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1、句子的种类根据用途分为：A 陈述句：B 疑问句 C 祈使句D 感叹句 一般疑问句特殊疑问句选择疑问句反意疑问句肯定陈述句，否定陈述句what感叹句how感叹句第1页/共60页根据结构分为：简单句并列句复合句状语从句状语从句定语从句定语从句宾语从句宾语从句表语从句表语从句主语从句主语从句同位语从句同位语从句第2页/共60页 简单的基本句型1.主语+不及物动词（谓语）I can swim.2.主语+连系动词+表语I am a student.3.主语+及物动词（谓语）+宾语Tom wrote an article.4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语He showed his father hi
2、s new shoes.5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足We should keep our classroom clean.6.there be +主语+状语There is a book on the desk.第3页/共60页 句子的成分基本的成分主语：动作的施出者，表示所说的是谁是什么The bird can fly.谓语：表示主语的动作或状态（动词）We worked together.句子可能具有的成分直接宾语：表示动作的承受者(名词，人名，代词)They clean the rooms.间接宾语：表示动作是针对谁作的，不是动作的承受者She told me a story.(m
3、e是间接宾语)第4页/共60页宾语补足语；为表示意思的完整，仅有宾语远不够，还需有补足语加于补充:The teacher proved himself worthy of confidence.表语：表示主语的特征或性质或表示主语是+（名词）The flowers are red.定语：用来修饰或限定名词，表示其特征特性或其它情况Your question is a difficult one.状语：表示动作，行为或事件发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度，因果等，I have lived here for a long time.第5页/共60页 并列句1.并列关系并列句连词有：and,not
4、 onlybut also,neithernor2.转折关系并列句连词有：but,yet,however3.选择关系并列句连词有：or.,eitheror.4.因果关系并列句连词有：for,so,therefore第6页/共60页例句:并列关系：I help him and he help me.转折关系：He tried to open the door,but he couldnt.选择关系：Either you are foolish or he is.因果关系：The students are on holidays,and therefore you can see them tod
5、ay.第7页/共60页定语从句状语从句主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句复合句：复合句第8页/共60页定语从句定语从句又称关系从句：在主句中相当于一个定语，只不过这个定语是一个句子。定语从句可以修饰一个名词，代词，或一个句子，被修饰的词叫先行词，从句在其后，由关系代词关系副词引出。关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose 等关系副词有：when,where,whyThe village where I was born has grown into a town.(先行词)关系代词第9页/共60页关系代词与先行词的关系whichwhose非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 先
6、行词 关系代词主语 代替人代替物 代替人和物 代替人和物代替前一句话who/that which/that that which which关系代词宾语 whom/that 关系代词所有格代替人 whose=of whom代替物 which/that that whose=of which 代替人和物 第10页/共60页whose先行词 关系副词时间名词地点名词只有reasonwhen=at,on,in,during/whichwhere=in,at/whichwhy=for which在从句中作用时间状语 地点状语原因状语关系副词与先行词的关系第11页/共60页 关系代词和关系副词有两个作用
7、：1.把主句和从句连接起来；2.在从句中作一个句子成分。There are plants which have neither roots nor leaves.有些植物既无根又无叶。在定语从句中，关系词在句中一定要担任成分，句中which have neither roots nor leaves 是定语从句，修饰先行词plants。关系代词which引出定语从句，同时在从句中作主语。第12页/共60页1.关系代词引出的定语从句 关系代词which指物，在从句中作主语或宾语；who指人，在从句中作主语或宾语；whom指人，在从句中作宾语；whose指人或物，在从句中作定语；that指人或物，
8、常替代which,who或whom在从句中作主语或宾语。第13页/共60页e.g 1.There are many sounds which(that)have a meaning and yet are not words.有许多声音有意义但不是词。有许多声音有意义但不是词。（which或或that在从句中作主语）在从句中作主语）2.The few points that(which)the president stressed in his report are very important indeed.校长在报告中强调的几点确实非常重要。校长在报告中强调的几点确实非常重要。（that或
9、或which在从句中作宾语）在从句中作宾语）3.Some people who(that)are successful language learners often fail in other fields.有些在语言学习上很有成就的人，在其他领域常常一无所成。有些在语言学习上很有成就的人，在其他领域常常一无所成。（who或或that在从句中在从句中作主语）作主语）第14页/共60页2.关系副词引出的定语从句 关系副词when（指时间），where（指地点），why（指原因）等引出的定语从句分别用来修饰表示时间、地点、原因的先行词。这些关系副词在从句中均作状语。第15页/共60页1.At t
10、he time when I saw him,he was well.在我看到他的时候，他身体很好。2.This is the place where the accident took place last night.这就是昨晚发生事故的地方。3.That is the reason why I am not in favor of your plan.这就是我不赞成你的计划的原因。2.关系副词引出的定语从句第16页/共60页3.介词+which(whom)引出的定语从句 如果which或whom在定语从句中原为介词的宾语，那么这个介词可以提到从句前，构成介词+which(whom)引出的
