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1、磷循环磷循环The Land Phosphorus Cycle第1页/共32页磷循环磷循环“Open”Human Phosphorus CycleEutrophicationP Removal&RecoveryDepletion第2页/共32页污水中磷的存在形式污水中磷的存在形式Forms of Phosphorus in Wastewater(Influent)(Detergents)(Major Form)Target:TP0.5 mg/L第3页/共32页除磷技术除磷技术qChemical PrecipitationvPrecipitate with Lime-Ca(OH)2 Alum-A
2、l2(SO4)3 most common method(or other aluminium compounds)Iron-FeCl3 or Fe2(SO4)3v Add before primary in aeration tank before secondary settling separate unit process after secondary treatmentvPolymers may be added to enhance removal第4页/共32页除磷技术除磷技术qChemical Precipitation(P315-318)Reaction with lime:
3、5Ca2+3PO43-+OH-Ca5(PO4)3(OH)(s)(羟磷灰石，Hydroxyapatite)But when add lime to water:Ca(OH)2 Ca2+2OH-OH-+HCO3-H2O+CO32-Ca2+CO32-CaCO3(s)So required dose of lime depends on alkalinity once carbonate used up,get P removalReactions with Aluminium and Iron:Al3+PO43-AlPO4(s)Fe3+PO43-FePO4(s)But in practice tak
4、es 2 moles Al or Fe per mole P e.g.,Al3+3OH-Al(OH)3(s)Reactions Form Insoluble Phosphates第5页/共32页除磷技术除磷技术qChemical PrecipitationAdvantages reliable low levels of P in effluent possible retrofit for existing plant likely possibleDisadvantages cost of chemicals substantial additional sludge production
5、 chemical sludge reuse or disposal may be more difficult may need to adjust pH may affect the biological processes Problem digestion(especially anaerobic)may re-release P投加氯化铁除磷第6页/共32页除磷技术除磷技术qBiological Phosphorus RemovalAssimilation Cells are 1-2%P(dry weight)Removing biomass removes PC118H170O51
6、N17P(31/2671=1%)Complete P removal through assimilation:Production of Biomass required:6/0.01=600 mg VSS/LPotential Biomass Production:BOD*YH/1.42=300*0.63/1.42=133 mg VSS/L 600 mg VSS/LFor typical municipal wastewater:BOD=300 mg/L,TP=6 mg/LEffective P removal through assimilation is not practical!第
7、7页/共32页除磷技术除磷技术qEnhanced biological Phosphorus RemovalHigh Loaded Plug Flow SystemUptake beyond need for balanced growth Originally called“luxury uptake”First noted:1959 in India 1961 in USA unintentional conventional activated sludge,high loading第8页/共32页除磷技术除磷技术qEnhanced biological Phosphorus Remov
8、alInitial FindingsvAll plants with enhanced P removal were conventional activated sludge with long plug flow reactors and high loadings(why?)vP release occurs if influent ends anaerobic and sufficient BOD presents vExcess P uptake occurs when DO is present if P release occurred previouslyBiological
9、removal or biologically mediated chemical precipitation?1980 largely agreed it was biologicalOrganisms Now generically called“Phosphate Accumulating Organisms”(PAOs)if fed acetate,show similar behaviour for P release and uptake require oxygen for growth(aerobic)PAOs store P internally as polyphospha
