早期基督教艺术.ppt

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1、早期基督教艺术 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望本讲结构基督教兴起基督教圣经故事早期基督教艺术一、基督教兴起一、基督教兴起Constantinople:The 2Constantinople:The 2ndnd Rome RomeFounded in 330Founded in 330The Rise of ChristianityThe Rise of ChristianitySt.Paul:St.Paul:Apostle to the Genti

2、lesApostle to the GentilesThe Spread of ChristianityThe Spread of ChristianityImperial Roman Road SystemImperial Roman Road SystemThe Empire in Crisis:3cThe Empire in Crisis:3cDiocletian Splits the Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two:294 ADEmpire in Two:294 ADConstantine:312-337Constantine:312-337二、

3、基督教圣经故事WhenAdamandEvesinnedinParadise,theylosttheirrighttohappiness.ButGodpromisedtosendHisonlySontoregainthishappinessforthem.Outofalltheworld,GodchoseMarytobetheMotherofHisSon.OnedaytheAngelGabrielfromheavenappearedtoher.Hail,fullofgrace!hecried.AndhetoldherthatshewastobetheMotheroftheMostHigh.Mar

4、yanswered,BeholdthehandmaidoftheLord!AtthatmomenttheSecondPersonoftheBlessedTrinity,GodsSon,enteredtheworld.ThisiscalledtheIncarnation.lFirst Joyful Mystery-The AnnunciationTheAngelGabrieltoldMarythathercousinElizabeth,thoughanoldlady,wastohavealittleson.ThissonwasSt.JohntheBaptist.SoimmediatelyMary

5、hurriedoverthehillstotakecareofhercousin.WhenElizabethsawher,shecried,Blessedartthouamongwomen,andblessedisthefruitofthywomb.MaryansweredbysingingtheMagnificat.MarystayedwithhercousinuntilJohntheBaptistwasborn.ShewasElizabethslittlenurseandmaidservant.WhenJohnwasbornandElizabethwasstrongagain,Maryre

6、turnedtoherownhometowaitforthebirthofherowndearSon,Jesus.lSecond Joyful Mystery-The VisitationTheproudRomanEmperororderedallhiscitizenstopaytheirtaxesintheirhomecities.SoJoseph,thehusbandofMary,andMarytraveledtoBethlehem.Bethlehemwassofullofvisitorstheycouldnotfindaplacetosleep.Sotheywentouttoalittl

7、estableinahill.AndthereJesus,theSavioroftheworld,wasborn.Agloriousstarshoneintheheavens.Angelssang,GlorytoGodinthehighestandonearthpeacetomenofgoodwill!ShepherdscametoadorethenewbornKing.WiseMenfromtheeastbroughtHimlovelygifts.Marywasdeeplyhappy.SheliftedHimhighfortheworldtosee.ThiswasthefirstChrist

8、mas.lThird Joyful Mystery-The Nativity AllmenandwomenarethechildrenofGod.TheholyJewscarriedeachfirstbornsontotheTempleandofferedhimtoGod.Theninhisplace,theygaveGodalambor,iftheywerepoor,apairofpurewhitedoves.SoMarycarriedherSontotheTemple.SheofferedHimtoGod.Then,becauseshewaspoor,sheofferedinHisplac

9、etwowhitedoves.ButagreatprophetcalledSimeonsawtheBabyandknewthiswastheSavioroftheworld.Hecriedaloudinhisjoy.AndawiseoldladynamedAnnablessedHimandHisdearMother.ThenMarycarriedherSonhomeagain.ShewasHisbelovednurseandteacherandprotector.lFourth Joyful Mystery-The PresentationTheJewishTemplewasGodshouse

10、onearth.WhenJesuswastwelveyearsold,JosephandMarytookHimtoJerusalemwheretheTemplestood.JesuslovedHisFathershouse.SowhenMaryandJosephreturnedtoNazareth,theirhometown,Hestayedbehind.HeknewthatGodwishedHimtostaylongerinHisFathershouse.SoonMaryandJosephfoundthatJesuswaslost.TheyhurriedbacktotheTemple.For

