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1、工业设计专业英语(第三版)第十七课昆虫与设计ENGLISH FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGNSimple,Powerful and freenThere s no denying it:Bugs rule.There are currently 200 million insects for every man,woman and child.Of the 1.5 million species identified,more than half are insects.nWe humans may not like the idea,but there is no denying
2、it:Bugs rule.Estimates have it that there are some 1018 bugs now alive on the planet.It is not only their sheer number,but also their diversity that is staggering:Of the total 1.5 million species of animals,plants and microorganisms that have been identidied,more than halfor over 800,000are insects.
3、And while new species of insects are being discovered daily,over 10 million may yet remain unknown.这是无可否认的：虫子准则。当前有2亿虫子生活在我们周围。在确定种类的一百五十万个物种中，一半以上是昆虫。我们人类可能不喜欢这个说法，但这是无可否认的：虫子准则。据评估大约有1018的虫子现在生活在这个星球上。不但是它们的数量，它们的种类也使人惊愕。在总共一百五十万种动物中，植物和微生物被视为一样，超过半数或者说超过800000种都是昆虫。每天都还会有新的昆虫种类被发现，至今超过一千万种的使我们可能不
4、知道的。“虫子准则”ENGLISH FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGNSimple,Powerful and freenWhat makes insects the most successful inhabitants of the earth?One answer is that they are small,which has made it possible for them to colonize literally every nook and cranny.But there is another reason:Insects are built to last.They
5、 incorporate astonishingly sophisticated design features,both structurally and functionally,that render them especially well suited for survival on this planet.It is these features that have allowed them to gain the evolutionary advantage they have achieved.是什么使得昆虫称为地球上最成功的居住者？一个答案是他们小，使他们可以逐个的占领每一个
6、隐蔽处和缝隙。但是这里还有另外一个原因：昆虫的结构。他们混合的、使人惊讶的、久经世故的设计特色，包括结构上的和功能上的，使他们十分适合生活在这个星球上。正是这些特点允许他们完成增加进化的优势。“成功居住者”的原因ENGLISH FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGNSimple,Powerful and freenThe suit of armor that insects are encased in provides them with protection from predators and keeps them from drying out,the latter being o
7、f considerable concern,given their tiny size.Without their outer casing,they would never have mastered life in the open.The insect skeleton is appropriately hinged in places to provide for mobility.Like our own,their legs have flexible joints,but so do their principal body partstheir head,thorax and
8、 abdomen.Even the wings of the insect,which can beat at frequencies of hundreds of times per second,are no more than flaplike elaborations of their skeleton.It is thanks to the combined motor capacity of their legs and wings that insects are able to achieve the feats of agility for which they are fa
