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1、无机化学物质的命名 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望一一.元素和单质的命名元素和单质的命名 “元元素素”和和“单单质质”的的英英文文意意思思都都是是“element”，有有时时为为了了区区别别，在在强强调调“单单质质”时时可可用用“freeelementorelementarysubstance”。因因此此，单单质质的的英英文文名名称称与与元元素素的的英英文文名名称称是是一一样样的的。下下面面给给出出的的既既是是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。元素的
2、名称，同时又是单质的名称。S-blockElement(S区元素区元素)IAHydrogen(H)Lithium(Li)Sodium(Na)Potassium(K)Rubidium(Ru)Cesium(Ce)Francium(Fr)IIABeryllium(Be)Magnesium(Mg)Calcium(Ca)Strontium(Sr)Barium(Ba)Radium(Ra)P26IIIAboron(B)Aluminium(Al)Gallium(Ga)Indium(In)Thallium(Tl)IVACarbon(C)Silicon(Si)Germanium(Ge)Tin(Sn)Lead(Pb
3、)plumbiVANitrogen(N)Phosphorus(P)Arsenic(As)antimony(Sb)Bismuth(Bi)VIAoxygen(O)sulfur(S)Selenium(Se)Tellurium(Te)Polonium(Po)VIIAfluorine(F)Chlorine(Cl)Bromine(Br)Iodine(I)Astatine(At)0Helium(He)Neon(Ne)argon(Ar)Krypton(Kr)Xenon(Xe)Radon(Ra)P-blockElement(P区元素区元素)CommonTransitionElememtFe:iron;deter
4、mineMn:manganeseCu:copper;cuprumZn:zinc;spelterHg:mercury;quicksilverAg:silver;argentineAu:gold;aurum二二.化合物的命名化合物的命名化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读，这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示原子读，这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示原子个数时使用前缀：个数时使用前缀：(1)mono-,(2)di-,(3)tri-,(4)tetra-,(5)penta-，(6)hexa-,(7)hepta-,(8)octa-,(9)nona-,(10)deca-，但
5、是在不会引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽但是在不会引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽可能被省去。可能被省去。monovalent:单价的单价的carbondioxane:CO2tribromethane:CHBr3;tetrachloromethane:CCl4CO(Carbonmonoxide)NO(Nitrogenoxide)NO2(Nitrogendioxide)N2O3(Nitrogentrioxide)N2O5(Nitrogenpentoxide)N2O(nitrousoxide)FeO(Ferrousoxide),Fe2O3(Ferricoxide);MnO(Manganousoxide)Mn2O3
6、(Manganicoxide),H2MnO4(Manganicacid)MnO2(Manganesedioxide)VB:valencebondtheoryMO:molecularorbitaltheory1.化合物正电荷部分的读法化合物正电荷部分的读法1.1SinglevalenceionsCationsname=Elementforexample:Na+SodiumAl3+AluminumK+PotassiumCa2+Calcium如如:CO:carbonmonoxideAl2O3:aluminiumoxideN2O4：Dinitrogentetroxide(tetra-,mono-后缀中
7、的后缀中的a,o在后在后-o之前省去之前省去)ion:离子离子anion：阴离子阴离子cation:阳离子阳离子1.2MultivalenceionsCationsname=Element(N)Forexample:Fe2+Iron(II)orFerrousFe3+Iron(III)orFerricCr2+Chromium(II)Cr3+Chromium(III)Mn4+Manganese(IV)Mn2+Manganese(II)2.化合物负电荷部分的读法化合物负电荷部分的读法2.1MonatomicanionsAnionsname=Elementsroot-ideForexample:Cl-
8、ChlorideO2-OxideBr-BromideOH-HydroxideI-IodideCN-CyanideS2-SulfideH-Hydride2.2Polyatomicoxyanions2.2.1Acidradicalsfornormalsalt(正正酸根酸根-ate)Anionsname=CentralElementsroot-ateForexample:ClO3-ChlorateIO3-IodatePO43-PhosphateNO3-NitrateSO42-SulfateCO32-Carbonate2.2.2Acidradicalsforhypo-salts(次酸次酸根根-ite)
9、Anionsname=Hypo-Centralelementsroot-iteForexample:ClO-HypochloriteIO-HypoioditePO23-Hypophosphite2.2.3Acidradicalsforpersalts(高酸根高酸根Per-ate)Anionsname=Per-CentralElementsroot-ateForexample:ClO4-PerchlorateIO4-PeriodateMnO4-Permanganate2.2.4含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子 采用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴采用前后缀的不同组合显