11、threedaysandnightstheylookedeverywhereforHim.Finally,theyfoundHimseatedamongthedoctorsandpriests.HewasaskingthemwisequestionsandteachingthemabouttheSavior.HedidthisbecausethiswasHisFathersbusiness.ThenquietlyHereturnedtoNazarethwithJosephandMaryandfortherestofHisyouth,Hewasperfectlyobedienttothem.lF

12、ifth Joyful Mystery-The Finding in the TempleEveryonewhocommitsasinisacriminalagainstthegoodGod.Soheshouldbepunished.ButJesus,ourSaviour,cametotakethesinnersplace.HeaskedGodtopunishHiminsteadofuswhoreallyaretheguiltyones.ThissufferingofChristwecallHisPassion.OnHolyThursdayafterHegaveustheBlessedSacr

13、ament,HewentintoalonelygardencalledGethsemane.HelookedaheadandsawallHewasgoingtosuffer.Hesawalloursins,ugly,filthy,evil.AndthethoughtofHisPassionandoursinsmadeHimsweatblood.ThisbloodpoureddownuponthegroundinHisagony.ThenJudascamewiththesoldiers.LikeatraitorhekissedJesus.ThesoldiersledHimawaytodeath.

14、lFirst Sorrowful Mystery-The Agony in the GardenPilate,theRomanGovernor,knewthatJesuswasnotguilty.ButallthepeoplecriedoutforHisdeath.AndbecauseJesushadtakenourplace,God,HisFather,waswillingtoletHisSondie.PilateorderedHimtobewhipped.ThesoldiersfastenedHimtoastonecolumn.Thenwithheavywhips,theybeatHisb

15、ack.Jesussufferedterriblyfromthisscourging.ButHedidnotcryout.ForHeknewwhomanypeoplecommitsinswiththeirbodies.Wesometimescallthesethesinsoftheflesh.SoHewantedtosufferfortheirsadsins.Hewantedustobestrongagainstthiskindofuglysin.lSecond Sorrowful Mystery-The ScourgingJesuswastheKingofKings,theKingofthe

16、Jews.ButtheRomansoldiersthoughtthiswasfunny.Still,letspretendthatHeis,oneofthemcried.ForajokeletsmakeHimacrown.Sotheypickedupabranchofcruelthorns,andmadeitintoacrown.TheypusheditintotheheadofourSavior.IthurtHimterribly.ThebloodrandownintoHiseyes.ThethornstoreHisskinandreachedtowardHisbrain.Thentheso

17、ldiersputareedinHishand.TheythrewadirtyredcloakoverHisshoulders.TheylaughedatHimandcried,HailtotheKing!Jesussufferedallthisbecauseofoursinsofthoughtandpride.lThird Sorrowful Mystery-The Crowning with ThornsPilateheardthepeoplecryout,CrucifyHim!SoPilateorderedHimtobenailedonacross.ButfirstHehadtocarr

18、yHisowncrossuptothetopofCalvary.Thecrosswasveryheavy.ThesoldiersputitonHisshoulderanditrubbedagainstHistornflesh.TheydraggedHimthroughthecityandupthehilltodie.ThepeoplelaughedatHimandthrewrocksandmud.WhenHefell,thesoldierskickedHimtoHisfeet.Oncealongtheway,HemetMary,HisMother.Butshecoulddonothingtoh

19、elpherdearSon.VeronicaranoutofthecrowdandwipedHisfacewithherveil.SomegoodwomenweptforHim.AndSimonwasforcedtohelpHimcarrythecross.lFourth Sorrowful Mystery-The Carrying of the CrossForthreehoursourdearLordhungonthecross.HewastakingonHimselfthepunishmentforoursins.HeprayedtoHisFatherinheaven,Father,fo

20、rgivethem.HeforgavetheterriblesinnerwhobecametheGoodThief.HegaveusHisowndearMother.HecriedoutbecauseHewasthirstyforourlove.Atlength,HeknewthatGodhadforgivenoursins.Oncemore,wehadtherighttoenterheaven.SoHedroppedHisheadanddied.Greaterlovethanthisnomanhaththantolaydownhislifeforhisfriends.lFifth Sorro