11、定语从句。第17页/共60页1.There are scientific ways in which man solves problems.人类解决问题有一些科学的方法。2.The girl to whom you spoke is my sister.跟你说话的那个女孩是我妹妹。这种句子中的关系代词有时也可省略。关系代词省略之后，定语从句句首的介词应放在定语从句的句尾。The girl you spoke to is my sister.3.介词+which(whom)引出的定语从句第18页/共60页4.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 定语从句根据与先行词的密切程度可分为定语从句根据与先
12、行词的密切程度可分为:限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，从句是整个句限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分。子不可缺少的部分。如果去掉它，句子的意思就不完如果去掉它，句子的意思就不完整或不明确。从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开。整或不明确。从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开。1.1.The distance The distance that light travels in one secondthat light travels in one second is 300 is 300 th
13、ousand kilometers.thousand kilometers.光在一秒钟运行的距离为光在一秒钟运行的距离为3030万公里。万公里。2.2.想去的人在这里签名。想去的人在这里签名。Those Those who want to gowho want to go please sign their names here.please sign their names here.第19页/共60页 2.非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系比较松散，从句只是对先行词的附加说明。如果去掉它，句子的意思仍然清楚。从句与主句之间常用逗号隔开。She is going to spen
14、d the winter holidays in Hainan,where she has some relatives.她准备到海南度寒假，那儿她有一些亲戚。4.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句第20页/共60页5.as引出的定语从句 as常在suchas和sameas的结构中作关系代词，引出定语从句。1.Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.你描述的这种人现在已经寥寥无几了。2.I feel just the same as you do.我的感觉和你一样。3.在这个问题上，我的立场和四年前一样。My stand on this pro
15、blem is just the same as it was four years ago.第21页/共60页6.关系代词that与which的比较 关系代词that可用来指人或指物，因而 that可以代替 who,whom和which；而which只能用来指物，不能代替 who和whom。that不可作介词的宾语，因此只能用介词+which引出定语从句，而没有介词+that的结构。虽然在指物时that与which常可互相替代，但在下列情况下一般都用that引出定语从句。第22页/共60页6.关系代词that与which的比较 1.先行词前的定语为序数词或形容词最高级时。1)The firs
16、t thing that we should do is to work out a plan.我们应当做的第一件事是订个计划。2)这是我所看过的足球赛中最激烈的一场。This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.第23页/共60页 2.先行词为all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little等不定代词时。1)Is there anything that I can do for you?有什么事我可以帮你做吗？2)He told me somethin
17、g that I had never heard of.他告诉我一些我过去闻所未闻的事情。3)Thats all that I know.我知道的就这些。此外，that不能引出非限制性定语从句。第24页/共60页one of+复数名词+关系从句的结构中，关系分词的谓语有两种形式:先行词为复数，从句谓语用复数Tom is one of those people,who _ to play bridge.当one之前有the only/right/very等修饰词时，从句谓语根据one而定，用单复数形式He is the only one of the boys who _ to go to th
18、e theatre.Notes:likelikes第25页/共60页 当关系代词前有介词时，只能用关系代词whom,或which而不能用that。The book from which(不能用that)I got a lot of useful information was written by a famous scientist.（关系代词which在从句中作介词from的宾语）Tom is the boy with whom(不用that)I went to the theatre yesterday.这就是昨天和我一起去剧院的那个男孩。（关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语）注：当介词位于从
19、句句末时，关系代词仍可用that也可省去。第26页/共60页 上两句可改为：1.The book from which I got a lot of useful information was written by a famous scientist.The book that/which I got a lot of useful information from was written by a famous scientist.2.Tom is the boy with whom you were talking a moment ago.Tom is the boy that/wh
20、om you were talking with a moment ago.第27页/共60页 当先行词是all,everything,something,nothing,或被first,last,only,few,much,some,only,no以及形容词最高级修饰时，只用that不用which。I am interested in all that you have told me.He asked for the best book that there was on math.当并列的两个先行词分别表示人和物时，要用that引导。We were deeply impressed by