10、te maximum P accumulation:100-150 mgP/g VSS(10-15%)第9页/共32页除磷技术除磷技术qEnhanced biological Phosphorus Removalv19591959年，印度，年，印度，SrinathSrinath首次报道过量吸磷现象；首次报道过量吸磷现象；vLevinLevin和和ShaprioShaprio 活性污泥在非曝气条件下释放磷，而在曝气吸收磷活性污泥在非曝气条件下释放磷，而在曝气吸收磷 ；磷酸盐以磷酸盐以“黑色黑色”颗粒形式存储在细菌体内。颗粒形式存储在细菌体内。v1919世纪世纪6060年代末至年代末至7070年代
11、初年代初 没有任何微生物和生化方面的理论知识，但强化生物没有任何微生物和生化方面的理论知识，但强化生物除磷工艺构型已基本成型；除磷工艺构型已基本成型；实践证明：在推流系统的首段设置一部分非曝气区域实践证明：在推流系统的首段设置一部分非曝气区域是实现强化生物除磷的重要条件。是实现强化生物除磷的重要条件。v2020世纪世纪7070年代末年代末 微生物学方面的研究得到加强；从活性污泥中分离到微生物学方面的研究得到加强；从活性污泥中分离到除磷菌；发现不动杆菌起重要作用。除磷菌；发现不动杆菌起重要作用。Fuhs Fuhs 和和 Chen:Chen:发现厌氧段存在对产生短链脂肪酸的必要发现厌氧段存在对产生
12、短链脂肪酸的必要性，并假设不动杆菌需要短链脂肪酸进行生长和好氧吸磷。性，并假设不动杆菌需要短链脂肪酸进行生长和好氧吸磷。但并未把释磷和吸磷联系起来。但并未把释磷和吸磷联系起来。第10页/共32页除磷技术除磷技术qEnhanced biological Phosphorus Removalv南非：南非：BarnardBarnard和和MichollsMicholls第一座第一座实际处理构筑物（尽管仍缺乏微生物和生化基础知识）；实际处理构筑物（尽管仍缺乏微生物和生化基础知识）；发现发现“真正真正”的厌氧条件是强化除磷工艺的关键；的厌氧条件是强化除磷工艺的关键；开发了一系列工艺：开发了一系列工艺：A
13、na/A;Bardenpho,UCT,JHBAna/A;Bardenpho,UCT,JHB等等v2020世纪世纪8080年代初，年代初，RensinkRensink 首次阐释释磷与吸磷的关系；v此后此后生化模型的发展生化模型的发展第11页/共32页除磷技术除磷技术qEnhanced biological Phosphorus RemovalHAcPO4GLYPHAPoly-PBulk liquidBiomassPoly-PPO4PHASettling phaseAerobicAnaerobicPHAPoly-PPO4HAcPHAPoly-PPO4CO2O2 Return slugeWaste
14、slugeInfluentEffluentPO4HAcGLYAnaerobicAerobic/AnoxicPO4GLYPHASettling phase第12页/共32页除磷技术除磷技术qEnhanced biological Phosphorus RemovalSettling phaseAerobicAnaerobicPHAPoly-PPO4HAcPHAPoly-PPO4CO2O2 Return slugeWaste slugeInfluentEffluentPO4HAcP storage is not“luxury uptake”of the nutrientIt is energy s
15、torageAnaerobic conditions:PAOs release P from polyphosphate,utilizing the energy for uptake and storage of organicsAerobic conditions:PAOs utilize the stored organics,and take up P to produce the polyphosphate for energy storage第13页/共32页除磷技术除磷技术qEnhanced biological Phosphorus RemovalEssential Condi
16、tion:Anaerobic/aerobic Cycling Selective Advantage of PAOs Under anaerobic conditions:aerobes cant utilize BOD anaerobes ferment BOD;little energy available PAOs take up and store fermentation products PAOs selected for by anaerobic conditions:produces fermentation products they need limits competit
17、ion from other aerobes Under aerobic conditions:aerobes find little BOD left anaerobes inactive PAOs oxidize previously stored BODAnaerobic!第14页/共32页除磷技术除磷技术qEnhanced biological Phosphorus RemovalParametersOptimal range/value and commentsCarbon sourceBOD/P 15-20;BOD/N4-5Concentration of VFAsAdequate
18、 concentration of VFAs is beneficial.Low VFA concentration reduces the P release in anaerobic zone,resulting in corresponding low P uptake in aerobic zone.DOIn P release,consumes VFAs(2.3g COD/g O2)and limit the formation of VFAs;In P uptake,rate decreases if DO is too low.NitrateNO3-in anaerobic zo
19、ne consumes VFAs(6.6g COD/gNO3-N)and reduces P release,resulting in decreasing P uptake in aerobic zone.Anaerobic retention time0.5-3 hrs(mostly 1 h),depending on P release rate(VFAs)SRTSRT 3 days.Longer SRT has less BPR for a given influent BOD:1)Less P-rich sludge wasted;2)depletion of intracellul
