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1、英语语法复习英语语法复习(fx)状语从句状语从句第一页，共23页。一、地点一、地点(ddin)状语从句状语从句地点状语地点状语(zhungy)(zhungy)从句通常由从句通常由where,wherever where,wherever 引导。引导。例如：例如：Where I live there are plenty of trees.Where I live there are plenty of trees.我住的地方我住的地方(dfng)(dfng)树很多。树很多。Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.Wherever I am I will
2、be thinking of you.不管我在哪里我都会想到你。不管我在哪里我都会想到你。第二页，共23页。二、方式二、方式(fngsh)状语从句状语从句通常通常(tngchng)(tngchng)由由as,(just)asso,as if,as,(just)asso,as if,as thoughas though引导。例如：引导。例如：1 1、as,(just)asso as,(just)asso二者引导的方式二者引导的方式(fngsh)(fngsh)状语从句通常位于主句状语从句通常位于主句后，但在后，但在(just)asso(just)asso结构中位于句首，这时结构中位于句首，这时as
3、as从从句带有比喻的含义，意思是句带有比喻的含义，意思是“正如正如”，“就像就像”，多用于正式文体。例如：，多用于正式文体。例如：第三页，共23页。Always do Always do toto the others as you would be done by.the others as you would be done by.你希望人家怎样你希望人家怎样(znyng)(znyng)待你，你就要怎样待你，你就要怎样(znyng)(znyng)待人。待人。As water is As water is toto fish,so air is fish,so air is toto man
4、.man.我们我们(w men)(w men)离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。Just as we sweep our rooms,so we should sweep Just as we sweep our rooms,so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.backward ideas from our minds.正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后(lu hu)(lu hu)的东西。的东西。第四页，共23页。两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语
5、多用虚两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反拟语气，表示与事实相反(xingfn)(xingfn)，有时也用陈，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作汉译常作“仿佛仿佛似的似的”，“好像好像似的似的”。例如：例如：2 2、as if,as though as if,as thoughThey completely ignore these facts as if They completely ignore these facts as if(as though)they never exis
6、ted.(as though)they never existed.他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反（与事实相反(xingfn)(xingfn)，谓语用虚拟语气。），谓语用虚拟语气。）第五页，共23页。He looks as if(as though)he had been hit by He looks as if(as though)he had been hit by lighting.lighting.他那样子就像被雷击了似的他那样子就像被雷击了似的(sh de)(sh de)。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）（与事实
7、相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.看来天气很快就会好起来。看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现（实现(shxin)(shxin)的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）第六页，共23页。The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.波涛冲击着岩石，好像波涛冲击着
8、岩石，好像(ho xin)(ho xin)很愤怒。很愤怒。说明：说明：as if/as thoughas if/as though也可以引导一个分词短语、也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词不定式短语或无动词(dngc)(dngc)短语。例如：短语。例如：He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.他目不转睛地看着他目不转睛地看着(kn zhe)(kn zhe)我，就像第一次看见我似的。我，就像第一次看见我似的。He cleared his th
9、roat as if to say something.He cleared his throat as if to say something.他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。第七页，共23页。三、原因状语三、原因状语(zhungy)从句从句because,since,asbecause,since,as和和forfor引导原因从句引导原因从句(cn j)(cn j)的的比较：比较：1 1、becausebecause语势最强，用来语势最强，用来(yn li)(yn li)说明别人所不知的原因，说明别人所不知的原因，常用来常用来(yn li)(yn li)回答回答