21、wful Mystery-The CrucifixionChristdiedonGoodFriday.HewasburiedintheHolySepulchre.ForthreedaysHelaydead.Soldiersguardedthetomb.TheRomanGovernor,Pilate,placedontheheavydoorthesealofRome.ThenSundaymorningdawned.Beautifullightappearedinthesky.ThesoldierssawlightpouringfromthegravewhereJesuslay.Thegreat,

22、heavystonerolledawayofitself.AndJesus,glorious,strong,beautiful,andalive,cameforthfromthetomb.HevisitedHisdearMotherandthankedher.HeshowedHimselftoMaryMagdalenwhowasweepingforHim.HeappearedtoHisApostles.Heprovedtousthatweshallliveforever.ThiswasthefirstEaster.lFirst Glorious Mystery-The Resurrection

23、ForforthdaysJesusremainedonearthafterHisResurrection.HeestablishedHisChurchandgaveitwonderfulpowers.HetalkedtoHisfriends,tellingthemaboutheaven,andabouttheworktheymustdofirstforGodandsouls.ThenoneThursday,HetookthemalluponMountOlivet.HegavethemHislastinstructionsandsaidgoodbye.SlowlybyHisownpower,He

24、begantorisefromtheearth.HestretchedoutHishandstoblessthem.HesmileddownforthelasttimeuponHisMother.AtlastacloudcoveredHim,andHeenteredthejoysofheaven.AnangelthencametotheApostlesandtoldthemtogobackandbegintoworkforsouls.Somedaytheytoowouldenterheavenandbehappyforever.lSecond Glorious Mystery-The Asce

25、nsionChristhadpromisedtheApostles,IwillsendyoutheHolySpirit.HewillbeyourComforter.AfterJesusleftthem,theApostleswereafraid.SotheyhidthemselvesinthelittleapartmentofMary.Theyprayedandwaitedforninedays.ThiswasthefirstNovena.ThenonPentacost,overtheirheads,theApostlessawpartedtonguesoffire.Atonguesettle

26、doneachoftheirheads.TheHolySpirithadcome.Atonce,theywentoutandbegantotelleveryoneaboutJesus.Theyspokesostronglythatthousandsbelievedandwerebaptized.ThiswasthebirthdayoftheCatholicChurch.lThird Glorious Mystery-The Descent of the Holy GhostForalongtime,JesusleftHisMotheronearth.Hewantedhertotakecareo

27、fHisApostles,andbetheMotherofthenewChurch.ThenonedayHequietlysentforher,andwithasmileshedied.TheApostlescamefromallovertheearthtobeatherdeathbed.Theycarriedherbodytohergraveandlaiditgentlyintheground.SaintThomascamelate,aftertheburial.WhentheApostlestookhimtothegrave,theyfounditemptyandopen.WhereMar

28、ysbodyhadrested,beautifulliliesweregrowing.JesushadsentHisangelstobringthebodyofHisMothertoheaven.Itwastoopuretorestintheearth.IthadservedHimsowellthatitmustatonceenjoythehappinessofheaven.lFourth Glorious Mystery-The Assumption MaryhadservedJesusallherlife.ShehadlovedandservedGodwithherwholeheartan

29、dsoul.Shehadnevercommittedtheslightestsin.Soinheavenshewastohaveherreward.Bodyandsoul,Maryenteredheaven.HerSon,Jesus,metherandtookherinHisgratefularms.TheheavenlyFathersaid,ThisisMydeardevoteddaughter.TheDivineSonsaid,ThisisMydearfaithfulMother.TheHolySpiritsaid,Thisismysweet,purebride.Andthesaintsa

30、ndangelsallcried,ThisisourQueen!SoJesus,theKingofKings,seatedheronherthrone.OnherheadHeplacedagloriouscrownofstars.ButMarylookeddowntoseeherchildrenonearth.Fornowshecouldhelphersonsanddaughterstoreachheaven.MaryistheQueenofHeaven.ButsheisourlovingMotherwhoprotectsuswithherpower.lFifth Glorious Myste