9、mous.(Think of a housefly evading swats or cockroaches in your kitchen,scurrying for cover when you turn to lights.)Potentially,because of its rigidity,the insect skeleton imposes limits on growth.Insects solve the problem by molting:As they get too large for their armor,they simply shed it.昆虫的一身防护装
10、甲，保护他们不被掠食者袭击，还有保持他们身体干爽。如果没有外部的保护性外套，他们绝不可能在开阔地上征服生活。昆虫的骨骼在适当的部位有枢纽，以确保他们的机动性。像我们一样，昆虫的骨架有灵活的关节，特别是重要的头部、胸部、腹部。甚至昆虫每分钟可以拍打上百次的翅膀，更多的是得益于他们有着鳞片装细节的骨骼。他们框架狂怒翅膀的组合动力的才能，使昆虫达到是它们著名的合适的敏捷。（想象一只家蝇在出访中躲避蝇拍或者蟑螂，在你打开灯的时候急速奔跑寻找掩护。）潜在的，昆虫的骨骼利用生长的极限。昆虫解决问题靠脱皮：如果他们的身体对盔甲来说太大了，它们便简单的摆脱盔甲。身体结构ENGLISH FOR INDUSTRI
11、AL DESIGNSimple,Powerful and freenAgility in animals correlates with high respiratory demand,and insects have a remarkable way of delivering oxygen to their internal organs.Air flows into the insect body through a series of opening called spiracles that lead inward into tubes,or tracheae.Instead of
12、conveying oxygen by way of blood,insects provide or direct aeration of their tissues.The flight muscles of insects could not function nearly as effectively without such a quick means of oxygen delivery.敏捷和动物的高度的呼吸相关，昆虫拥有不平常的方法来给组织器官传递氧气。空气通过被称为引导进入体内的管道，或者导管的连续的小孔进入体内。昆虫通过组织直接通风来代替血液运输氧气。没有高效的氧气运输，昆
13、虫的飞行肌肉就不能运动。呼吸传递ENGLISH FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGNSimple,Powerful and freenInsects occupy virtually every feeding niche.Put it another way,this means that they are able to eat literally anything.Their success in this derives from the extraordinary diversification of their mouth parts.Beetles and caterpil
14、lars have jaws for cutting and tearing,mosquitoes have slender styles for piercing skin and sucking blood and butterflies have coiled tubes for imbibing nectar.昆虫事实上占用每一个获取食物的机会。换句话说，它们可以吃任何存在的东西。他们在这方面值得重视的成功源于他们特别的多样化的口器。甲虫和毛虫有用来切段和撕开的口，蚊子有纤细的探针用来穿透皮肤和吮吸血液，蝴蝶有盘卷的管子用来吮吸花蜜。特殊口器ENGLISH FOR INDUSTRIAL
15、 DESIGNSimple,Powerful and freenThe spruce aphid is outfitted with compound eyes that allow it to see in virtually all directions,enabling it to cause as much widespread defoliation as it has time for in a days work.Insects have extraordinary sensory capacities.Their eyes,which may take the form of
16、enormous hemispheres bulging from their head,typically consist of hundreds of tiny,tightly opposed units,called facets.Each facet points in one particular direction,with the result that the two eyes see in virtually all directions.For an aerial hunter such as a robber fly,this means being able to sp
17、ot prey instantly from wherever it may appear.Insects can also see a color ultraviolet to which we are blind.Flowers are often adorned with ultraviolet patterns that are invisible to us,but visible and attractive to the pollinating insect.昆虫有非常特别的感官才能。他们头上膨胀出来的巨大的半球是它们的眼睛，由上百只微小的眼睛组成是它们的特色，坚固的反射面称之为
