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1、Main ContentBackgroundCommunicative&Semantic TranslationComments第1页/共26页BackgroundPre-linguistics period of translationOpposition to the monistic theoryLinguistics bases 第2页/共26页Pre-linguistics period of translationConflict between free and literal translation;No attempt to distinguish types or qual
2、ity of texts;Strong on theory,but short on method and practical examples;Unaware of each others work.第3页/共26页The monistic theory of translation“The two concepts(CT&ST)were formulated in opposition to the monistic theory that translation is basically a means of communication or a manner of addressing
3、 one or more persons in the speakers presence;that translation is like language,is purely a social phenomenon.”(Newmark,2001:62)e.g.Nida:Translating is communicating.第4页/共26页Linguistics bases“Translation theory derives from comparative linguistics,and with linguistics,it is mainly an aspect of seman
4、tics;all questions of semantic relate to translation theory”Vygotsky：Inner speech is not the interior aspect of external speech,it is a function in itself.It is to a large extent thinking in puring meanings.“Thinking precedes speech and writing.”第5页/共26页Communicative and Semantic translationDefiniti
5、onComparison of CT&STSimilarities between CT&ST第6页/共26页Definition of CT and STCommunicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original.Semantic translation attempts to render,as closely as the semantic and syntactic s
6、tructures of the second language allow,the exact contextual meaning of the original.第7页/共26页Semantic Translation VS.Literal TranslationLiteral translation:the primary senses of the lexical words of the original are translated as though out of context,but the syntactic structures of the target langua
7、ge are respected.The basic difference is that ST respects context,but literal translation does not.第8页/共26页Flat“V”diagram Source Language Bias Target Language Bias Literal Free Faithful Idiomatic Semantic/Communicative第9页/共26页Conclusion:ST combines the advantages of word-for-word,literal,faithful tr
8、anslation;while CT combines the advantages of adaption,free and idiomatic translation.It can be counted as the most desired translation method.第10页/共26页Comparison of CT&STTransmitter/addressee focusRelation to STUse of form of SLForm of TLAppropriateness第11页/共26页Transmitter/addressee focusST:Focus o
9、n the thought processes of the transmitter as an individual;should only help TT reader with connotations if they are a crucial part of message;CT:Subjective,TT reader focused,oriented towards an specific language and culture.第12页/共26页Relation to Source TextST:Always inferior to ST;loss of meaning.CT
10、:May be better than the ST;gain of force and clarity even if loss of semantic content.第13页/共26页Use of form of SLST:If ST language norms deviate,then this must be replicated in TT;loyalty to ST author.CT:Respect for the form of the SL,but overriding loyalty to TL norms.第14页/共26页Form of Target Languag
11、eST:more complex,more awkward,more detailed,more concentrated,it tends to overtranslateCT:smoother,simpler,clearer,more direct,more conventional,conforming to a particular register of language,tending to undertranslate第15页/共26页Appropriateness ST:for serious literature,autobiography,personal effusion
12、,any important political(or other)statement.CT:for the vast majority of texts,e.g.non-literary writing,technical and informative texts,publicity,standardized types,popular fiction.第16页/共26页Text TypesExpressive textsInformative textsVocative texts第17页/共26页Wet paint!A：湿油漆！（ST）B：油漆未干，请勿触摸！（CT）西游记 A：Jou
13、rney to the West（ST）B：Pilgrimage to the West（CT）“谋事在人，成事在天”A:Man proposes,Heaven disposes.(ST)B:Man proposes,God disposes.(CT)第18页/共26页这是七月下旬，合中国旧历的三伏，一年最热的时候。(Chien Chung-shu,2010:1)It was toward the end of July,equivalent to the“san-fu”period of the lunar calendar the hottest days of the year.(Kel
14、ly and Mao,2003:1)第19页/共26页Through the Looking-Glass爱丽丝镜中奇遇记“Feather,I say!”“Why do you say Feather so often?”Alice asked at last,rather vexed.“Im not a bird!”“You are,”said the sheep:“you are a little goose”CT:“撇桨呀，我说！”阿丽思有点儿觉得她频气了，她就说，“你干嘛老说别讲啊？我也没讲啊！”“什么没桨！”那绵羊说，“你手里摇的是什么，你简直是个笨猪。”(赵元任)ST:“我说，羽毛！
15、”“为什么你老是说羽毛？”爱丽丝觉得烦了，终于问道，“我又不是禽鸟！”“你是禽鸟，”绵羊说，“你是只小鹅。”(王永年)第20页/共26页父亲是前清举人，在本乡江南一个小县里做大绅士。His father had passed the second-degree examination under Manchu rule and was a prominent squire in his native district south of the Yangtze.(Kelly and Mao,2003:8)Note:The traditional Chinese civil examination
16、 system offered three academic degrees,which were conducted at three different levels-the country(or prefecture),the province,and the national capital.Successful candidates at these three levels were known respectively as hsiu-ts ai,chu-jen,and chin-shih.(Kelly and Mao,2003:353)（CT+ST）第21页/共26页Simil
17、arities between CT&ST“A translation can be more,or less,semanticmore,or less,communicative even a particular section or sentence can be treated more communicatively or semantically.”（Peter Newmark,2001:40）第22页/共26页Similarities between CT&STBoth CT&ST are rooted in cognitive translation.CT and ST are
18、 both suitable for:1)the text conveys general rather than a culturally(temporally and spatially)bound message and when the matter is important as the manner.2)common sense or the information free from cultural restrictions.第23页/共26页Comments 1.拓展了传统的直译和意译的概念，但其基本思维多少囿于传统的翻译二分法，没有脱离“忠实”的樊篱，进而提出“关联翻译法”2.翻译文本观（严复天演论）3.实用性强4.规范性太强（strong prescriptivism）5.奈达与纽马克第24页/共26页Nida vs.Newmark奈达可以算是个意译派；侧重点：读者反映不足：试图把动态对等译论适用范围扩大化,使之成为一切翻译的准则,这就有点失之偏颇了。纽马克多少是个直译派侧重点：依据文本类型而定涉及面太广，谈得不深、不透。第25页/共26页感谢您的观看！第26页/共26页