10、whywhy提出的问题。例如：提出的问题。例如：Since/AsSince/As the weather is so bad,we wont go.the weather is so bad,we wont go.由于天气很糟糕，我们不会去。由于天气很糟糕，我们不会去。2 2、当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用、当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用asas或或sincesince。AsAs在语气上比在语气上比sincesince更弱。例如：更弱。例如：I didnt go I didnt go becausebecause I was afraid.I was afraid.我因为害怕所
11、以没去。我因为害怕所以没去。第八页，共23页。He must be ill,for he was absent today.He must be ill,for he was absent today.他肯定生病他肯定生病(shng bng)(shng bng)了，因为它今天缺席了。了，因为它今天缺席了。3 3、由、由becausebecause引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号(duho)(duho)，则可以用，则可以用forfor来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用
12、forfor了。注意了。注意forfor不能放在句首不能放在句首。例如：。例如：He was absent today,because/for he is ill.He was absent today,because/for he is ill.他今天他今天(jntin)(jntin)缺席是因为他生病了。缺席是因为他生病了。第九页，共23页。四、目的四、目的(md)状语从句状语从句表示表示(biosh)(biosh)目的状语的从句可以由目的状语的从句可以由that,so that,that,so that,in order that,lest,for fear that,in order t
13、hat,lest,for fear that,in casein case等词引导，例如：等词引导，例如：You must speak louder so that/in order that you can be heard by You must speak louder so that/in order that you can be heard by all.all.你得大声你得大声(d shn)(d shn)点说话，以便所有人都能听得见。点说话，以便所有人都能听得见。He wrote the name down for fear that(lest)he should forget
14、it.He wrote the name down for fear that(lest)he should forget it.他记他记下了这个名字，以免忘记了。下了这个名字，以免忘记了。Better take more clothes in case the weather gets cold.Better take more clothes in case the weather gets cold.最好多带些衣服，最好多带些衣服，以防天气变冷。以防天气变冷。第十页，共23页。五、结果状语五、结果状语(zhungy)从句从句结果结果(ji gu)(ji gu)状语从句常由状语从句常由so
15、thatsothat或或suchthatsuchthat引导。引导。要掌握这两个句型，首先要了解要掌握这两个句型，首先要了解soso和和suchsuch与其与其(yq)(yq)后的词的搭配后的词的搭配规律。规律。1、suchsuch是形容词，其后的中心词（即被修饰语）应该是名词。其是形容词，其后的中心词（即被修饰语）应该是名词。其句式结构如下：句式结构如下：such+a/an+adj.+n.（单数名词）+thatIts such an funny movie that we cant miss it.这是部如此有趣的电影，我们不能错过了。such+adj.+n.(复数名词）+thatThese
16、 are such small shoes that I cant wear them.这些鞋都太小，我穿不了。such+adj.+n.(不可数名词）+thatHe has made such rapid progress that the teacher speaks highly of him.他进步很快，老师对他大加赞赏。第十一页，共23页。2、so 是副词，只能是副词，只能(zh nn)修饰形容词或副词。句式结构如下：修饰形容词或副词。句式结构如下：so+adj./adv.+thatMr.Green is so busy that he cant leave his office.格林
17、先生(xin sheng)很忙，不能离开办公室。so+adj.+a/an+n.(单数(dnsh)名词）+thatHes so young a boy that he cant go to school now.他是个幼小的男孩，现在还上不了学。3 3、在在suchthatsuchthat结构中，当名词前的修饰语是结构中，当名词前的修饰语是many,many,much,few,littlemuch,few,little等表示数量多或少的词时，则应该用等表示数量多或少的词时，则应该用soso来来代替代替suchsuch。例如：。例如：He has so little money that he c
