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1、1.Basic Drilling Technology1.1 History and Drilling Environments1.2 Drilling Equipment1.3 The Drillstem and Drilling Fluid1.4 Drilling the Well1.5 Offshore Operationsl History 1.1 History and Drilling Environmentl Surface Environmentsl Subsurface EnvironmentsHistory The history of oil well drilling
2、technology is studded with the familiar names of Colonel E.L.Drake,Captain Anthony Lucas,and“Spindletop.”However,the rapid development and commercial applications of rotary drilling in the early 1900s were preceded by the work of many individuals from many different countries.Stud in 装饰，点缀Figure 1-2
3、 Colonel Edwin Drake courtesy The Drake Well MuseumCol.Edwin Drake,the father of the modern oil industry.A former railway conductor,the“colonel”was an affectation adopted to impress the towns-people of Oil Creek.As a representation of the Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company,Drake spent three unsuccessful
4、years trying to skim oil in marketable quantities from the same springs the Indians had used years before.When the company failed,Drake organized the Seneca Oil Company to try again.This time he looked at the brine wells that had been drilled at nearby Tarantum and made the momentous decision to try
5、 to obtain oil in quantity by drilling for it.That he was successful was due in no small part to the skill and dedication of his driller,William A,“Uncle Billy”Smith,a blacksmith and experienced brine well driller.After penetrating 30 ft of rock.Drake struck oil at a total depth of 69 1/2 ft.The wel
6、l was not a gusher the oil had to be pumped to the surface,but it was the first“oil-well”in the United States and the lamp oil producers quickly flocked to the site to buy Drakes oil for$20/bbl.That day,August 27,I859,is noted as the birthday of the oil industry,for Drake had proves that it was poss
7、ible to obtain oil in quantity by drilling for it through rock.History The history of oil well drilling technology is studded with the familiar names of Colonel E.L.Drake,Captain Anthony Lucas,and“Spindletop.”However,the rapid development and commercial applications of rotary drilling in the early 1
8、900s were preceded by the work of many individuals from many different countries.Figure 1-6 Captain Anthony F.Lucas(courtesy Amoco Torch)History The history of oil well drilling technology is studded with the familiar names of Colonel E.L.Drake,Captain Anthony Lucas,and“Spindletop.”However,the rapid
9、 development and commercial applications of rotary drilling in the early 1900s were preceded by the work of many individuals from many different countries.Figure 1-7 SpindletopAmericas first“gusher”(courtesy Amoco Torch)HistoryFigure 1.1 shows some of the important milestones that have been recorded
10、 in the history of modern drilling technology.Ancient Times Wells dug by hand,this practice continued in Burma until the 1900s.250 B.C.Chinese use percussion drilling to drill wells for salt water,using derricks,tubing,bits,and cemented bamboo casing.1808Ruffner brothers of West Virginia use a sprin
11、g pole percussion-drilling apparatus to kick down a well.The drillers attach a cable and bit to a flexible sapling secured as a lever over a fulcrum.After using their own weight to bend the pole and drop the bit into the hole,they allow the spring pole to lift the bit back.up.1829Steam is used lo op
12、erate improved cable tool equipment that utilizes derricks,engines,and fishing tools to retrieve lost bits.1844An Englishman named Robert Beart invents a drilling machine that includes a Hydraulic swivel,hollow drlling rods,and circulating fluid.1845A French engineer named Fauvelle drills a water we
13、ll near Perpignan,France,using a set of hollow boring rods to allow pumped water to flush excavated material from the hole.1848August Beer,an Austrian professor,suggests the possibility of drilling by a rotary method.1859Using cable-tool percussion drilling equipment,Col.E.L.Drake completes the firs
14、t commercial oil well in America,at a depth of 69 ft.1860A French civil engineer named Leschocuses a power-driven,diamond-studded rotary drill.1866A patent is granted for a stone drill that includes a hollow driUstem,a roller bit,and a fluid-conducting swivel.1869A patent is granted on a special typ
15、e of offshore drilling rig.Another inventor receives a patent on a rotary table with a beveled gear drive,1880sEuropean oil well drillers,using versions of Fauvelles water-flushed drilling tools,drill wells in Alsace and Baku.1882The Baker brothers begin using rotary equipment to drill for water in
16、South Dakota to depth of 500 ft.1888The Bakers move their equipment to Corsicana,Texas,where it becomes popular.1893W.B.Sharp drills for oil with a rotary rig near Beaumont;his well is abandoned at 418 ft.1897P.Higgins unsuccessfully drills for oil near Beaumont and then hires Anthony Lucas.1900-190
17、1Anthony Lucas and the HamiU brothers drill the discovery well at the Spindletop Field near Beaumont,Texas,using rotary drilling equipment from Corsicana.The well flows 100,000 BOPD from 1040 ft and rotary drilling is on its way.1909Howard Hughes invents the rotary rock bit,with a rolling cutter.191