10、示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子，价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀，离子，价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀，不同的后缀。不同的后缀。高某酸高某酸per-ic正酸正酸ic亚酸亚酸-ous次酸次酸hypo-ous高某酸根高某酸根per-ate正酸根正酸根ate亚酸根亚酸根-ite次酸根次酸根hypo-ite其它的前缀还有其它的前缀还有ortho-正正meta-偏偏thio-硫代硫代举例：举例：HClO4perchloricacidClO4-perchlorateionHClO3chloricacidClO3-chlorateionHClO2chlorousacidCl
11、O2-chloriteionHClOhypochlorousacidClO-hypochloriteionH2SO4sulfuricacidH2SO3sulfurousacidHNO3nitricacidHNO2nitrousacidHPO3metaphosphoricacidS2O32-thiosulfateion3.Namingcompounds3.1MetaloxideMetaloxide=Cation+oxideForexample:FeOIron(II)oxide(Ferrousoxide)Fe2O3Iron(III)oxide(Ferricoxide)Fe3O4Ferroferri
12、coxidePb3O4TrileadtetroxideNa2O2SodiumperoxideNonmetaloxide=n-Nonmetalelement+n-oxideForexample:COCarbonmonoxideCO2CarbondioxideSO3SulfurtrioxideN2O3DinitrogentrioxideP2O5DiphosphoruspentoxideN2O4Dinitrogentetroxide(tetra-,mono-后缀中的后缀中的a,o在后一在后一o之前省去之前省去)有些物质常用俗称有些物质常用俗称,如如NO:nitricoxideN2O:nitrouso
13、xide3.2Nonmetaloxide4.非金属氢化物非金属氢化物除除了了水水和和氨氨气气使使用用俗俗称称water，ammonia以以外外，其其它它的的非非金金属属氢氢化化物物都都用用系系统统名名称称，命命名名规规则则根根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。4.1对对于于卤卤族族和和氧氧族族氢氢化化物物，H在在化化学学式式中中写写在在前前面面，因因此此将其看成与另一元素的二元化合物。将其看成与另一元素的二元化合物。举例：举例：HFhydrogenfluorideHClhydrogenchlorideHBrhydrogenbromideHIhydrogeniodide
14、H2ShydrogensulfideH2SehydrogenselenideH2Tehydrogentelluride4.2对对于于其其它它族族的的非非金金属属氢氢化化物物，在在化化学学式式中中写在后面，可加后缀写在后面，可加后缀-ane，氮族还可加，氮族还可加-ine。举例：举例：PH3:phosphine或或phosphaneAsH3:arsine或或arsaneSbH3:stibine或或stibaneBiH3:bismuthaneCH4:methaneSiH4:silaneB2H6:diboraneNH3:ammonia5.无氧酸无氧酸命名规则：命名规则：hydro-词根词根-icac
15、id举例：举例：HCl:hydrochloricacidH2S:hydrosulfuricacidHF:hydrofluoricacidHBr:hydrobromicaicd总结总结:HH2 2SOSO4 4 （+6）Sulfuricacid(正正)HH2 2SOSO3 3 （+4）sulfurousacid;(亚亚)HH2 2SOSO5 5 Peroxysulfuric,（过）（过）HH2 2SOSO7 7（+6）Pyrosulfuric,acid)(焦焦)HH2 2S S2 2O O3 3(Thiosulfuricacid）e.g.Na2S2O3（硫代）（硫代）-H2O-O-O-OS OH
16、POHPO3 3（偏）（偏）(Meta phosphoric,)HH3 3POPO4 4(正正)(Phosphoric,)HH3 3POPO3 3 （亚亚）(Phosphorous,)HH3 3POPO2 2 (次次)(Hypo-phosphorous,)HH4 4P P2 2O O7 7(焦焦)(Pyro phosphoric,)分子间分子间-H2O分子内分子内-H2O-O-O+5+3+1HNOHNO3 3 (Nitricacid,+5);HNOHNO2 2(Nitrousacid,+3)-OHH3 3BOBO3 3(Ortho boric,)(原原);HClOHClO(Hypochloro
17、usacid)(次次)HClOHClO3 3(Chloricacid)(正正)HClOHClO4 4(Perchloricacid)(高高)HClO2(Chlorousacid)(亚亚)-O-O-O+5+7+3+16.BasesBase=Metalcation+hydroxideForexample:Al(OH)3AluminumhydroxideNaOHSodiumhydroxideCa(OH)2CalciumhydroxideBa(OH)2BariumhydroxideCo(OH)2Cobalt(II)hydroxide7.盐盐(Salts)7.1正盐正盐(Normalsalt)：根据化学
18、式从左往右分别：根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。Normalsalt=Cation+anionForexample:HgSO4Mercury(II)sulfateHg2SO4Mercury(I)sulfateKNO3PotassiumnitrateNa2CO3SodiumcarbonateNaClOSodiumhypochloriteFeSO4iron(II)sulfateKMnO4potassiumpermanganate7.2酸式盐：酸式盐：(Acidicsalts)同正盐的读法，酸根中同正盐的读法，酸根中的读做的读做hydrogen，氢原子的个数
19、用前缀表示。，氢原子的个数用前缀表示。Acidicsalt=Cation+hydrogen+anionForexample:NaHSO4SodiumhydrogensulfateNa2HPO4DisodiumhydrogenphosphateNaH2PO4SodiumdihydrogenphosphateCa(HSO4)2CalciumbisulfateNaHCO3Sodiumhydrogencarbonate或或Sodiumbicarbonate7.3BasicsaltsBasicsalt=Cation+hydroxy-anionForexample:Cu2(OH)2CO3:Dicopper
