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1、【英语语法】同位语【英语语法】同位语&补补语语I.名词作同位语We have two children,a boy and a girl.我们有两个孩子，一男一女。We,the Chinese people,are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country.我们中国人决心将中国建成一个强大的繁荣的国家。有时，同位语和其所说明的名词是同一个名词。如：She won her first victory,a victory that was applauded by the public.II.代词作同位语The
2、y all wanted to see him.他们都想见他。Lets you and me go to work.咱们俩去工作吧。III.数词作同位语Are you two ready?你们俩准备好了吗？They two went,we three stayed behind.他们俩去了，我们三个留了下来。IV.不定式与动名词作同位语Their latest proposal,to concentrate on primary education,has met with some opposition.他们最近提出的集中全力于初等教育的提议遭到了某些人的反对。(不定式短语用作同位语)The
3、 first plan,attacking at night,was turned down.第一个计划是夜袭，被拒绝了。(动名词短语作同位语)V.Of 短语作同位语a)限定词the+名词+of+名词The city of Newcastle lies at the mouth of Newcastle river.纽卡斯尔城纽卡斯尔位于纽卡斯尔河口。This flower blossoms in the month of May.这种花在五月里开放。Do you like the port of Dalian?你喜欢大连港吗？V.Of 短语作同位语b)不定冠词a/an+表示面积、长(宽、高、
4、温、)度、比例的名词+of+数字Belgium has an area of 11,778 square miles.比利时面积有一万一千七百七十八平方英里。Water has a density of 62.4 pounds per cubic foot.水的密度为每立方英尺62.4磅。This ship has a length of 112 meters.这艘船的身长为112米。V.Of 短语作同位语c)限定词the,this,that等+名词+of+名词性物主代词或不带中心词的名词所有格I like that interesting book of his.我喜欢他那本有趣的书。Tho
5、se new shoes of yours look very smart.你的那双新鞋看上去很漂亮。V.Of 短语作同位语d)限定词the、all等+数词+of+宾格代词或名词 Ill take both of them.我要把他们两个都带上。All four of us in our haste jumped down.我们四人一起急急忙忙地跳了下来。V.Of 短语作同位语e)Purpose,hope,question等+of+动名词短语Is there any hope of Wang winning the Championship?小王有没有获冠军的希望？Its just a que
6、stion of keeping calm,I think.我想，这只是个保持冷静的问题。V.Of 短语作同位语f)名词problem，question等+of+疑问句+动词不定式The question of when to leave never came up.从没提起过何时离开的问题。She considered the problem of whether to stay or not.她考虑是去还是留的问题。VI.从句作同位语The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.明天放假的消息不确。We are not
7、 investigating the question whether he is trustworthy.我们不是在调查他是否可信赖的问题。此外，整个句子也可用作同位语。如：He has never travelled in Europe,that is to say,he has only been to Paris and immediately returned.同位语的位置You two clean the classroom.你们俩打扫教室Yesterday I talked to my English teacher,Mr.James.昨天我和我的英语老师James先生谈过了。同
8、位语的位置同位语与其说明的名词之间常插入一些词语，常见的有namely(即),that is,that is to say,in other words,or,for short,for example/instance,such as There are many big cities in Europe,for example,London,Paris and Rome.欧洲有许多大城市，如伦敦，巴黎和罗马。He works all day,that is to say,from 9 to 5.他全天工作，也就是说，从上午9点至下午5点。限定性与非限定性My friend Wang Min
9、 is from Chongqing.我的朋友王敏来自湖南。The man,my teacher,never rides a bike.那人是我的老师，他从不骑自行车。限制性同位语前面有时也会用破折号。如：In future prose,two fields are certainly sure to find cultivationthe field of essay and the field of the sketch.在未来的散文中，人们肯定将致力于两种领域小品文与随笔。同位语从句和定语从句的区别从意义上讲，前者对名词加以补充说明，而后者对名词进行修饰和限定。从意义上讲，前者对名词加以
10、补充说明，而后者对名词进行修饰和限定。从结构上讲，前者由连接词引导，后者由关系代词引导。从结构上讲，前者由连接词引导，后者由关系代词引导。从内涵上讲，前者所说明的名词与从句没有逻辑关系，后者所限定的名词是从句逻辑上的主语、宾从内涵上讲，前者所说明的名词与从句没有逻辑关系，后者所限定的名词是从句逻辑上的主语、宾语、表语等。语、表语等。引导同位语从句的连词不可省略，而引导定语从句的关系代词作宾语时常可省略。引导同位语从句的连词不可省略，而引导定语从句的关系代词作宾语时常可省略。同位语从句说明的名词大都是抽象名词，而定语从句所修饰、限定的名词则没有限制。同位语从句说明的名词大都是抽象名词，而定语从句
