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1、研究生英语-unit-1-Adam-SmithThe Wealth of Nations,is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics.It earned him an enormous reputation and would become one of the most influential works on economics ever published.Smith is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism
2、.The first page of The Wealth of Nations,1776 London editionWealth of Nations offers many insights other theories disagree.It argues that agriculture offers fewer possibilities to a division of labor,raising its prices compared with industry.To Smith,the genius and the natural talents of men are no
3、natural dispositions which have to be paid for according to comparative advantages.It is not upon many occasions so much the cause,as the effect of the division of labor.Competition should reduce the prices of these talents.Smith suspects manufacturers of mischief and trusts landowners and laborers
4、as consumers to represent the common good.Smith studied social philosophy at the University of Glasgow and the University of Oxford.After graduating,he delivered a successful series of public lectures at Edinburgh.Smith obtained a professorship at Glasgow teaching moral philosophy,and during this ti
5、me he wrote and published The Theory of Moral Sentiments.In his later life,he took a tutoring position that allowed him to travel throughout Europe,where he met other intellectual leaders of his day.Smith then returned home and spent the next ten years writing The Wealth of Nations,publishing it in
6、1776.He died in 1790 at the age of 67.A 19th-century building near the house where Adam Smith lived,1767-1776.220 High Street,Kirkcaldy,Fife,Scotland.At this location,Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations,according to a plaque on the pictured building.The original house was torn down in 1834 This 20 not
7、e was issued by the Bank of England and features Smith(A statue of Smith in Edinburghs High Street,built through private donations organized by the Adam Smith Institute)It was a period from the 18th-19th century where major changes in agriculture,manufacturing,mining,transportation,and technology ha
8、d a profound effect on the social,economic and cultural conditions of the times.It began in the United Kingdom,then spread throughout Western Europe,North America,Japan,and eventually the world.It marks a major turning point in history;almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way.Mos
9、t notably,average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented growth.In the two centuries following 1800,the worlds average per capita income increased over tenfold,while the worlds population increased over sixfold.The First Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolutio
10、n around 1850,when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships,railways,and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electrical power generation.Regional GDP per capita changed very little for most of human history before t
11、he Industrial Revolution.(The empty areas mean no data,not very low levels.There is data for the years 1,1000,1500,1600,1700,1820,1900,and 2003 A Watt steam engine,the steam engine fuelled primarily by coal that propelled the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain and the world.Textile mill workers.
12、Spinning machinery.Macon,Georgia,1909Bethlehem Steel,founded in 1857,was once the second-largest manufacturer of steel in the United StatesThe Age of Enlightenment(or simply the Enlightenment or Age of Reason)was an elite cultural movement of intellectuals in 18th century Europe,that sought to mobil
13、ize the power of reason,in order to reform society and advance knowledge.It promoted science and intellectual interchange and opposed superstition,intolerance and abuses in church and state.Originating about 16501700,it was sparked by philosophers Baruch Spinoza,John Locke,Pierre Bayle,mathematician
14、 Isaac Newton,and historian Voltaire.One leader of the Scottish Enlightenment was Adam Smith,the father of modern economic scienceThe wide distribution of the printing press invented in Europe in 1440,made possible the rapid distribution of knowledge and ideas which precipitated the Enlightenment.Ru
15、ling princes often endorsed and fostered figures and even attempted to apply their ideas of government in what was known as Enlightened Despotism.The Enlightenment flourished until about 17901800,after which the emphasis on reason gave way to Romanticisms emphasis on emotion and a Counter-Enlightenm
16、ent gained force.Organization of the essayPart I:Para.1-9Part II:Para 10-22Part I:Para.1-9Mr.Mullers book is an exercise in historical excavation.Q1.According to the para.1,why is the author doubtful about Mullers claim that“Smith is still the most cogent defender of capitalism?Because too much has
17、changed in the last 200 years.Q2.Para.2-4 describe how a man learns to live with others.What are the procedures?Born with the need for the approval of othersLearn to mold ones behaviorInternalize social normsQ3.According to para.5,what is the special feature of the group of men and women who are inf
18、luenced by exceptional endowments or circumstance?They can guide their actions by standards they consider good.Q4.What is the relationship between reason and passion according to Adam Smith?Passions rule and reason can support passion.Q5.How does morality come into being?People take pleasure in the
19、company of others and language enables them to communicate,in the process of which morality can pass.Q6.Did Smith realize it?How do you know?Yes,judging from his comment.Q7.According to para.9,how can we account for the relationships among people in the market?They may be friendly,but their interest
20、s are opposed.Paraphrase:1.Too much has changed in the last 200 years for that to be the case.He-Muller-must be absolved from responsibility for the opinions expressed here.A lot has changed in the past 200 years.Smith cannot still be the most powerful defender of capitalism.Muller is not to be resp
21、onsible for the opinions expressed in this article.2.Why do innately self-seeking humans usually act decently to one another?Humans are selfish by nature,but why do they behave appropriately towards each other?3.Smith observed that each normal person is born with the capacity to imagine how it feels
22、 to be in someone else s place.Smith observed that each normal person is born with the ability of being considerate toward others.4.A normal child learns to mold his behavior in a way that will win recognition and approval and avoid scorn and disapproval.A normal child learns to behave in a way so a
23、s to be accepted by others.5.Our credulity is strained to think that the fear of punishment explains it all.The question is nothing less than the origin of morality.It is impossible that the society could be held together by peoples fear of punishment.else every place would have been policed at that
24、 time.6.In the course of this tutelage,a human being internalizes social norms develops a conscience-an impartial observer-which is able to measure the behavior of the person observing himself and the behavior of others by the same standards.During this kind of teaching about how to behave oneself,a