20、(II)dihydroxycarbonateCa(OH)Cl:CalciumhydroxychlorideMg(OH)PO4:Magnesiumhydroxyphosphate7.4复盐复盐(Mixedsalts)：同正盐的读法。：同正盐的读法。Mixedsalt=Cation+cation+anionForexample:NaKSO3:SodiumpotassiumsulfiteCaNH4PO4:CalciumammoniumphosphateAgLiCO3SilverlithiumcarbonateNaNH4SO4SodiumammoniumsulfateKNaCO3:potassuims
21、odiumcarbonateNaNH4HPO4:sodiumammoniumhydrogenphosphate7.5水合盐：结晶水读做水合盐：结晶水读做water或或hydrate如如AlCl36H2O:aluminumchloride6-water或或aluminumchloridehexahydrateAlK(SO4)212H2O:aluminiumpotassiumsulfate12-water8.Acids8.1Per-,hydro-,normalacid(itssalt-ate,-ide)Acid=Centralelementsroot-ic+acidForexample:H2CO3
22、CarbonicacidH2SO4SulfuricacidH3PO4PhosphoricacidHNO3NitricacidHClO4PerchloricacidHClHydrochloricacid8.2Meta-andhypo-acid(itssalt-ite)Acid=Centralelementsroot-ous+acidForexample:H2SO3SulfurousacidH3PO3PhosphorousacidHNO2NitrousacidHClOHypochlorousacidHClO2Chlorousacid 命名时先命名阳离子部分，最后命名阴离子部分，阴离命名时先命名阳离
23、子部分，最后命名阴离子部分，阴离子配体以字母顺序列出，中心阳离子价态一般以罗马数字在子配体以字母顺序列出，中心阳离子价态一般以罗马数字在名称后标出。名称后标出。KBF4potassiumtetrafluoroborate(III)K4Fe(CN)6potassiumhexacyanoferrate(II)Cu(NH3)4SO4Tetraamminecopper(II)sulfateCo(H2O)2(NH3)2(CO2)NO3Diamminediaquacarbonatocobalt(III)nitrate9.络合物的命名络合物的命名（Namingcoordinationcomplex）9.1L
24、igands(配体配体)9.1.1Negativeionsasligands Ligand=Elementsroot-oForexample:CN-CyanoNO2-NitroF-FluoroNO3-NitratoCl-ChloroCO32-CarbonatoBr-BromoCH3COO-AcetatoO2-OxoH-HydridoOH-Hydroxo-O2CCO2-Oxalato9.1.2NeutralmoleculesasligandLigand=RadicalnameForexample:NH3AmmineCOCarbonylH2OAquaCH3NH2MethylamineH2NCCNH
25、2Ethylenediamine9.2Complexions9.1NeutralcomplexorcomplexionswithpositivechargeComplexion=n-Ligand-metalion(N)Forexample:Ag(NH3)2+Diamminesilver(I)Cu(NH3)42+Tetraamminecopper(II)Co(NH3)3(NO2)3Triamminetrinitrocobalt(III)9.2ComplexionswithnegativechargeComplexion=n-Ligand-metalsroot-ate(N)Forexample:F
26、e(CN)64-Hexafluoroferrate(II)BF4-Tetrafluoroborate(III)AlF63-Hexafluoroaluminate(III)AuCl4-Tetrachloroaurate(III9.3NamingcomplexComplex=Cation+anionForexample:LiAlH4 Lithiumtetrahydroaluminate(III)Ag(NH3)2ClDiamminesilver(I)chlorideK4Fe(CN)6Potassiumhexacyanoferrate(II)Cu(NH3)4SO4Tetraamminecopper(I
27、I)sulfateNi(CO)4Tetracarbonylnickel(0)常见配体的名称常见配体的名称10.Halide(卤化物卤化物):):NH4Cl(AmmoniumChloride),CaF2(Calciumfluoride),NaBr(Potassiumbromide),KI(PotassiumIodide)PCl3(Phosphorustrichloride)TheNameofCation+HalideInorganicChemistryIntroduce:Inorganicchemistryisthestudyofthesynthesisandbehaviorofinorgani
28、candorganometalliccompounds.Ithasapplicationsineveryaspectofthechemicalindustryincludingcatalysis,materialsscience,pigments,surfactants,coatings,medicine,fuel,andagriculture.Inorganicchemistsareemployedinfieldsasdiverseastheminingandmicrochipindustries,environmentalscience,andeducation.Theirworkisba
29、sedonunderstandingthebehaviorandtheanaloguesforinorganicelements,andhowthesematerialscanbemodified,separatedorusedofteninproductapplications.Itincludesdevelopingmethodstorecovermetalsfromwastestreams;employmentasanalyticalchemistsspecializinginanalysisofminedores;performingresearchontheuseofinorgani