18、多面体。每个多面体精确的定位，事实上，它们可以看到全部方位。对于在空中生活的猎人比如强盗苍蝇，这意味着无论何时他们都能立刻发现掠食者。昆虫也可以看到我们看不到的紫外线。花朵常常用人类所看不到的紫外线装饰出图案，但是这对为花朵授粉的昆虫确是可见的有吸引力的。感官才能ENGLISH FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGNSimple,Powerful and freenInsects are also the best defended of animals.Their chemical weapons are prodigious.Some,such as bombardier beetle
19、s,discharge irritating chemicals called quinones when disturbed.They make the quinones in special glands by mixing chemicals and causing an explosion.The explosion is of such magnitude that the quinones are expelled boiling hot,at 100degrees centigrade.Other insects are no less remarkable.Certain Au
20、stralian beetle larvae and European moths emit hydrogen cyanide,the infamous poison of detective novels.There are cockroaches in New Zealand that spray ethyl acrolein,a tear gas.Anyone who collects insects as a matter of routine knows that picking them up by hand can be hazardous.Many bite,others st
21、ing and still others,such as several strains of caterpillar,hairs that cause itching upon contact.Insects lacking such defenses may be otherwise protected.Some may be so well camouflaged as to be virtually undetectable.As one might expect,camouflaged insects are often completely motionless by day an
22、d active at night.昆虫还是防护最好的动物。他们的化学武器是强大的。有些，比如说投弹甲虫，在被侵犯时会流出苯醌这样的有刺激性气味的化学物质。他们在特殊的腺体内制造苯醌通过混合化学药品是它们反应来爆炸。爆炸十分强烈，以至于被排出的苯醌有100oC，像沸腾般的热。其他昆虫不逊于这种甲虫的不寻常。某些澳洲甲虫和欧洲蛾子发出氢化物，都是侦探小说中声名狼藉的下毒者。新西兰有一种蟑螂，喷射出一种让人流泪的气体乙醛丙烯醛。任何日常收集昆虫的人都知道，用手直接拿起他们是危险的。许多人被咬伤，有些被刺痛仍有些其他，像有个别紧张的毛虫，在接触时，绒毛引起痒。昆虫缺乏足够的防御也可能从其他方面获得保
23、护。有些有事实上无法察觉的良好的伪装。像人们所预期的，伪装的昆虫常常是完全静止的在白天，但夜间很活跃。化学武器ENGLISH FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGNSimple,Powerful and freenInsects as a group have achieved something that has eluded humans.They have mastered sustainable development.Insects are the primary consumers of plants on earth,yet they do not merely abuse
24、plants,they also pollinate them,thereby fostering their reproduction.By contrast,we use and even abuse nature,but have yet to learn to conserve it.昆虫已经达到一个躲避人类的群体。他们控制可以支撑的发展。昆虫是地球上植物的主要消费者，它们不仅仅凌辱植物，也帮植物授粉，从而帮助植物繁殖。与之对照的，人类利用甚至凌辱大自然，至今仍要学习去保护它。和谐发展ENGLISH FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGNSimple,Powerful and fr
25、ee仿生设计仿生设计主要是运用工业设计的艺术与科学相结合的思维与方法，从人性化的角度，不仅在物质上，更是在精神上追求传统与现代、自然与人类、艺术与技术、主观与客观、个体与大众等多元化的设计融合与创新，体现辩证、唯物的共生美学观。模仿生物的特殊本领，利用生物的结构和功能原理来设计产品机械的设计方式。仿生设计的内容ENGLISH FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGNSimple,Powerful and free仿生设计的实现仿生物形态的设计仿生物表面肌理与质感的设计仿生物结构的设计仿生物功能的设计仿生物色彩的设计仿生物意象的设计仿仿生生物物形形态态的的设设计计是是仿仿生生设设计计的的主主要
26、要内内容容，强强调调对对生生物物外外部部形形态态美美感感特特征征与与人人类类审审美美需求的表现。需求的表现。通通过过对对生生物物表表面面肌肌理理与与质质感感的的设设计计创创造造，增增强强仿仿生生设设计计产产品品形形态态的的功功能能意意义义和和表表现现力。力。结结构构仿仿生生设设计计通通过过对对自自然然生生物物由由内内而而外外的的结结构构特特征征的的认认知知，结结合合不不同同产产品品概概念念与与设设计计目目的的进进行行设设计计创创新新，使使人人工工产产品品具具有有自自然然生生命命的的意意义义与与美美感感特特征。征。功功能能仿仿生生设设计计主主要要研研究究自自然然生生物物的的客客观观功功能能原原理