31、ry-The CoronationIntheGothicvaultsoftheTornabuoniChapelthefourEvangelistsarefloatingonclouds.StMatthewtheEvangelistisholdingtheslatepencilinthefingertipsofhisrighthand,andwithhislefthandheisholdingoutanopenbookforustosee.Ashedoesso,heislookingattentivelyathissymbol,thelittleangel.Thelatter,wearingaf

32、lutteringgarment,comesveryclosetotheEvangelistinordertoconveytohimthewordofGod.St Matthew the Evangelist1486-90FrescoCappellaTornabuoni,SantaMariaNovella,Florencethe EvangelistStMarktheEvangelistisconcentratingonsharpeninghisquillwithaknife.Thelionathisfeet,hissymbolicanimal,islookingintothechapelwi

33、thhislargeeyes.St Mark the Evangelist1486-90FrescoCappellaTornabuoni,SantaMariaNovella,FlorenceStJohntheEvangelistiswritingdownGodswords,whicharebeingconveyedtohimbyhissymbolicanimal,theeagle,onapieceofpaper.lSt John the Evangelist1486-90FrescoCappellaTornabuoni,SantaMariaNovella,FlorenceStLuketheEv

34、angelist,depictedasayoungmanwithbrownhairandabeard,islookingatalittlebookonhiskneeashewritesdownthelifeofChrist.Onhisleftaveryrealisticox,theEvangelistssymbol,isresting.Thereflectionsinitslargeblackeyemakeitlookquitegood-natured.lSt Luke the Evangelist1486-90FrescoCappellaTornabuoni,SantaMariaNovell

35、a,FlorenceSecludedontheGreekislandofPatmos,SaintJohntheEvangelistexperiencedhisapocalypticvisionoftheSecondComingofChrist.ThispaintingdepictsthemomentwhenhewasinspiredbyGodtheFathertowritetheBookofRevelation.Seenfromalowvantagepointanddramaticallysilhouettedagainstthesky,theheroicfigureofJohnisradic

36、allyforeshortened.Withbentkneesandupthrustarms,helooksuptowitnessGod,accompaniedbyangels,burstingthroughthecloudsabovehishead.Thebrillianthuesofyellow,blue,andreddrawtheeyeupwardthroughthephysicalboundariesoftheceilingandintotheheavenlyrealm.TheemotionalimpactofthesubjectisfurtherintensifiedbyTitian

37、sbroad,expressivebrushstrokes.lTitianVenetian,c.1490-1576Saint John the Evangelist on Patmos,c.1547oiloncanvas,237.6x263cmSamuelH.KressCollection1957.14.6三、早期基督教艺术（一）定义早期基督教被视为反动的非法团体，为了躲避罗马官兵的拘捕，采取“地下活动”，在地下墓窟用隐喻象征的图象做为信徒膜拜的对象。所以早期基督教艺术是指罗马的地下墓窟(Catacomb)艺术而言，时间约在公元100420年之间。君士坦丁颁布基督教为国教后，早期的地下艺术便告

38、结束。（二）特征1、早期建筑极为简陋，在墙上和室顶上，饰以壁画和灰泥制的浮雕，少有圆雕。2、壁画多取材于基督教的圣经，大半用象征性表现手法，故事的细节和环境被省略，人物之间缺乏有机的联系，构图往往重复，形象比较概念化、公式化缺乏运动感和生命感。3、耶稣生平的故事大量出现在艺术上，耶稣被表现成为牧羊人，面部毫无表情。4、风格上大致仍沿用罗马的旧传统，只是比较苦涩呆板。（三）艺术表现1、建筑四世纪基督教成为合法后，在古罗马长方形的公共会堂“巴西利卡”的基础上发展新型的“巴西利卡式教堂”，它是中世纪教堂的母体。四至六世纪时，巴西利卡式教堂著名的有（均在罗马）：圣彼得（St.Peter）大教堂（约33

