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1、科技英文写作要领 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望引言:IntroductionA.科技英文寫作科技英文寫作的英譯是的英譯是：1.Science Skill English Writing2.Science Technology English Writing3.Science and Technology English Writing4.Scientific Technological English Writing5.Scientific an
2、d Technological English Writing6.Academic English WritingA.科技英文寫作的英譯是：7.Technical English Writing8.Writing Technical English9.Writing Science and Technology English10.Writing English of Science and Technology11.Writing English for Science and Technology12.Writing Scientific and Technological English
3、引言：Introduction B.何者為科技英文？何者為科技英文？1.For health one should drink pure water,not alcohol.2.Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.3.The conclusion Einstein arrived at was the equation:E=MC2.4.The word“morphemes”contains three morphemes:two bound morphemes(“morph-“and“-eme”)and one free morpheme(“-s”
4、).5.Concerning the origin of knowledge,rationalists believe in innate or a priori truths while empiricists claim that all knowledge springs from sense perception or experience.B.何者為科技英文？6.Marx and Engels formulated the principles of dialectic materialism.They maintained that economic structure is th
5、e basis of history,and determines all the social,political,and intellectual aspects of life.7.We found calcium levels to be decreased by RA and D3 but increased when AG1296 was given in addition to RA or D3.8.Quantum of Solace is the 22nd James Bond film by EON Productions,released in the UK on 31 O
6、ctober 2008.9.Quantum phenomena are particularly relevant in systems whose dimensions are close to the atomic scale,such as molecules,atoms,electrons,protons and other subatomic particles.10.The aerostructures are for horizontal stabilizers,engine nacelles,fan cowls,etc.C.誰最適合教科技英文?1.科技學門的教師？2.英文科系的
7、教師？D.科技英文術語 如何習得？1.由科技教師 2.由科技教材 3.由科技刊物 4.課堂內與課堂外E.一般一般 英文用語英文用語 如何習得？如何習得？1.使用英文者(師友、他人)2.英文教材、教學節目 3.英文報章、刊物、廣告、包裝 4.英文廣播、電視節目、網路 F.科技人科技人 寫英文寫英文 的的 困難困難 1.詞彙不夠 2.語法不明 3.知識背景問題 4.練習機會太少Learn to write by reading&knowing ones own problems.G.華人寫英文的錯誤 1.用字不精確 2.不合語法(時態、冠詞、介詞等)3.照中文習慣翻譯 I have prepare
8、d some disserts for you.You cannot compare apples and oranges.No drinks and food in class.H.科技英文 有不同語法嗎？1.estrogen receptor alpha 或 the estrogen receptor alpha (Room 10 或 the Room 10)2.As a transcriptional regulator,p53 is.或 As transcriptional regulator,p53 is.(as a professor 或 as professor;as presi
9、dent 或 as a president)3.P53 is capable of activating various target genes.或 P53 is capable of the activating of various target genes.或 P53 is capable of activation of various target genes.4.Here,we report that ERalpha inhibited.或 Here,we report that ERalpha inhibits.(.that the earth rotates 或 rotate
10、d)5.in diverse biological processes,such as apoptosis.或 .in diverse biological process,such as the apoptosis.6.p53-mediating transcriptional repression.或 p53-mediated transcriptional repression.(a snake-biting person 或或 snake-bitten person;a snake-biting bird 或或 snake-bitten bird)The Structure of a
11、Thesis or PaperA doctorate dissertation,an MS thesis,a term paper,a journal paper,a conference paper,etc.each has its required length,format,and content.Before writing,you need to know the type of work you are writing and the required length,format,and content of the work.1.Title2.Abstract3.Key word
12、s and phrases4.The Main Body of the Text5.Notes6.Bibliography(References)7.Appendix or AppendicesThe Main Body of the Text1.Introduction2.Review of literature3.Material(s)4.Method(s)5.Work done(in lab and/or elsewhere)6.Result(s)or finding(s)7.Discussion8.Conclusion(s)and suggestion(s)Two Ways of Wr
13、iting the TitleA.Sentence(Subject+Predicate):1.Dietary Vitamin E and Selenium Significantly Prevent the Contagion of Bird Flu2.Dietary vitamin E and selenium significantly prevent the contagion of bird flueB.Phrase(Noun and Modifiers):1.(A)Numerical Investigation into the Effectiveness of Multi-Elem
14、ent Pressure Screen Rotor Foils 2.A numerical investigation into the effectiveness of multi-element pressure screen rotor foils.3.(The)Cyclic Behavior and Seismic Design of Bolted Flange Plate Steel Moment Connections4.(The)Effects of Dietary Vitamin E and Selenium on the Prevention of Bird FluPrese
15、nt or Past Tense?1.The purpose of this paper(is,was)to (thesis,dissertation,report,article)2.The purpose of this research(is,was)(study,investigation,analysis,survey,inquiry,experiment)3.The.method(is,was)used in the process.4.Participants(are,were)five graduate students.5.The researchers(design,des
16、igned)their own instrument for the experiment.Present or Past Tense?6.The present study(investigates,investigated)7.The study also(finds,found)that 8.The findings(或 results)(reveal,revealed)that 9.With the findings,we(conclude,concluded)that (suggest/suggested,propose/proposed)10.Based on the result
17、s,two implications(can,could)be thought of as helpful to (conclusions,applications,suggestions,proposals,recommendations)11.We(hope,hoped)that in the near future Perfect or Progressive Aspect 1.Previous studies(showed,have shown,were showing,are showing,had shown)that while(machining,machined)harden