25、 person accepts this way of thinking and makes it a natural part of his character.A person also develops conscience,which is a fair observer and can measure the behavior of the person and that of others by the same standard.7.As man of the Enlightenment who placed hope in the power of reason to swee
26、p unreason before it,Smith looked to this small party to gain the attention of statesmen and in due time en lighten them.Smith,Man of the Enlightenment,believed the power of reason could remove unreason and hoped this small group of people could draw the attention of VIPs and would enable them to un
27、derstand it in time.8.Yet it was necessary for reason to discover and support the institutions that directed the passions to universally beneficial ends to be said about this as long as we keep clearly in mind whether the subject is the invisible hand or the visible hand.So long as we are sure of wh
28、ether the subject is the invisible or visible hand,we should use reason to support the traditions that directed the passions to good purposes.9.The history of social institutions,a subject on which Smith wrote with erudition,shows that exclusion or inclusion of those for whom we feel moral sentiment
29、s is not fixed once and for all but depends on how we define“us and them”.Nothing in Darwin contradicts Smith.The history of social traditions and laws is a subject on which smith write with his profound knowledge.It indicates that whether we include or exclude those we give moral thoughts to is not
30、 fixed irreversibly but depends on the definitions we give“us and them”.10.But the single-minded pursuit of self-interest nevertheless results in the general good,as we all know,because free competition forces prices to the lowest level compatible with the costs of land,labor,and capital.But he purs
31、uit of interest will lead to the good result,because free competition will force the prices to go down to the level correspondent with the cost of labor,land and capital.11.Smith knew moral sentiments cannot survive the effects of alienation.Smith believed under the impact of alienation morality can
32、 no longer exist.Part II:Para 10-22Main idea:Adam smith is both right and wrong.He was right about the power of moral sentiments and effectiveness of the free market.He was wrong in that he could not predict what would happen in the next 200 years.Q1.What is the result of the growth of the market?In
33、creasing division of laborMore specializationGreater productivityQ2.Para.11 tells us that Smith is neither a friend of business nor a friend of workers,why?He scores the practice of merchants.He also dislike the demand of workers to raise wages.Q3.In which field will the state spend money and energy
34、?DefensePublic worksEnforcement of lawPublic educationCreating a structure to protect every member of society from the oppression by any other member.Q4.How does it spend them?Promoting the prosperity of the commonwealthEstablishing good disciplineDiscouraging every sort of vice and improprietyPresc
35、ribing rules.Q5.According to para.13-14,what is Smiths attitude towards government?He had no illusions.Q6.According to para.13-14,what is Smiths attitude towards a self-regulating universe?He was dazzled by it.Q7.Where was Smith right?He was right about the power of moral sentiments,right and effect
36、iveness of the free market.Q8.Where was Smith wrong?He was wrong in that he could not predict what would happen in the next 200 years.Q9.What are the main characteristics of capitalism depicted by the author?What is the solution to the fundamental problem of capitalism proposed by the author?The mai
37、n characteristics of capitalism depicted by the author is conflicting interests.Compromise is the solution to the fundamental problem of capitalism proposed by the author.Q10.What are the special features of a possible capitalism described by the author?Concurrence in minimum standards of life for a
38、ll and concern for the common good.Q11.According to para.21,what is the greatest unforeseen and unintended consequence of Adam Smiths doctrine?Its use as an ideology of the privileged.Q12.What can we learn from the last paragraph?Smith might disagree with some of his present day admirers.Q13.What is
39、 the“invisible hand”mentioned by the author?Moral sentiment.Paraphrase:1.The mercantilists,against whom Smith polemicized,believed that the wealth of nations depended on the accumulation of gold and silver obtained by countries which export more than they import,a result enhanced by monopolies in tr
40、ade bestowed by the state.The mercantilists who would argue with Smith believed that the wealth of nations depended on the gold and silver they accumulated through export.The result would be even better if the state controlled the trade.2.He could know nothing lf the inventions that brought about th
41、e Industrial Revolution,the huge concentrations of business,the emergence of trade unions,the periodic waves of unemployment,and the“bads”produced along with the“goods”,externalities as Arthur Pigou called them,the costs of which had to be paid by somebody.Smith could not predict what the Industrial
42、 Revolution would bring about.3.With all these exacerbating tensions of the 19th and 20th centuries,it was too much to expect that lawmakers,prime ministers,and presidents could understand,much less agree on,how to contain this explosive mixture.As a result of all these intensifying tensions of the
43、19th and 20th centuries,it was unreasonable to think that lawmakers,prime ministers and presidents could understand how to keep these explosives factors under control,still less have consensus on this issue.4.We can no more expect Smith to be right about the 200 years between his time and ours than
44、we can expect ourselves to be right about the next 200 years.We cannot expect Smith to be right about the 200 years between his time and ours just like we cannot expect ourselves to be right about the next 200 years.5.The two invisible hands are ghostly apparitions of two spheres they represent:the
45、capitalist market and the civil society.The separation of the two is the fatal flaw of modern conservatism.The two invisible hand represent two different sides:one is capitalism and the other is the civil society.The separation of the two is the fatal weakness of modern conservatism.6.But the ends o
46、f fairness for which he proposed the means are ignored.He suggested the methods for the purpose of the fairness.However,the purpose are overlooked.7.I am describing a possible capitalism,one where there is concurrence in minimum standards of life for all and concern for the common good.Those who wri
47、te about the free market as being triumphant and social democracy being left in the dust are premature.I am describing a type of capitalism in which agreement is made on the minimum standard of life for all the people and care for the common good.It is too early for people to write about the victory of the free market and the weakness of the social democracy.The End此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