39、3年建，明细图1、2）。圣马利亚马佐勒教堂（432440年）。2、绘画壁画壁画地下墓窟的四壁和顶部画了不少壁画，手法虽然较幼稚，形象却基本是仿照希腊罗马的，比如画成“善良的牧羊人”（镶嵌画，意大利拉文纳，普拉西迪亚陵庙入口上部，约520）的基督、胜利女神式的天使等。还有各种线条组成的圆形或方形图案，中间有花环、鸟类、四足动物，还有四季的象征物作装饰母题（不死鸟、斑鸠、羔羊、鱼等形象都成为基督的象征）。早在三世纪初，壁画上就有福音书和旧约故事，具有浓厚的希腊罗马的痕迹。五世纪的画风更强调轮廓线、绘画性和图示性也更强。镶嵌画早期基督教大量使用镶嵌画装饰教堂内部，使用的材料有彩色石块和彩色玻璃块，因

40、其色彩闪烁神秘又经久不变色，更加强了教堂的神秘感。现存的有罗马的君士坦察圆墓中的装饰壁画，绘有葡萄藤和采集葡萄的场面（葡萄代表耶稣，葡萄藤代表信徒）。镶嵌画罗马圣普邓齐安教堂中的壁画，描绘了圣徒为耶稣加冕的场面。耶稣被表现为有权有势的宣教者和世界的新主人。在拉韦纳的一幅镶嵌画面包和鱼的奇迹（镶嵌画，意大利拉文纳圣阿波利那里诺沃教堂，504年）中基督着帝王紫色布披肩，也有相同的形象。拜占庭艺术（一）特色所谓拜占庭艺术(ByzantineArt)，就是指东罗马帝国的艺术。从君士坦丁时代开始，公元3301453年。拜占庭帝国是宗教政治帝国，其艺术是为了荣耀基督，并表现其神奇而已。大体来说，所有拜占庭

41、的艺术都充满了精神的象征主义。重视心象，不容有写实主义的存在。东罗马帝国被土耳其人灭亡后，拜占庭的艺术则继续在希腊、巴尔干半岛和俄罗斯等地流行。（二）艺术表现1、建筑拜占庭建筑的中心结构是主穹窿，它控制整个建筑，并用不同形式与辅助拱结合，创造出丰富的空间。早期仍沿用“巴西利卡式”的教堂外，又发展出“集中式”。所谓“集中式”教堂就是采用穹顶，把穹顶支撑在四个或更多的独立支柱上的结构方法。典型代表作是索菲亚大教堂（土耳其伊斯坦堡，532537年查士丁尼时代），它的主要结构是一个巨大的圆顶大厅，体积之庞大，使用材料之珍贵，装饰之华丽，都是空前的。经历了726-843年的“破坏圣像运动”之后，教堂又发

42、展为“十字形平面式”式的建筑，今日威尼斯的圣马可教堂（建于10631094年）可见其踪迹。有些地方的教堂，在精神表现上，有力求满足各阶层需要的形式。例如，威尼斯教堂上面的灯塔和圆球，是为渔民而作；莫斯科教堂更多彩多姿，如冰淇淋造型的屋顶，是为乡下农民而作（进城看热闹，例如莫斯科圣瓦西里大教堂，1554-60）。2、绘画镶嵌画和壁画取代雕刻，成为教堂的主要装饰艺术。镶嵌画有二种倾向：一种是宣传神权思想，严格地服从教义，把耶稣画得像专制君主，如全能的基督（西西里蒙雷阿莱主教半圆室镶嵌画，约1183）；另一种表现了人们的思想和愿望，把圣母画成为慈母，把耶稣画成钉在十字架受苦的贫苦人。这二种倾向一直持

43、续地表现于整个中世纪艺术发展过程中。耶稣受苦难的造型很普遍，这在早期基督教艺术上是尽量避免的，此时的艺术（九世纪以后）已能将感情渗入宗教中去。例如索菲亚教堂发现的镶嵌画中的耶稣（约作于十三世纪），已没有刻板和充满严肃的样子，而是带有温柔忧郁的表情，造型细腻，色调素雅。手抄本插图以东方式的装饰色彩、风格化的形象处理和灿烂的金色背景为特征。它很像连环图画，内容表现圣经的故事，因当时还没有印刷术，而且文盲众多，所以用图画来教化之，如大卫演奏竖琴（取自君士坦堡巴黎诗篇，现藏巴黎国立图书馆，约950）。3、雕刻拜占庭艺术中大型雕像和最后皇帝的肖像一起消失，而石雕仅限于建筑上的装饰。小雕刻则继续把罗马文化

