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1、An abstract should be viewed as a miniature version of the paper.The Abstract should provide a brief summary of each of the main sections of the paper:Introduction,Materials and Methods,Results and Discussion.As Houghton(1975)put it,An abstract can be defined as a summary of the information in a doc
2、ument.What Is Abstract第1页/共28页A well-prepared abstract enables readers to identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately,to determine its relevance to their interests,and thus to decide whether they need to read the document in its entirety(American National Standards Institute,1979
3、b).第2页/共28页The Abstract should not exceed 250 words and should be designed to define clearly what is dealt with in the paper.The Abstract should be typed as a single paragraph.第3页/共28页The Abstract should(1)state the principal objectives and scope of the investigation；(2)describe the methods employed
4、；(3)summarize the results；(4)state the principal conclusions.第4页/共28页When writing the Abstract,examine every word carefully.If you can tell your story in 100 words,do not use 200.Most of the Abstract should be written in the past tense,because it refers to work done.The Abstract should never give an
5、y information or conclusion that is not stated in the paper.References to the literature must not be cited in the Abstract(except in rare instances,such as modification of a previously published method).Likewise,the Abstract should not include or refer to tables and figures.第5页/共28页Types of Abstract
6、sInformative abstract(more detailed,and may include quantitative details)信息性/报道性/资料性摘要Indicative/descriptive abstract(brief and qualitative,indicating what kind of research has been done)指示性/说明性/描述性摘要Informative-indicative abstract 报道-指示性摘要第6页/共28页2.1 Informative abstract An informative abstract is
7、designed to condense the paper.It can and should briefly state the problem,the method used to study the problem,and the principal data and conclusions.Often,the abstract supplants the need for reading the full paper;without such abstracts,scientists would not be able to keep up in active areas of re
8、search.This is the type of abstract that is used as a“heading”in most journals today.第7页/共28页 2.2 Indicative abstract(1)Another common type of abstract is the indicative abstract(sometimes called a descriptive abstract).This type of abstract is designed to indicate the subjects dealt with in a paper
9、,making it easy for potential readers to decide whether to read the paper.However,because of its descriptive rather than substantive nature,it can seldom serve as a substitute for the full paper.第8页/共28页 2.2 Indicative abstract(2)Thus,indicative abstracts should not be used as“heading”abstracts in r
10、esearch papers,but they may be used in other types of publications(review papers,conference reports,the government report literature,etc.);such indicative abstracts are often of great value to reference librarians.第9页/共28页 2.3 Informative-indicative abstractAn informative-indicative abstract is a co
11、mbined form that bears a specific information about the principal findings and results and general information about the rest of the document.This type of abstract offers fewer details,instead,giving emphasis to the authors chief contribution.第10页/共28页The Formalized Structure of AbstractAn abstract
12、usually consists of the following three major parts:topic sentence,supporting sentences and concluding sentences.第11页/共28页3.1.Topic SentenceThe first sentence in an abstract is usually called the“topic sentence”.By answering the question of“what”,the topic sentence always goes straightforwardly to t
13、he subject or the problem and indicate the primary objectives of the paper.第12页/共28页3.1 Examples(1)The purpose of this paper isThe primary goal of this research isThe intention of this paper is to surveyThe overall objective of this study isIn this paper,we aim atOur goal has been to provideThe chie
14、f aim of the present work is to investigate the features of第13页/共28页3.1.Examples(2)The authors are now initiating some experimental investigation to establishThe work presented in this paper focuses on several aspects of the followingThe problem we have outlined deals largely with the study ofWith h
15、is many years research,the authors endeavor is to explain why第14页/共28页3.1.Examples(3)The primary object of this fundamental research will be to reveal the cause ofThe main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge ofWith recent research,the author intends to outline the framew
16、ork ofThe author attempted the set of experiments with a view to demonstrating certain phenomena 第15页/共28页3.1.Examples(4)nThe experiment being made by our research group is aimed at obtaining the result of nThe main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge ofExperiments on we
17、re made in order to measure the amount ofThe emphasis of this study lies in第16页/共28页3.2 Supporting sentencesThe topic sentence is usually followed by more than one supporting sentences which further specify the subject to be presented.Research methods,experiments,procedures,investigations,calculatio
18、ns,analyses,results,and other significant information item will be provided in this part.第17页/共28页3.2 Examples(1)The method used in our study is known asThe technique we applied is referred toThe procedure they followed can be briefly described asThe approach adopted extensively is calledDetailed in
19、formation has been acquired by the authors using第18页/共28页3.2 Examples(2)The research has recorded valuable data using the newly-developed methodThis is a working theory which is based on the idea thatThe fundamental feature of this theory is as followsThe theory is characterized byThe experiment con
20、sisted of three steps,which are described in第19页/共28页3.3 Concluding sentencesAs the ending part of an abstract,concluding sentences usually analyze the results,explain the application,and point out the significance of the research.第20页/共28页3.3 Examples(1)In conclusion,we state thatTo sum up it may b
21、e stated thatIt is concluded thatThe results of the experiment indicate thatThe studies we have performed showed thatThe pioneer studies that the authors attempted have indicated inWe carried out several studies which have demonstrated that.第21页/共28页3.3 Examples(2)The research we have done suggests
22、thatThe investigation carried out by has revealed thatLaboratory studies of did not furnish any information aboutAll our preliminary results throw light on the nature of 第22页/共28页Expressions for Abstract Writingreport,show,demonstrate,model,indicate,suggest,propose,imply,reveal,present,discuss,descr
23、ibe,examine,measure,identify,infer,deal with,cope with,be concerned with,represent,estimate,第23页/共28页analyze/make an analysis,distinguish,observe,obtain agreement,combine,compare,differ,differ from/with in,make a difference,conclude,draw/make a conclusion,sum up,第24页/共28页conduct research on,investig
24、ate,make an investigation,survey,apply,employ,use,constitute,fulfill the gap,fulfill the role,perform a crucial function/role,construct,第25页/共28页make/carry out/perform an experiment in,experiment on/with,experimentally,fabricate,test this hypothesis by,performed normally,require,determine,quantify,measure,replicatediscover,identify,find,findings,results第26页/共28页Assignment Write an abstract for your term paper of a core course.第27页/共28页谢谢大家观赏！第28页/共28页