27、理与与特特征征，从从中中得得到到启启示示以以促促进进产产品品功功能能改改进进或或新新产产品品功功 仿生物功能设计仿生物功能设计能的开发。能的开发。自自然然生生物物的的色色彩彩首首先先是是生生命命存存在在的的特特征征和和需需要要，对对设设计计来来说说更更是是自自然然美美感感的的主主要要内内容容，其其丰丰富富、纷纷繁繁的的色色彩彩关关系系与与个个性性特特征征，对对产产品品的的色色彩彩设设计计具具有重要意义。有重要意义。生生物物的的意意象象是是在在人人类类认认识识自自然然的的经经验验与与情情感感积积累累的的过过程程中中产产生生的的，仿仿生生物物意意象象的的设设计计对对产产品品语语义义和和文文化化特特
28、征征的的体体现现具具有有重重要要作用。作用。ENGLISH FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGNSimple,Powerful and free仿生设计实例ENGLISH FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGNSimple,Powerful and free一个年轻的法国设计师设计的家具的概念。正如你可以看到沙发是一个非常不寻常的沙发，在8或无限的标志形状设计。连续的曲线流动在一个数字8等取决于你的位置，你的观点是绝不相同。这个沙发设计的是简单的和现代的。“8”沙发ENGLISH FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGNSimple,Powerful and free这是来自201
29、1IFFS/AFS新加坡家具展中的信封置物架。它们由不锈钢材质做成，采用不等大小的信封/电子邮件形状，安装于墙上用来放置信件、报纸或者杂志类的物品。当我们看到这些未读邮件时，也许有种迫不及待想打开一看究竟的想法呢。“信封”置物架ENGLISH FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGNSimple,Powerful and free在二战期间，德军包围了列宁格勒，企图用轰炸机摧毁其军事目标和其他防御设施。苏联昆虫学家施万维奇根据当时人们对伪装缺乏认识的情况，提出利用蝴蝶的色彩在花丛中不易被发现的道理，在军事设施上覆盖蝴蝶花纹般的伪装。因此，尽管德军费尽心机，但列宁格勒的军事基地仍安然无惹，为赢
30、得最后的胜利奠定了坚实的基础。科学家通过对蝴蝶色彩的研究，为军事防御带来了极大的稗益。利用蝴蝶的色彩在花丛中不易被发现的道理，生产出了迷彩服，大大减少了战斗中的伤亡。“蝴蝶”迷彩服ENGLISH FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGNSimple,Powerful and free自然界中一些发出的光都并不热，所以人类就把它称为“冷光”。在众多的发光动物中，萤火虫就是其中的一类。科学家通过萤火虫的光，发明了一种不伤眼的光-人工冷光。并可在充满爆炸性瓦斯的矿井中使用.（人工冷光）“萤火虫”人工冷光ENGLISH FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGNSimple,Powerful and
31、 free“弹跳鞋”源于中国高翘，由德国人研制开发,被全球媒体誉为“世界十大绿色发明之一”。“弹跳鞋”具有前卫、独特的设计理念，蕴含着现代、新颖、美观、时尚的设计元素。具有轻便、动感、安全、易操作、易学等性能特点，集娱乐、健身、时尚于一体。运用仿生学原理，根据袋鼠的腿仿制而成。别看“弹跳鞋”的结构简单，但它的设计十分符合人体工程学，因此简单易学，只要稍加练习，使用者就可以轻松掌握这种特别的走路方式。“袋鼠”弹跳鞋ENGLISH FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGNSimple,Powerful and free 这是JamesW.Breaux为洗漱间设计的小人支架，它们看上去幽默感十足，
32、一个个都在努力的进行健身活动。有的在举重，有的则在摔跤。而我们的牙刷，隐形眼镜盒就可以当做它们手中的训练工具。洗漱时看到它们，说不定也有种想运动的冲动喔。洗漱间的小人支架ENGLISH FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGNSimple,Powerful and free1981年法国超现实主义艺术大师萨尔瓦多达利，根据油画作品头戴玫瑰的女人，设计出香水达利之花，此款香水的外轮廓和凸起部分想成了一个奥妙的女性躯体，动感婀娜多姿。让人爱不释手。香水瓶ENGLISH FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGNSimple,Powerful and free瑞士有一位尼龙搭扣的发明者乔治，他是一
33、位很喜欢打猎的工程师，每次打猎归来衣物上都粘满草籽（苍耳属植物）,有一次，当他把刚摘下来的草籽用放大镜深入细致地进行观察，看到那些草籽上有诸多小钩子,根据这个原理，经过多次试验和研究，他制造了一条布满尼龙小钩的带子和一条布满密密麻麻尼龙小环的带子。扣在一起被称为尼龙搭扣。“苍耳”尼龙搭扣ENGLISH FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGNSimple,Powerful and free在一战期间，德军曾与英法联军为争夺比利时伊泊尔地区展开激战，双方对峙半年之久。1915年，德军为了打破欧洲战场长期僵持的局面，第一次使用了化学毒剂。人们从毒气战幸存的野猪身上中获得启示，模仿野猪的鼻子设计出了防毒面具。“野猪”防毒面具ENGLISH FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGNSimple,Powerful and freeTHANK YOU此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