18、ant buy this book.他的钱很少，买不起这本书。注意：Theyre such little girls that they cant look after themselves.她们这么小，还照顾不了自己。（句中的（句中的such不可换成不可换成so，因为这儿的，因为这儿的little不指数量少，而是指年纪小。）不指数量少，而是指年纪小。）第十二页，共23页。六、条件六、条件(tiojin)状语从句状语从句条件状语条件状语(zhungy)(zhungy)从句连接词主要有从句连接词主要有 if,if,unless,as/so long as,on condition thatunl
19、ess,as/so long as,on condition that，so(as)so(as)far as,if only(=if)far as,if only(=if)等。等。1 1、if if 引导的条件句有真实条件句（有可能实现的事情）和引导的条件句有真实条件句（有可能实现的事情）和非真实条件句（条件与事实非真实条件句（条件与事实(shsh)(shsh)相反或者在说话者看相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）两种。非真实条件句在此就不阐来不大可能实现的事情）两种。非真实条件句在此就不阐述了。述了。If he is not in the office,he must be out fo
20、r lunch.如果他不在办公室的话，那他一定是出去吃午饭了。第十三页，共23页。3 3、在含条件状语从句的复合句中，要注意、在含条件状语从句的复合句中，要注意“主将主将(zhjing)(zhjing)从现从现”的法则，即主句用一般将来时态，从的法则，即主句用一般将来时态，从句用一般现在时态。句用一般现在时态。2.2.unless unless=if not if not Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired.Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired.If you are not t
21、oo tired,lets go out for a walk.If you are not too tired,lets go out for a walk.如果你不是太累的话，我们就出去如果你不是太累的话，我们就出去(ch q)(ch q)散步吧。散步吧。典型例题：典型例题：You will be late _ you leave immediately.You will be late _ you leave immediately.A.unlessA.unlessB.untilB.untilC.ifC.ifD.orD.or答案答案A A。句意：除非你立即走，否则句意：除非你立即走，否则
22、(fuz)(fuz)你就会迟到的。可转化为：你就会迟到的。可转化为：If you dong leave If you dong leave immediately,you will be late.immediately,you will be late.B B、D D句意不对，句意不对，oror表转折，句子如为表转折，句子如为 You leave You leave immediately or you will be late.immediately or you will be late.第十四页，共23页。七、让步七、让步(rng b)状语从句状语从句1 1、让步状语、让步状语(zhu
23、ngy)(zhungy)从句通常由从句通常由though,though,althoughalthough引导。引导。但须注意：当有但须注意：当有though,althoughthough,although时，后面的从句不能时，后面的从句不能有有butbut，但是，但是thoughthough和和yetyet可连用。例如：可连用。例如：Although its raining,they are still working in the field.Although its raining,they are still working in the field.虽然在下雨，但他们仍虽然在下雨，但他
24、们仍在地里干活。在地里干活。He is very old,but he still works very hard.He is very old,but he still works very hard.虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。Though the sore be healed,yet a scar may remain.Though the sore be healed,yet a scar may remain.伤口伤口(shngku)(shngku)虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。（谚语）（谚语）第十五页，共23页。典型例题：典型例题：_s
25、he is young,she knows quite a lot._she is young,she knows quite a lot.A.WhenA.When B.However B.However C.Although C.Although D.Unless D.Unless答案：答案：C C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道(zh do)(zh do)许多。许多。2 2、as,though as,though 引导的倒装句引导的倒装句as/thoughas/though引导的让步引导的让步(rng b)(rng b)从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、从句必须表语
26、或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。例如：分词、实义动词提前）。例如：Child as/though he was,he knew what was the right thing to do.Child as/though he was,he knew what was the right thing to do.=Though he was a small child,he knew what was the right thing to do.Though he was a small child,he knew what was the right thing to do.