30、cchemicalsfortreatingsoil.Manyinorganicchemistsgointoindustry,buttheyarealsoatuniversitiesandingovernmentlabs.Inorganicchemistswhoworkingovernmentsaytheirtimeisincreasinglyspentwritinggrantproposalsandcompetingforasmallpoolofresearchmoney.Inorganicchemistscomparetheirjobstothoseofmaterialsscientists
31、andphysicists.Allthreefieldsexploretherelationshipbetweenphysicalpropertiesandfunctions,butinorganicchemistryisthemostkeenlyfocusedonthesepropertiesatthemolecularlevel.IsaCreativeField Thefieldofinorganicchemistryhastraditionallybeencharacterizedbyscientistswithanartisticorcreativeflair.Manyinorgani
32、cchemistssaythattheyweredrawntothefieldinpartbytheprettycolorsofthemetalsinthelabandbytheinterestingthingsthatcouldbedoneinthelab.Theyoftensaytheopportunitiesforcreativityandinferentialthinkingarewhattheylikebestabouttheirwork.Describingthemselvesastinkerers,inorganicchemistslikeputtingthingstogethe
33、randsolvingproblemsandstresstheimportanceofbeingdetailoriented,precise,andpersistent.Inorganicchemistsdescribetheirworkasaconstantchallenge.Thejobchangesallthetime,saysSteveCaldwell,aninorganicchemistworkingatDowChemical.EverydaythereareanewsetofissuesandIhavetodeterminewhicharethemostimportantonest
34、oworkonfirst.Itsdefinitelynotaninetofivejob.IntegratesManyDisciplines Inorganicchemistry,likemanyscientificfields,isbecomingmoreinterdisciplinary.Breakthroughsareanticipatedintheinterfacebetweenfieldsratherthaninthemoretraditionalarea.Inthefuture,jobswillnotbefilledbysuperspecialists,saysSauer,butby
35、scientistswithabroadbaseofknowledge.Eventhoughacourseofstudylikematerialsscienceorpolymersciencemayappeartobetterpositionanindividualforthisinterdisciplinaryfuture,chemistsinthefieldstillstronglyrecommendgettingadegreeininorganicchemistry.Adegreeinthebasicdiscipline,willgiveabetterunderstandingofbon
36、ding,valence,andorbitaltheory.Inaddition,studentsareadvisedtotakecoursesoutsideinorganicchemistrybothtopreparethemselvestointegrateknowledgetowardsproblemsolvingaswellasbeflexibleintodaystoughjobmarket.Dontjuststicktoinorganicchemistry,Sauersays.Learninorganicchemistryandseehowitappliesinotherareas.
37、Caldwelladds,Startingoutininorganicchemistrydoesntmeanthatswhatyoullalwaysdo.Ispentafewyearsdoingenvironmentalresearch;therearealwaysapplicationsinrelatedfields.ExerciseH2SO4HClHNO3HNO2HCNNa2SCuSO4Fe(NO3)3HClO4KCNNH4ClNaClONaOHMn(OH)2Fe2O3P2O5H2O2K2Cr2O7Cu2(OH)2CO3CaHPO4PtCl42-Ag(NH3)2ClK4Fe(CN)6 An
38、swerH2SO4sulfuricacidHClhydrogenchlorideorhydrochloricacidHNO3nitricacidHNO2nitrousacidHCNhydrogencyanideorhydrocyanicacidNa2SsodiumsulfideCuSO4copper(II)sulfateorcupricsulfateFe(NO3)3iron(III)nitrateorferricnitrateHClO4perchloricacidKCNpotassiumcyanideNH4ClammoniumchlorideNaClOsodiumhypochloriteNaO
39、HsodiumhydroxideMn(OH)2Manganese(II)hydroxideFe2O3iron(III)oxideorferricoxideP2O5DiphosphoruspentoxideH2O2hydrogenperoxideK2Cr2O7potassiumdichromateCu2(OH)2CO3Dicopper(II)dihydroxycarbonateCaHPO4calciumhydrogenphosphatePtCl42-tetrachloroplatinum(II)Ag(NH3)2ClDiamminesilver(I)chlorideK4Fe(CN)6Potassiumhexacyanoferrate(II)Answer