18、ed steels,the tool can lengthen its life by various cutting technologies.2.However,engineers(are still studying,have still studied)the issue of diminished tool life,since they(are meeting,have met)with numerous problems in developing high-speed and high-performance cutting technologies.3.Recently,th
19、ere(was,has been)a report that a certain company(was experimenting,had experimented)with some lubricators.4.They(found,have found)that chipping and adhesion(are,have been)the dominant tool damage modes and lubrication can significantly lessen the damage,especially when the tool(cuts,is cutting,has c
20、ut)hardened steel.Active or Passive Voice?1.This paper(aims,is aimed)to 2.In this paper,we(aim,are aimed)to 3.This theory(can apply,can be applied)to a number of practices.4.We(can apply,can be applied)for any information or help.5.The results(indicate,are indicated)that 6.The findings(consider,are
21、considered)to be of great value.7.The data(gathered,were gathered)from several sources.8.We(obtained,were obtained)the data using the assay.9.(Shown,Shows)here is a case study of 10.Here we(present,are presented)a case study of 11.Over the last few decades,many papers(have devoted,have been devoted)
22、to 12.Recently,many papers(have focused,have been focused)their studies on Active or Passive Voice?13.This drug(induces,is induced by)sleep.14.Sleep(induces,is induced by)this drug.15.Great efforts(have made,have been made)to find out 16.The investigation(bases,is based)on the idea that 17.Little(kn
23、ows,is known)about the reaction of A to B.18.It(knows well,is well known)that this compound is not soluble in water.19.It(suggests,is suggested)that we(should)experiment with electricity.20.It(suggests,is suggested)that the ion is detachable.21.From the discovery we(can conclude,can be concluded)tha
24、t 22.From the discovery it(can conclude,can be concluded)that 23.(List,Listed)below is a series of 24.They(imply,are implied)that Indicative or Subjunctive Mood1.It is found that the methodology(can,could)be used to.2.We suggest that the method(is,should be)used for this machining.3.From the experim
25、ent we(can,could)see that this tool(may,might)be useful in.4.This result leads us to the idea that we(will,would)have a better result if we(have used,had used)the right method.5.These results lead us to the conclusion that we(have,had)not used the right method,and that if we(have,had)used the right
26、method,we(will,would)have had very different findings.6.It is estimated that a 50%increase(will,would)benefit all of them.7.Although a rough estimation(can,could)be made,it(may,might)not be accurate to use the formula in a thermomechanical model.C or UC,Sg.Or Pl.?1.Due to their low thermal(conductiv
27、ity,conductivities),high(abrasion,abrasions)of cutting(edge,edges)and(tendency,a tendency)to crack during machining,titanium aluminide(alloy,alloys)are notoriously difficult-to-cut(material,materials)when using conventional(e.g.turning,grinding,drilling,milling)cutting (operation,operations).C or UC
28、,Sg.Or Pl.?2.Despite their low(machinability,machinabilities)TiAl alloys find(niche,niches)(application,applications)(area,areas)in the(manufacture,manufactures)of complex shaped(component,components)for(aerospace,aerospaces)(gas,gases)(turbine,turbines)(engine,engines).C or UC,Sg.Or Pl.?3.Based on(
29、generic design,a generic design)of(aeroengine component,an aeroengine component),this paper investigates the(response,responses)of(TiAl alloy,a TiAl alloy)to abrasive waterjet(AWJ)cutting(process,processes)(variable,variables)in order to speed up(generation,a generation)of high-integrity(surface,sur
30、faces).With or Without“a(n)”or“the”1.(Abrasive,The abrasive,An abrasive)waterject machining is one of(most,the most)promising non-conventional machining processes for(difficult-to-cut,the difficult-to-cut)materials because of (reduced,the reduced,a reduced)mechanical and thermal damage to (workpiece
31、,the workpiece)surfaces produced using this technique.Which Preposition to Use?1.To obtain insight _ the mechanism involved _ FOH-induced apoptosis,we compared the gene expression profiles of A and B _ microarray analysis.2.The shape profile geometry(of,at)the clad deposit is important (for,to)therm
32、omechanical modeling.3.It may not be adequate to predict the profile geometry(over,from)a wide range of varying process parameters.4.The present investigation deals(with,in)the cross-sectional shape profile geometry modeling.5.Based(on,in)the methodology,an estimation of.can also be made(at,of)ones
33、convenience.6.Fastener holes,(in,to)which the fatigue cracks initiate(from,for)stress concentrations,are plastically expanded using a mandrel pulled(through,across)the hole.7.SLS of polymers has found use(in,over)a wide range of industries ranging(from,with)aerospace to medicine.Pt or PP 1.Opium ind