27、注意：注意：a.a.句首名词不能带任何冠词。句首名词不能带任何冠词。b.b.句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果(rgu)(rgu)实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如：实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如：Try hard as he will,he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.=Though he tries hard,he never seems able to the work satisfactorily.虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做
28、的不尽人意。虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。第十六页，共23页。3 3、ever if,even though ever if,even though 即使即使(jsh)(jsh)Well make a trip even though the weather is bad.Well make a trip even though the weather is bad.即使天气不好，我们即使天气不好，我们(w men)(w men)还是会去旅行。还是会去旅行。4 4、whetherorwhetheror不管不管(bgun)(bgun)都都Whether you believe it
29、or not,it is really true.Whether you believe it or not,it is really true.不管你信不不管你信不信，这确实是真的。信，这确实是真的。5 5、“no matter+“no matter+疑问词疑问词”或或“疑问词疑问词+后缀后缀ever”ever”No matter whatNo matter what happened,he would not mind.happened,he would not mind.WhateverWhatever happened,he would not mind.happened,he wou
30、ld not mind.不管发生什么事，他都不会介意。第十七页，共23页。替换替换(t hun)(t hun)：no matter what=whatever no matter what=whatever no matter who=whoever no matter who=whoever no matter when=whenever no matter when=whenever no matter where=wherever no matter where=wherever no matter which=whichever no matter which=whichever no
31、 matter how=however no matter how=however 注意：注意：no matter no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语不能引导主语从句和宾语(bny)(bny)从句。从句。例如：例如：（错）（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.（对）（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.你现在说什么也没用了。你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语是主语(zhy)从句从句)（错）（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they
32、re given,（对）（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。第十八页，共23页。as,when as,when 引导引导(yndo)(yndo)短暂性动作的动词。短暂性动作的动词。Just as/Just when/When I stopped my car,a man came Just as/Just when/When I stopped my car,a man came up up toto me.me.八、时间(shjin)状语从句1 1、while,whenwhile,whe
33、n和和asas 当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when when 引导这引导这个个(zh ge)(zh ge)从句，不可用从句，不可用as as 或或 while while。When you have finished your work,you may have a rest.When you have finished your work,you may have a rest.从句表示从句表示 随时间推移随时间推移 连词能用连词能用asas，不用，不用when when 或或whilewhile。As the day went on,the
34、 weather got worse.As the day went on,the weather got worse.日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。第十九页，共23页。2 2、untiluntil和和tilltill 此两个此两个(lin)(lin)连词意义相同。正确使用这两个连词意义相同。正确使用这两个(lin)(lin)连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。定式还是否定式。肯定肯定(kndng)形式表示的意思是形式表示的意思是“做某事直至某时做某事直至某时”，动词必须是延续性的。，动词必须是延续性的。
35、I slept until midnight.I slept until midnight.我一直我一直(yzh)(yzh)睡到半夜时醒了。睡到半夜时醒了。Wait till I call you.Wait till I call you.等着我叫你。等着我叫你。否定形式表达的意思是否定形式表达的意思是“直至某时才做某事直至某时才做某事”。动词为延续性或非延续。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。性都可以。She didnt arrive until 6 oclock.她直到她直到6点才到。点才到。Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.公共汽车停稳后再下
36、车。公共汽车停稳后再下车。I didnt manage to do it until you had explained how.直到你教我后，我才会做。直到你教我后，我才会做。在肯定句中可用在肯定句中可用beforebefore代替。代替。Lets get in the wheat before the sun sets.Lets get in the wheat before the sun sets.第二十页，共23页。Until you told me,I had heard nothing of what happened.Until you told me,I had heard
37、nothing of what happened.直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点(y din)(y din)也不知道。也不知道。Until Until可用于句首，而可用于句首，而tilltill通常通常(tngchng)(tngchng)不用于句首。不用于句首。Until when Until when 疑问句中，疑问句中，untiluntil要放在句首。要放在句首。-Until when are you staying?你呆到什么你呆到什么(shn me)时候？时候？-Until next Monday.呆到下周一。呆到下周一。否定句可用另外两种句式表示
38、。否定句可用另外两种句式表示。（1）Not until 在句首，主句用倒装。在句首，主句用倒装。Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.直直到到19 世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。(2)It is not until thatIts not until I began to work that I realized how much time I had wasted.直到我开始直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。工作，我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月
39、。第二十一页，共23页。hardly/scarcelywhen/before,no soonerthanhardly/scarcelywhen/before,no soonerthan和和as soon as as soon as 都可都可以表示以表示“一一就就”的意思的意思(y s)(y s)，例如：，例如：3 3、表示、表示(biosh)“(biosh)“一一就就”的的 结构结构I had hardly/scarcely got home when it began I had hardly/scarcely got home when it began toto rain.rain.I
40、had no sooner got home than it began I had no sooner got home than it began toto rain.rain.As soon as I got home,it began As soon as I got home,it began toto rain.rain.我一回到家天就开始我一回到家天就开始(kish)(kish)下起雨来了。下起雨来了。注意：如果注意：如果hardly,scarcely hardly,scarcely 或或no soonerno sooner置于句首，置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：句子必须用倒装结构：Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.第二十二页，共23页。第二十三页，共23页。