21、 the teachers and schools that we had visited.（关系代词在从句中作宾语）第28页/共60页1.This is the place _ I spent my childhood.2.This is the place,_ I visited last summer.3.The reason _ he gave was unacceptable.4.The reason _he did that was unacceptable.Notes:（关系代词在从句中担地点状语）（关系代词在从句中担宾语）（关系代词在从句中担宾语）（关系代词在从句中担原因状语）
22、wherewhichwhichwhy 在定语从句中，同样的先行词，由于在从句中担任的作用不同，须选用不同的关系词。第29页/共60页 1.同位语从句用于表示名词的内容,对其加以解释,能跟有同位语从句的,通常是具有引导内容的名词,在从句中不担任成分，常见的有：fact,idea,news,hope,evidence,suggestion,order,problem同位语从句第30页/共60页 The discovery that every heavenly body has gravity was made by Newton.同位语从句通常由that引出，但随着与其同位的名词不同也可由 wh
23、ether,when,where,how,what,why引出。They are faced with the problem whether they should continue the work.I have no idea when he will return.第31页/共60页有时同位语从句不是紧跟名词后，而是被其它词隔开。They heard the news on the radio yesterday that a typhoon was coming.第32页/共60页 定语从句和同位语从句的区别从结构上看：同位语由连接词引导。在从句中不担任何成分，定语从句的关系词在从中
24、担任某个成分。The idea that one can do the work without thinking is wrong.The idea that you put forward at the meeting is wrong.(同位语从句,that在从句中不担当任何成分)(定语从句that在从句中担任宾语)第33页/共60页 名词性的从句可作句子主语，这种从句称为主语从句。主语从句的引导词通常有who whom when where why what how which whose whether等，主语从句的引导词不能省略，由从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。What I s
25、aid is important to you.How to get there is still not decided.Whether to do it or not is what we will discuss tomorrow.主语从句第34页/共60页说明：主语从句可以直接放在主语位置，也可用it作做形式主语。1.That light travels in straight lines is known to all.It is known to all that light travels in straight lines.众所周知，光是以直线运行。2.When the pla
26、ne is to take off has not been announced.It has not been announced when the plane is to take off.飞机什么时候起飞还没有公布。第35页/共60页 it作形式主语的主语从句结构已形成固定用法和译法，通常有4种情况：1.It is+名词+从句 It is a fact that.It is a good news that.,It is a question that.It is common knowledge that事实是.是个好消息是个问题.是个常识第36页/共60页2.It is+形容词+从句
27、 It is necessary that It is clear that.It is(un)likely that It is important that有必要很清楚很可能主要的是.第37页/共60页3.It is+过去分词+从句 It is said that It is reported that It has been proved that It must be pointed out that据说.据报道.已证明必须指出第38页/共60页4.It+不及物动词+从句It seems that.It happened that.It follows that 好像是.碰巧结果是.第
28、39页/共60页强调谓语动词时,可在谓语动词前加do,does,did.I do believe that he will attend the meeting.He did work hard yesterday.强调句第40页/共60页 强调句中强调谓语以外的是成分时强调句中强调谓语以外的是成分时,采用强调句型：采用强调句型：It is(was)+强调部分强调部分+that/who/whom 说明：无论强调什么部分说明：无论强调什么部分,都要求用连接词都要求用连接词that被强调部分是人被强调部分是人,也可用也可用who当被强调当被强调部分是状语部分是状语,只能用只能用that,不用不用w
29、hen,where,how等。等。第41页/共60页1.It was John that(who)bought a toy plane for his son yesterday.2.It was a toy plane that John bought for his son yesterday.3.It was for his son that John brought a toy plane yesterday.4.It was yesterday that John bought a toy plane for his son.(强调主语)(强调宾语)(强调目的状语)(强调时间状语)J
30、ohn bought a toy plane for his son yesterday.第42页/共60页 强调表示时间的名词或时间状语时，还可用：强调表示时间的名词或时间状语时，还可用：1.It was not until that 直到直到.才才.It was not until he got on the train that he realized he had lost his ticket.第43页/共60页表语从句的结构：主语+连系动词+表语从句常用的连系动词有:be,seen,remain,look等。My idea is that this plan should be c
31、arried out immediately.我的建议是这个计划应该立即执行。The question remains whether we should accept their invitation.问题仍然是我们是否应该接受他们的邀请。看起来天要下雨。It looks that(as if)it is going to rain.表语从句第44页/共60页 where,why,how 引导的从句作 this is 或 that is 的表语时,它们通常不含有疑问意义,而是分别表示具体的地点，原因，方式。That is why we called off the meeting.这就是我们