18、8The worlds deepest well,drilled with a cable-tool percussion-drilling rig,is 7386 ft.1920sCombination rigs are developed that use percussion cable tools to drill down to 4000 ft and rotary drilling equipment below that depth.1930The worlds deepest well,drilled with a rotary rig,is 10,000 ft.Surface
19、 EnvironmentsOnshoreOffshoredesertmountainjunglearctictoto Vary drastically fromweatherWater depthThe two greatest challenges to offshore drilling operationsSubsurface Environments Below the surface,conditions are little less variable but far from pleasant.In general,drilling difficulty increases wi
20、th increased depth.This is logical because we are required to maintain control over an operation that is taking place at increasingly greater distances via a relatively small linkage.For an example:A string of 5 in(12.7 m)drillpipe drilling a 15,000 ft(4572 m)well is roughly analogous to a string of
21、 everyday drinking straws dangling from the edge of a 75 story building.Subsurface Environmentsl Increased depth also brings increased pressure,and controlling pressure is much of what drilling is all about.Unfortunately,certain geological or geo-chemical processes can affect the pressure gradient,c
22、ausing it to deviate from its normal trend,resulting in abnormal pressures that are higher than expected(and sometimes lower).Figure 1.3 shows the deviation from the normal pressure trend measured in a group of U.S.Gulf Coast oil fields.Subsurface Environments压力梯度异常高压Subsurface EnvironmentsFigure 1.
23、3 Gulf Coast reservoir pressures that deviate from those expected for a normal fluid pressure gradient.From Geology of Petroleum,2d ed.W.H.Freeman and Company.Copyright 1967rapid sedimentation piezometric surface contrasts chemical diagenesis fluid density contrasts structural movement chargingSubsu
24、rface Environments This type of deviation can be due to a number of processes：Subsurface Environmentsl Another variable parameter that contributes to the hostility of subsurface environments is temperature.The temperature gradient,or geothermal gradient,is generally constant for a given borehole,alt
25、hough it may vary from area to area.Subsurface Environments Although subsurface temperatures do not usually have as great an impact on drilling as subsurface pressures,high temperatures can influence:cement setting time,when cement is used to set casing inside the borehole.thermal expansion and cont
26、raction of tubular steel components.thermal formation evaluation equipment capabili-ties and the operation of certain downhole equip-ment such as logging tools and special drilling tools.the life of a drilling bit.drilling fluid properties and cost.1 Basic Drilling Technology1.1 History and Drilling
27、 Environments1.2 Drilling Equipment1.3 The Drillstem and Drilling Fluid1.4 Drilling the Well1.5 Offshore Operationsl Types of Drilling Rigs and Structures 1.2 Drilling Equipmentl Basic Drilling FunctionsTypes of Drilling Rigs and Structuresu rigsOnshore rigsoffshore rigsFig 1.7 A typical onshore rot
28、ary drilling rig Onshore rigs are all similar,and many modern rigs are of the cantilevered mast,or jackknife derrick type.This type of rig allows the derrick to be assembled on the ground,and then raised to the vertical position using power from the drawworks,or hoisting system.These structures are
29、made up of prefabricated sections that are moved onto the location by truck,barge,helicopter,etc.,and then placed in position and pinned together by large steel pins.Some cantilevered land rigs have their mast permanently attached to a large truck to enhance their portability.Figure 1.7 shows a typi
30、cal large land rig with a drilling mast.Onshore rigsTypes of Drilling Rigs and Structures折叠式轻便井架绞车起升系统 Rigs are rated according to their drawworks horse-power,mud pump horsepower,and load-bearing capacity.The load-bearing capacity can be translated to a depth limitation depending on the size of the
31、drillpipe.u structures8 to 40 ft(2.4 to 12.2m)highfour-legged-structureOnshore rigsTypes of Drilling Rigs and Structures Offshore drilling rigs fall into one of several categories,each designed to suit a certain type of offshore environment:barge rigs submersible rigs jack-up or self-elevating rigs
32、semisubmersible rigs drillships structure rigsTypes of Drilling Rigs and Structuresoffshore rigsTypes of Drilling Rigs and Structuresoffshore rigsFigure 1.8 A jack-up drilling rig on location.Courtesy MarathonLe Tourneau Marine Company.Types of Drilling Rigs and Structuresoffshore rigsFigure 1.9 Sem
33、isubmersible drilling rigs.Courtesy EXLOG and Exxon.Types of Drilling Rigs and Structuresoffshore rigsFigure 1.10 A drillship.(a)with cross-sectional view and (b)showing moonpool and statton keeping thrusters.Courtesy EXLOG.Types of Drilling Rigs and Structuresoffshore rigsFigure 1.11 A drilling rig