34、uces sleep.Sleep is induced by opium.The opium is(sleep-inducing,sleep-induced).The sleep is(opium-inducing,opium-induced).2.Selective laser sintering(SLS)is a(manufacturing,manufactured)process which has(emerging,emerged)from numerous other technologies as the(leading,led)process(considering,consid
35、ered)viable for rapid(manufacturing,manufactured).3.This research has(investigating,investigated)the use of a novel method of(interpreting,interpreted)a differential(scanning,scanned)calorimetry curve to indicate the level of(melting,melted)within semicrystalline selective laser-(sintering,sintered)
36、parts.Transition ExpressionsIncluding:also,besides,moreover,further,furthermore,in addition,similarlyContrasting:but,yet,still,however,nevertheless,instead,all the same,on the other handSummarizing:so,therefore,thus,hence,accordingly,consequently,in consequence,as a consequence,as a result1.Farnesol
37、 induces apoptosis in various carcinoma cells._,the mechanism by which it mediates the effect is not yet fully understood.2.We found UO126 inhibited the induction of ER stress response genes._,knockdown of the MEK1/2 effectively inhibited the cleavage of caspase-3.3.Cells receiving AG1296 showed dec
38、reased G(1)-G(0)arrest.We _ provide evidence that certain sets of differentiation markers can be enhanced.From Sentence to Phrase1.The process models.a modeling process The deposition is fused.fused deposition A finite element analysis model was developed to simulate the fused deposition modeling pr
39、ocess.2.The model is considered.The model coupled thermal and mechanical phenomena.The model(which is)considered coupled thermal and mechanical phenomena.3.The scan speed is the most significant factor.The factor affects part distortions.The scan speed is followed by the layer thickness.The scan spe
40、ed is the most significant factor affecting part distortions,followed by the layer thickness.4.We compare the simulation results.The results are from the two models.our comparison of the simulation results from the two models Our comparison indicates that.Our comparison of the simulation results fro
41、m the two models indicates that.5.The deformed blank can be divided into three regions.The regions have different deformation patterns.The deformed blank can be divided into three regions with different deformation patterns.Phrase,Clause,or Sentence?1.We identify the mechanism.through the mechanism
42、Lactogens protect beta cells.against DEX-induced death We identify the mechanism(which,through which)lactogens protect beta cells against DEX-induced death.2.These findings will enhance something.the ability to optimize and predict something the properties of the SLS process an area which is critica
43、l when producing end-use parts particularly when considering demanding applications such as in the aerospace and automotive industries These findings will enhance the ability to optimize and predict the properties of the SLS process,an area which is critical when producing end-use parts,particularly
44、 when considering demanding applications,such as in the aerospace and automotive industries.Errors Often Found(I)1.Dr.Wang indicates that A is B and implies that C is D.(suggests,says,states,believes,supposes,thinks,assumes,claims,holds,maintains,asserts,avers,affirms,postulates,etc.)2.The reason is
45、(because)he does it.I know the reason he failed.The reason is that he does it.I know the reason why he failed.The reason is his doing it.I know the reason for his failure.3.Put together,I found them.Examining closely,the parts are.Put together,they were found.Examining closely,we find bine x and y;l
46、ink x and y;separate a and b;differentiate c and d combine x with y;link x to y;separate a from b;differentiate c from d5.suggest you to go;hope you to come;fear him to know suggest that you(should)go;hope that you will come;fear that he may know 或 fear lest he should knowErrors Often Found(II)1.My
47、hands are longer than he.(.than his)2.The biosynthesis of A is easier than B.(.than that of B)3.We have difficulty to do it.(.difficulty doing it 或 in doing it)4.It provided me feedback.(.me with feedback)5.The evidence supports x results from y.(.supports the idea that x.)6.When it exposes to the s
48、un,.(When it is exposed to the sun,.)7.needing protection of rupture (.needing protection from rupture)8.I mentioned about it and discussed about it.(去掉 about)9.As shows in Table 2,.(As shown in Table 2 或 As Table 2 shows,.)10.such as a,b,c,etc.(.such as a,b,and c.)11.Cells,that are incubated,must.(
49、Cells,which are.,must.)12.But,it is found.(But it is found.或 Yet,it is found.)Useful Patterns,Phrases,&Words S+P,using.The experiment was made(,)using.assay.Compared with(或 to)A,B+v.+比較級=B+v.+比較級,compared.Compared with this,that is better.This changed more rapidly,compared to that.Much evidence indi
50、cates that.The question arises whether or not.Our findings are in line with(或 in accord with).A results in B=B results from A=A leads to BA(n)evident,considerable,marked,significant,obvious,pronounced,substantial increase/decrease in quantity/number is found.It has(considerably,evidently,markedly,ob