32、取消会议的原因。This is how we did it.我们就用这种方式做的。注:主语是reason的表语从句用that引导,不要用because。The reason(why)he was late was that he missed the bus.第45页/共60页 充当宾语的从句，叫宾语从句。宾语从句可作动词宾语，介词宾语，和某些形容词的宾语。1.作动词宾语Everybody knows that goods takes up the room.(由连词引导)He wondered how the building were built.(由连接副词引导)宾语从句第46页/共60
33、页常跟连接词常跟连接词that引导的宾语从句的引导的宾语从句的动词有：动词有：admit,agree,answer,believe,command,complain,confess,decide,demand,deny,doubt,dream,expect,explain,feel,hear,hope,imagine,intend,insist,know,mean,notice,prefer,order,propose,reply,report,request,require,say,see,suggest,suppose,think,urge(激励),wish,understand第47页/
34、共60页常跟疑问代词who whom疑问副词when where why how whether if 引导宾语从句的动词有：advise,ask,discover,discuss,doubt,find out,imagine,inquire(询问),know,question,show,tell,understand,wonder.第48页/共60页1.“tell/inform/remind/show/teach+间接间接宾语宾语+宾语从句宾语从句”结构结构 He told me where he lived.2.advise/ask/assure/promise/question/warn
35、 等等+间接宾间接宾语语+宾语从句宾语从句+结构中，间接宾语可省略。结构中，间接宾语可省略。I promised(him)that I would give him more help.我对他的保证将给他更多的帮助。第49页/共60页 作介词宾语:1.that引导的宾语从句只限做介词in,except,but,beside 的宾语从句Men different from brutes in that they can speak and think.人和兽类的区别在于他们有语言和思想。The meal was very good except that the fish was a bit t
36、oo salty.除了鱼有点咸，这顿饭是很好的。I would have helped you but that I was so busy then.若不是工作忙，我本来是可以帮助你的。第50页/共60页2.“介词+it+that“结构You may depend on it that they will support you.你放心,他们会支持你的。Ill see to it that everything is ready in time.我将负责按时做好一切准备。3.动词+it+that 结构I take it that they will succeed.我想他们会成功的。The
37、newspapers have it that firm is almost bankrupt.据报道那家公司几乎破产。第51页/共60页4.be+形容词+that 结构类似形容词有:sure,certain,afraid,confident等。They are confident that they can do the job.我没有把握火车是否准时达到。I am not certain whether(if)the train will arrive on time.第52页/共60页如果宾语从句后跟有宾语从句，要用形式宾语it来代替,再将从句放到补语的后面去。I heard it sa
38、id that this factory was founded in1901.我听说这家工厂是1901年创建的。他说的很清楚,这个会议将不推迟。He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed.Notes:第53页/共60页 1._ we cant get seems better than _ we have.A.What;what B.What;that C.That;that D.That;what 分析:在名词性从句中that与what的区别是:that在名词性从句中不作句子成分,只起连接作用;而what在名词性从
39、句中不仅起连接作用,而且作句子成分.句子的意思是:我们不能得到的似乎比我们已经拥有的要好.此题考查了两个名词性从句:主语从句和宾语从句,what在这两个名词性从句中都作宾语。Exercises:第54页/共60页 2._ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.There B.This C.That D.It 分析:在这种名词性从句中为了保持句子的平衡,往往用先行词it作形式主语或形式宾语,而把真正的主语或宾语放到后面,尤其是that引导的主语从句往往用先行词it作形式主语.此句也可以改写为
40、:That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact.第55页/共60页 3.The photographs will show you _.A.what does our village look like B.what our village looks like C.how does our village look like D.how our village looks like 分析:在名词性从句中,除了关联词要提到句首之外,一律要用陈述句语序。当关联词含疑问意义时,有的学生就会受习惯影响错误地
41、使用疑问句语序。克服这种错误的关键是要找准从句中的主语和谓语。本题句子的意思是:这些照片会告诉你我们村子是什么样。本题中根据引导词what要作介词like的宾语,而副词how不能作介词like的宾语,所以首先排除C、D,而A项是疑问句语序,故只能选B。第56页/共60页 4.It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning gray.A.while B.that C.if D.for 分析:本题句子的意思是:头发变白使她有点儿不安。It作形式主语,that引导的是主语从句。whether,if以及that引导的名词性从句的区别是:whether与if(当是
42、否讲时)引导的名词性从句含有疑问意义;而that引导的名词性从句不含有疑问意义。第57页/共60页 5.Sarah hopes to become a friend of _ shares her interests.A.anyone B.whomever C.whoever D.no matter who 分析:本题句子的意思是:萨拉希望跟自己有共同爱好的人交朋友.疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与no matter+疑问词引导的从句的区别是:前者既可以引导名词性从句也可以引导让步状语从句;后者只能引导让步状语从句.首先排除D.而选A.anyone则应在其后加who.从句中需要的是主语,所以whomever也不行.第58页/共60页Thank you.第59页/共60页感谢您的观看。第60页/共60页