11、所修饰、限定的名词则没有限制。比较The news that he was married is not true.同位语从句。that在从句中不作任何成分，和从句没有逻辑关系）The news that you told me yesterday is true.定语从句。that 在句中作宾语，可以省略同位语从句的先行词多为 fact,news,idea,thought,question,reply,report,remark 等，关联词多用从属连词 注：同位语从句偶尔由从属连词 whether 引导。如：I have no idea whether hell come or not.我不
12、知道他是否来。补语(Complement)补语是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。补语是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫作主语补语，补足宾语意义的句子成分叫作宾补足主语意义的句子成分叫作主语补语，补足宾语意义的句子成分叫作宾语补语。语补语。主语补语I.形容词作主语补语形容词作主语补语时，常置于主语之前，后有逗号：Tired and sleepy,I went to bed.我又累又困，就去睡了。有时也可置于主语之后，前后都有逗号：The man,cruel beyond belief,didnt listen to their pleadings.那人不可置信地残
13、酷，不听取他们的恳求。I.形容词作主语补语主语补语可置于谓语动词之后，全句形成“主+谓+主补”结构：You act strange.你有点奇怪。Maggie gaped round-eyed.Maggie目瞪口呆。主语补语在被动句中应放在被动语态之后：He was found dead.他被发现死了。(在主动句中dead是宾语补语)I.形容词作主语补语主语补语亦可置于宾语之后，全句形成“主+谓+宾+主补”结构：He gazed at him speechless.她无言地凝视着他。I.形容词作主语补语Her gaze travelled around,irresolute.她犹豫不决，向四周凝
14、视。He found a young and beautiful girl,who kept shouting and crying,obviously mad.他发现一个年轻貌美的女孩，这个姑娘又哭又喊，分明是疯了。以上例子的主语补语之前都没有逗号，但当与主语的关系比较松散时主语补语之前可加逗号：II.其他词性的词作主语补语名词作补语：He was called Oliver Barret.名词短语作补语：Lincoln was born a poor farmers boy and died President of the US.不定式短语作补语：He was seen to go up
15、stairs.现在分词短语作主语补语：Starting as a street vendor,he is now a manger of a company.过去分词作主语补语：He came home quite changed.名词性从句作主语补语：People are just born what color they are.II.其他词性的词作主语补语有时用作主语补语的名词、代词、形容词、分词等之前可以加上介词as而意义不变。如：As a true friend he stood by me to the end.作为我的挚友，他助我一直到底。Even as a young boy,
16、he was regarded as very promising.他早在少年时代已被认为将有伟大作为。主语补语之前有时也可用介词for。如：he was taken for my brother.宾语补语宾语补语一般置于宾语之前。如：He pushed open the door,went into the hall.他将门推开，进入了大厅。(强调the door)宾语补语偶尔可以置于主语之前。如：As the main eating implement,the Chinese use chopsticks everyday.中国人每天都要用筷子作为主要的吃饭用具。名词：They named
17、 the child Jimmy.名词短语：My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister.形容词：She boiled the egg hard.形容词短语：I found the book very interesting.不定式：the comrades wanted Dr.Bethune to take cover.不定式短语：Tom is ill.Lets go and see him.动名词短语：I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.(拆东墙补西墙)现在分词：I have
18、guests coming.过去分词：Can I have this parcel weighed here?介词短语：I found everything in good condition.II.其他词性的词作宾语补语宾语补语之前有时有as而意义不变。如：I regard this as of great importance.我认为这个具有重要意义。宾语补语之前可用for。如：Dont take his kindness for granted.不要把他的友善看作是理所当然的事。II.其他词性的词作宾语补语同位语与补语的区别I.同位语删除不影响句子意思，补语删除句子不完整。I find
19、this book interesting.interesting,a.作补语，去掉意思不完整。My friend,Tommy,is really a good person.Tommy,n.作同位语，去掉后句子意思依然完整。II.意义不同同位语指的是起相同作用或者相同成分补语则是补充说明。III.结构不同同位语是用来对名词（或代词）做进一步解释的.它可以是单词、短语或从句.同位语从句是名词从句的一种,置于某些名词之后.这些名词包括：fact,doubt,idea,news,hope,indication,decision,possibility,assumption,suggestion,q
20、uestion等.这类从句通常由that引导,有时也可用what,why,whether,when等引导.补足语主要有主语补足语和宾语补足语两种.在主语(S)动词(V)宾语(O)补足语(C)的句型中,补足语主要表示宾语所代表的人或东西所做的动作,或是说明宾语的状态、特性、身份等.宾语补足语可以由形容词、名词、动词不定式,现在分词和过去分词等担任.简而言之，同位语强调等同，意在说明或解简而言之，同位语强调等同，意在说明或解释。补语则弥补主语或宾语意义上的不足，有释。补语则弥补主语或宾语意义上的不足，有表述的性质。表述的性质。My friend Tom is a big football player.A mere child,he had to work like beast of burden.我的朋友Tom是一位足球运动员。My friend 和 Tom 等同，故是同位语他还仅仅是一个孩子就不得不当牛做马。A mere child 用以表述主语，故是主语补语。结束结束