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1、2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section IUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. the fruit-fly experiments described i
2、n Carl Zimmers piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly to live shorter lives. This suggests that bulbs burn longer, that there is an in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it out, is a high-priced option. It takes more u
3、pkeep, burns more fuel and is slow the starting line because it depends on learning a gradual instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things theyve apparently learned is when to .Is there an adaptive value to intelligence? Thats the question behind this new res
4、earch. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance at all the species weve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real of our own intelligence might be. This is the mind of every animal Ive ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals wou
5、ld on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that animals ran the labs, they would test us to the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in huma
6、ns is really , not merely how much of it there is. , they would hope to study a question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? the results are inconclusive.1.A SupposeB ConsiderC ObserveD Imagine2.A tendedB fearedC happenedD threatened3.A thinnerB stablerC lighterD dimmer4.A tendency
7、B advantageC inclinationD priority5.A insists onB sums upC turns outD puts forward6.A offB behindC overD along7.A incredibleB spontaneousC inevitableD gradual8.A fightB doubtC stopD think9.A invisibleB limitedC indefiniteD different10.A upwardB forwardC afterwardD backward11.A featuresB influencesC
8、resultsD costs12.A outsideB onC byD across13.A deliverB carryC performD apply14.A by chanceB in contrastC as usualD for instance15.A ifB unlessC asD lest16.A moderateB overcomeC determineD reach17.A atB forC afterD with18.A Above allB After allC HoweverD Otherwise19.A fundamentalB comprehensiveC equ
9、ivalentD hostile20.A By accidentB In timeC So farD Better stillSection IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for th
10、em mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd, William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word habit carries a negative implication.So it s
11、eems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.Rath
12、er than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits. In fact, the more new things we trythe more we step outside our comfort zonethe more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal li
13、ves.But dont bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, theyre there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.The first thing needed for innovation is a fasc
14、ination with wonder, says Dawna Markova, author of The Open Mind and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. But we are taught instead to decide, just as our president calls himself the Decider. She adds, however, that to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A
15、good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.All of us work through problems in ways of which were unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally,
16、 relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights ana
17、lysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. This breaks the major rule in the American belief system that anyone can do anything, explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book This Year I Will. and Ms. Markovas business partner. Thats
18、a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what youre good at and doing even more of it creates excellence. This is where developing new habits comes in.21.The Wordsworths view, “habits” is claimed by being _.A. casual B. familiar C. mechanical D. changeable22.Brain researche
19、rs have discovered that the formation of new habits can be _A. predicted B. regulated C. traced D. guided23.The word ruts( Line 1, Paragraph 4) is closest meaning to _A. tracks B. series C. characteristics D. connections24.Dawna Markova would most probably agree that _.A. ideas are born of a relaxin
20、g mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative minds25.Ryans comments suggest that the practice of standardized testing _A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American th
21、inking modelD, complies with the American belief systemText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom or at least confirm that hes the kids dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore an
22、d another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Dire
23、ctly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2,500.Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption. DNA testing is also the latest r
24、age among passionate genealogistsand supports businesses that offer to search for a familys geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some obser
25、vers are skeptical, There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing, says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing
26、 only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a fathers line or mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also h
27、ave six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies dont rely on data collected systematically but
28、 rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may have a lot of data from some regions and not others, so a persons test results may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to e
29、stimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTKs _.A easy availabilityB flexibility in pricingC successful promotionD popularity with households27.PTK is used to _.A locate ones birth placeB promote genetic resea
30、rchC identify parent-child kinshipD choose children for adoption28.Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to_.A trace distant ancestorsB rebuild reliable bloodlinesC fully use genetic informationD achieve the claimed accuracy29.In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic tes
31、ting faces is _.A disorganized data collectionB overlapping database buildingC excessive sample comparisonD lack of patent evaluation30.An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be_.A Fors and Againsts of DNA testingB DNA Testing and Its ProblemsC DNA Testing Outside the LabD Lies Behind D
32、NA TestingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however
33、, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance
34、would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radically higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea
35、appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly
36、productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts - a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examining housing construction, the research
37、ers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industrys work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that
38、 continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments dont force it. After all, thats how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didnt have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humani
39、ty began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanitys productivity potential increased as well. When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly hi
40、gh level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal educ
41、ation. A lack of formal education, however, doesnt constrain the ability of the developing worlds workforce to substantially improve productivity for the foreseeable future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isnt developing more quickly there than it is.31.
42、The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries _.A is subject groundless doubtsB has fallen victim of biasC is conventional downgradedD has been overestimated32.It is stated in Paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system _.A challenges economists and po
43、liticiansB takes efforts of generationsC demands priority from the governmentD requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that _.A the Japanese workforce is better disciplinedB the Japanese workforce is more productiveC the U.S workforce has a bet
44、ter educationD the U.S workforce is more organize34.The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged _.A when people had enough timeB prior to better ways of finding foodC when people on longer went hungD as a result of pressure on government35.According to the last para
45、graph , development of education _.A results directly from competitive environmentsB does not depend on economic performanceC follows improved productivityD cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and political
46、leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was So much importance attached to intellectual pursuits. According to many books and articles, New Englands leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations
47、of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with the Puritans theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider