividHenotedthat,“awritersstyleshouldbedirectandpersonal,hisimageryrichandearthy,andhiswordssimpleandvigorous.Thegreatestwritershavethegiftofbrevity,arehard
35、workers,diligentscholarsandcompetentstylists”第33页/共58页Hemingways styleReviewingHemingwaysfirstnovelin1926,theNewYorkTimeswrote:“NoamountofanalysiscanconveythequalityofTheSunAlsoRises.Itisatrulygrippingstory,toldinalean,hard,athleticnarrativeprosethatputsmoreliteraryEnglishtoshame”.166TheSunAlsoRises
36、iswritteninthespare,tightlywrittenproseforwhichHemingwayisfamous,astylewhichhasinfluencedcountlesscrimeandpulpfictionnovels（庸俗的小说）.167ItisastylewhichsomecriticsconsiderHemingwaysgreatestcontributiontoliterature.168Butthesimplicityisdeceptive.Hemingwayusespolysyndeton.plsndtn(连接词的连续使用)toconveybothati
37、melessimmediacyandaBiblicalgrandeur.Hemingwayspolysyndetonicsentenceor,inlaterworks,hisuseofsubordinateclauses169-usesconjunctionstojuxtaposestartlingvisionsandimages;第34页/共58页thecriticJacksonBensonhascomparedthemtohaikus.170ManyofHemingwaysacolytesklait（助手）misinterpretedhisleadandfrowneduponallexpr
38、essionofemotion;SaulBellowsatirizedthisstyleas“Doyouhaveemotions?Stranglethem.”171Hemingway,however,wasnottryingtoeliminateemotionbuttoportrayitmorescientifically.Hemingwaythoughtitwouldbeeasy,andpointless,todescribeemotions;hesculptedhisbrightandfinelychiseled(凿过的，轮廓清晰的）collagesofimagesinordertogra
39、sptherealthing,thesequenceofmotionandfactwhichmadetheemotionandwhichwouldbeasvalidinayearorintenyearsor,withluckandifyoustateditpurelyenough,always.ThisuseofanimageasanobjectivecorrelativeischaracteristicofEzraPound,T.S.Eliot,JamesJoyce,andofcourseProustandisalsopartoftheJapanesepoeticcanon.Hemingwa
40、yswritingstyle,inotherwords,isnotartlessbutpoetic.第35页/共58页by Ernest Hemingway 1952The Old Man and the Sea第36页/共58页第37页/共58页OutlineBasic content:context,plot,rolesFocal point:the old mans character,“code hero”Difficult point:the relationship between the old man and the marlin(or the sea)第38页/共58页Bas
41、ic content ContextIt was published in 1952 after the bleakest ten years in Hemingways literary career and was the last novel published in Hemingways lifetime.But it was an instant success.This short novel won the 1953 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and played a significant role in Hemingways selection f
42、or the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954.第39页/共58页The bleakest ten years1940:For Whom the Bell Tolls1950:Across the River and Into the Trees(self-parody)1952:The Old Man and the Sea(an act of literary revenge)第40页/共58页Basic Content PlotRising ActionClimaxFalling ActionAfter eighty-four successive d
43、ays without catching a fish,Santiago promises Manolin that he will go“far out”into the sea.Santiago conquers the marlin.On the way back,he encounters the sharks and struggles with them.Sharks destroy the marlin.Santiago arrives home only with the marlins skeleton.第41页/共58页Basic content roles1.Santia
44、gosntia:gu2.Manolin3.the marlin4.sharks5.the sea第42页/共58页QuestionsFocal point:After the first shark attack,Santiago says:“Man is not made for defeata man can be destroyed but not defeated.”At the end of the story,is the old man defeated?Why or why not?Difficult point:Whats the relationship between t
45、he old man and the marlin(or the sea)?第43页/共58页第44页/共58页reasonmanifestation significancefailure(destroyed)pridethe marlins skeletonouter,materialvictory(not defeated)endurance,determination,confidence,bravery,knowledgeableearns the respect,achieves the natural self,confirms his heroic personalitiesi
46、nner,spiritual第45页/共58页Code Hero(Tough Guy)“A man who lives correctly,following the ideal of honor,courage and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic,often stressful,and always painful.”-by Hemingway第46页/共58页the spirit of code heroEndurance:to accept pain,even lossPride:of knowing that one h
47、as done ones bestCourage:act truly according to ones own natureWill:to face defeat or victoryHe is a man of action but not a thinker.第47页/共58页the relationship between Santiago and the marlin(or the sea)第48页/共58页the seabrotherhoodSantiago(Manolin)the marlin catchchallengesharksdefend oneselfinvade第49
48、页/共58页His Writing Code heroEmphasis on Emotion3Iceberg principle12Colloquial style4第50页/共58页writing style(iceberg principle)1.What is the iceberg principle?2.How does Hemingway use it in The Old Man and the sea?3.Which phrases embody this principle fully?第51页/共58页Iceberg principle“Ialwaystrytowriteo
49、ntheprincipleoftheiceberg.Thereisseven-eighthsofitunderwaterforeverypartthatshows.Anythingyouknowyoucaneliminateanditonlystrengthensyouriceberg.Itisthepartthatdoesntshow.Ifawriteromitssomethingbecausehedoesnotknowitthenthereisaholeinthestory.”Hissentencesonlygiveonesmallbitofthemeaning.Therestisimpl
50、ied.Onemustgoverydeepbeneaththesurfacetounderstandthefullmeaningofhiswriting.Certainly,therearemomentswhenthereaderfeelsthesuggestionofvastmeaningbeneathHemingwaysfew,sparewords.第52页/共58页第53页/共58页Code heroThe“HemingwayCode”ofmanhooddoesnotinvolvemerephysicalstrength,sexualpotency,orabilitytoaccumula