20、ar storage products,which lead to less efficient PHB storage in the anaerobic contact time;3)potential cell lysis Other Parameters affecting BPR process第15页/共32页除磷技术除磷技术qEnhanced biological Phosphorus RemovalvBioP Process-PhoStrip（P319）（1）碳源；（2）硝化的影响厌氧释磷厌氧释磷化学沉淀除磷化学沉淀除磷第16页/共32页除磷技术除磷技术qEnhanced bio
21、logical Phosphorus RemovalvBioP Process-PhoStrip（P319）Advantages:1)Can be incorporated easily into existing activated sludge plant;2)Process is flexible,P removal performance is less dependent on influent BOD/P ratio;3)Can achieve reliable effluent PO43-concentration less than 1 mg/LDisadvantages&Li
22、mitations:1)Require chemicals(Lime),high operational costs;2)Additional reactors,extra construction costs;3)Complicate operation&maintenance problem第17页/共32页除磷技术除磷技术qEnhanced biological Phosphorus RemovalvBioP ProcessAnaerobic/Aerobic(Ana/O)（P320）缺氧好氧Nitrified Liquid Recirculation(R)Return Sludge(r)
23、厌氧好氧Return Sludge(r)vAnoxic/Aerobic(An/O)Process(NO EBPR)1)Avoid nitrification(How?What happens if nitrification occurs);2)anaerobic detention time 0.5-1 h Must form anaerobic condition in the first stage for EBPR!第18页/共32页除磷技术除磷技术qEnhanced biological Phosphorus RemovalvBioP ProcessAnaerobic/Aerobic
24、(Ana/O)（P320）厌氧好氧r=25-100%Advantages:1)Operation is simple;2)Low BOD/P possible;3)Relatively short HRT;4)Produces good settling sludge;5)Good P removal performanceDisadvantages&Limitations:1)P removal only;2)P removal performance declines if nitrification occurs;3)Limited process control flexibility
25、 is availableSRT 2-5 dRT=0.15-1.4 hRT=1-3 h第19页/共32页除磷技术除磷技术qEnhanced biological Phosphorus RemovalvSimultaneous N&P removal-A2/O（P322）缺氧(An)好氧(A)R=100-400%厌氧(Ana)RAS(r=25-100%)Advantages:1)Removes both N&P;2)Provides alkalinity for denitrification;3)Produces good settling sludge;4)Operation is rela
26、tively simple;Disadvantages&Limitations:1)Nitrogen removal is limited by R;2)RAS containing nitrate is recycled to anaerobic zone,thus affecting P-release;3)Need higher BOD/P ratio(20-25)than Ana/A(7-10)process RT=0.5-1.5 hRT=0.5-1.5 hRT=4-8 hSRT=5-25 dDiscussion:relationship between BOD/P(N)and EBP
27、R第20页/共32页除磷技术除磷技术qEnhanced biological Phosphorus Removalv5-stage BardenphoAdvantages:1)Removes both N&P;2)Can achieve effluent TN of 3-5 mg/L;3)Produces good settling sludge;Disadvantages&Limitations:1)Longer SRT than A2/O;2)Requires larger tank volumes v4-stage Bardenpho(P321)Doubtful!No or limite
28、d P release unless very high influent BOD/P(N)ratio An1A1An2A2RAS(r=50-100%),SRT=10-20 dAna200-400%0.5-1.5 h1-3 h4-12 h2-4 h0.5-1 hDiscussion:HRT第21页/共32页除磷技术除磷技术qEnhanced biological Phosphorus RemovalvSimultaneous N&P removalUCT(South Africa)Advantages:1)Nitrate loading on anaerobic zone is reduced