34、 mounted on a fixed offshore platform.Courtesy EXLOGBasic Drilling Functions The four basic drilling functions are:hoisting rotating circulating controllingFigure 1.12 The hoisting and rotating components of a rotary drilling rig.Courtesy EXLOG.The principal components of a rig that perform these fu
35、nctions are shown in figure 1.7.The derrick supports the crown block and traveling block,which are operated via the drawworks and its drilling line.The kelly and swivel are connected to the drillstring and are suspended from the hook beneath the traveling block,allowing the kelly and drillstring to
36、be turned by the rotary table.A drilling fluid circulation system pumps mud from the pits through standpipe,hose,swivel,and drillstem,returning the mud and cuttings up the annulus and back to the pits.The blowout preventer(BOP)stack and its operating equipment allow the drilling crew to maintain con
37、trol over subsurface pressures.Basic Drilling Functions The four basic drilling functions are:hoisting rotating circulating controlling A closer look at each of these basic functions and the equipment that is involved is given in the following.Basic Drilling Functions Hoisting is make up of:derrick
38、drawworks blocks hook井架绞车滑车大钩The derrick,or mast,and the substructure it sits upon,support the weight of the drillstem and allow vertical movement of the suspended drillpipe.The substructure also supports the rig floor equipment and provides workspace for its operation.The drillstring must be remove
39、d from time to time;the length of drillpipe section that can be disconnected and stacked to one side of the derrick is determined by the height of the derrick,A joint of drillpipe is about 30 ft(9.1 m)long,and a derrick that will allow the pulling and stacking of pipe,in three-joint sections(90 ft o
40、r 27.4 m),is about 140 ft(42.7m)high.Basic Drilling Functions Hoisting is make up of:derrick drawworks blocks hookThe drawworks is a spool or drum upon which the heavy steel cable(drilling line)is wrapped.From the drawworks,the line is threaded through the crown block at the top of the derrick and t
41、hen through the traveling block,which hangs suspended from the crown block(Figure 1.12).By reeling in or letting out drill line from the drawworks drum,the traveling block and suspended drillstem can be raised or lowered.大绳轴滚筒螺旋缠绕Crown blockTraveling block天车，固定滑轮游动滑轮钻柱Basic Drilling Functions Hoisti
42、ng is make up of:derrick drawworks blocks hookIn order to safely manage the movement of such a heavy load with precision,the driller relies on an electrical or hydraulic brake system to control the speed of the traveling block and a mechanical brake to bring it to a complete stop.The drawworks also
43、features an auxiliary axle,or“catshaft,”with rotating spools on each end called“catheads.”One spinning cathead is used to provide power to tighten the drillpipe joints via a cable from the cathead to the rotary tongs.The other cathead is for“breaking out”or loosening the pipe joints when the pipe is
44、 being withdrawn in sections.水力刹车机械刹车猫头轴猫头辅助轴旋转大钳Basic Drilling Functions Hoisting is make up of:derrick drawworks blocks hookThe wire rope drilling line that is spooled onto the drawworks drum undergoes a certain degree of wear as the block is raised and lowered in the derrick.For this reason the l
45、ine is routinely“slipped”(moved onto the drawworks drum)and replaced with a new section from the continuous spool on which it is stored.The line is clamped at the storage spool end by a deadline anchor.储存轴死绳锚Basic Drilling Functions Hoisting is make up of:derrick drawworks blocks hookThe hook is att
46、ached to the traveling block and is used to pick up the drillstem via the swivel and kelly when drilling,or with elevators when tripping into or out of the hole.连接水龙头方钻杆起下钻吊卡井眼Basic Drilling Functions The four basic drilling functions are:hoisting rotating circulating controllingBasic Drilling Funct
47、ions Rotating is make up of:swivel kelly rotary table 水龙头方钻杆转盘The swivel allows the drillstem to rotate while supporting the weight of drillstring in the hole and providing a pressure-tight connection for the circulation of drilling fluid(Figure 1.12).The drilling fluid enters the swivel by way of t
48、he“gooseneck,”a curved pipe connected to a high-pressure hose.钻柱高压密封连接鹅颈管高压水龙带Basic Drilling Functions Rotating is make up of:swivel kelly rotary table Connected to the swivel is the kelly,a three-,four-,or six-sided 40 ft(12.2 m)length of hollow steel,which is used to transmit the rotary movement o
49、f the rotary table to the drillstring.关闭？方钻杆旋塞方补心Terms comparing:The term drillstem refers to the kelly and attached drillpipe,drill collars,and bit.The term drillstring refers to the drillpipe and drill collars.The kelly cock is a special valve on the end of the kelly nearest the swivel,which can b
50、e closed to shut in the drillstem.A lower kelly cock is also available on the bottom end of the kelly to perform the same function when the upper kelly cock is not accessible.The flat-sided kelly fits through a corresponding opening in the kelly drive bushing,which in turn fits into the master bushi