44、传下去，只是缺少血肉的质感。（三）拜占庭艺术观念的影响影响东西方：从爱尔兰到俄罗斯皆信仰基督教。拜占庭的建筑师、画师、镶嵌画艺匠被各国竞相邀请传艺，同时把东西方各国艺术之长带回拜占庭和另外一些国家，对东西文化交流有贡献。根植西方“万物生于一”的理念：古代信多神教，改信基督后，信唯一的神，是“一元论”的犹太思想，近代的共产主义、弗罗伊德性观念说皆是源于“一元论”的思想。四、罗马式艺术（一）定义罗马式艺术（Romanesqueart）是欧洲中世纪中期的艺术，成熟于十一世纪中叶，盛行到十二世纪末，有些国家则延续到十三世纪以后。十世纪的奥托大帝（OttotheGreat）有意使他管辖内的教堂、修道院、

45、学校等建筑物，都一律模仿古代罗马的样式，因此乃有“罗马式”之称。（其实并非如此，只是后人为了与其它史料相比而沿用此名词。）（二）特征1、它属于宗教艺术，主要表现在建筑方面的教堂和修道院。2、雕刻和绘画多取材于圣经故事，表现象征或寓意的宗教内容，但也有部份是世俗的题材。3、它不以自然描绘为造型手段，而根据特定主题的需要，任意将人物、动物和植物形象进行变形处理，给人以骚动不宁的视觉感受。（三）艺术表现1、建筑罗马式教堂以厚重坚实的石造墙壁、高大巍峨的塔楼、半圆形拱穹结构的筒形穹隆和交叉拱穹隆的广泛应用为主要特征。由于用石材建造，可防火（史料记载欧洲中世纪多火灾）又牢固，外观虽似堡垒，但用卷拱顶架构

46、可减轻屋顶对墙的压力。内部由于复杂而有秩序的布局，产生特殊空间效果。一般窗户都是开得很小的斜削窗洞，造成教堂内部昏暗朦胧的特殊美学效果。著名者如：德国的史必约尔（Speyer）教堂（1030）；意大利的比萨（Pisa）大教堂（意大利中部，以比塞塔著名，10531272）、米兰圣安布罗鸠（St.Ambrogio）教堂（11世纪12世纪）；法国的圣塞南（St.Sernin）教堂（约10801120）、奥顿（Autun）教堂（约112032）。2、雕刻罗马式雕刻大量出现在教堂的外壁，最常见于半圆扇形的门楣上，属建筑的一部份。重要特征有二：1、非写实性：将寓意、象征、夸张、变形等多种艺术手法随心所欲地

47、兼取并用，常违反正常比例，打破真实空间序列，将各种物象任意地进行组合。2、框架法则：雕刻为了和建筑物的各部位取得调和，任意将形象拉长、缩短、扭弯、变形。使得雕刻具有生动活泼、幼稚天真的特点。著名的如：法国奥顿教堂正中央拱门浮雕最后审判（1195），最为有名。法国的莫瓦赛克（Moissac）圣彼得（St.-Pierre）教堂中的先知立像（1115-1135）。法国威兹莱（Vezelay）教堂正门的圣灵降临（1120-32）。3、绘画手抄本插画此时的绘画没有重大的突破，主要在强调传统的延续，尤其是手抄本插画艺术的延续。著名的有：圣马可写经手抄本，用线条描写，其中传福音、长翅膀的狮子、书卷、衣褶等都表现出扭转活动的形态（取自埃博福音，约816835年，现藏法国北部埃佩尔内市图书馆）。医生手抄本一位医生的肖像（约1160年），描绘线条有三度空间的效果。壁画罗马式壁画的特点在于它稳定的轮廓线和图案感。例如法国沙温教堂中堂天花板上的建造巴贝尔（Babel）塔壁画，画面紧张、戏剧性的设计，充满了紧凑的动作，是罗马式壁画中最动人、保存得最好的例子。金属器画尼古拉维豋(NicholasofVerdun)的珐琅金属版画飘渡过红海。