29、,thus increasing P removal capability;2)For weaker wastewater(Low BOD/P),process can achieve improved P removal3)Produces good settling sludge;Disadvantages&Limitations:1)More complex operation;2)Requires additional recycle system3)Longer anaerobic retention time required than Ana/O,A2/O and 5-stage
30、 BardenphoAn2-4 hA4-12 hAna1-2 hRAS(80-100%),SRT=10-25 dNitrified LiquidAnoxic recycleDiscussion:MLSSAna MLSSAn/A200-400%100-300%第22页/共32页除磷技术除磷技术qEnhanced biological Phosphorus RemovalvMUCT(Further minimize the NO3-impact)An2AAnaRAS(NO3-)Nitrified LiquidAnoxic recycleAn1An2AAn1RAS(NO3-)Nitrified Li
31、quidAnavJohannesburg process(South Africa)1)Same MLSS in all reactors2)Utilization of endogenous organic carbon 第23页/共32页除磷技术除磷技术qEnhanced biological Phosphorus RemovalvSequencing Batch Reactors(SBR)TMTATS+E+ITFMACycle Time TC=TMixing+TAaertion+TS+E+IBatchContinuousflowHRTM=TMHRTA=TAR?r?1)How about
32、the recycles?2)Is the mixing phase anaerobic or anoxic?第24页/共32页除磷技术除磷技术qEBPRvSequencing Batch Reactors(SBR)sludgeV0VF1)How about the recycles?2)Is the mixing phase anaerobic or anoxic?NO3-V0/VF=r+RMost likely starts with an anoxic phaseTAnTANATATS+D+ITFDiscussion:How to establish anaerobic phase as
33、 early as possible?第25页/共32页除磷技术除磷技术qEnhanced biological Phosphorus RemovalProcessSRT,dMLSS,mg/LHRT,hRAS,%of influentInternal recycle,%of influentAnaerobicAnoxicAerobicAna/A2-53000-40000.5-1.5-1-325-100A2/O5-253000-40000.5-1.50.5-14-825-100100-400UCT10-253000-40001-21-24-1280-100An:200-400A:100-300B
34、ardenpho10-203000-40001-30.5-1.5A1:4-12A2:0.5-150-100200-400Phostrip5-201000-30008-12-4-1050-100SBR20-403000-40001.5-31-32-4Typical design parameters for commonly used BNR processes第26页/共32页除磷技术除磷技术qDenitrifying Phosphorus RemovalSettling phaseAerobicAnaerobicPHAPoly-PPO4HAcPHAPoly-PPO4CO2O2 Return
35、slugeWaste slugeInfluentEffluentPO4HAcSettling phaseAnoxicAnaerobicPHAPoly-PPO4HAcPHAPoly-PPO4N2+CO2NO3-Return slugeWaste slugeInfluentEffluentPO4HAc常规EBPR(PAOs)反硝化除磷(DPB)DPB:Denitrifying Phosphorus Removing Bacteria第27页/共32页除磷技术除磷技术qDenitrifying Phosphorus RemovalSettling phaseAnoxicAnaerobicPHAPol
36、y-PPO4HAcPHAPoly-PPO4N2+CO2NO3-Return slugeWaste slugeInfluentEffluentPO4HAc反硝化除磷(DPB)Advantages:Reduced COD consumption(50%)Reduced oxygen consumption(30%)Reduced sludge production(50%)Reduced CO2 emission第28页/共32页除磷技术除磷技术qDenitrifying Phosphorus RemovalvHow to establish DPB?Already present in conv
37、entional EBPR processes!AnAAnaAnAAna第29页/共32页除磷技术除磷技术qDenitrifying Phosphorus RemovalvHow to enhance?AnaAnNitrification(Biofilm)Two Sludge System:A2/NP release;COD storageNH4+-N richSupernatantP Uptake;Denitrificationa+babAnAAnaSingle Sludge SystemDiscussion:1)Advantages;2)Keys and Limitations第30页/共32页除磷技术除磷技术（1）结合强化生物除磷的原理，说明EBPR的工艺条件和影响因素。（2）列举至少3种同步脱氮除磷工艺，说明每个反应器和回流的功能。（3）比较常规聚磷菌（PAOs）和反硝化除磷菌（DPBs）的异同。作业：第31页/共32页感谢您的观看！第32页/共32页