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1、一般过去时一、一般过去时的根本构成1、be动词的一般现在时形式：was , were2、其他动词用过去式的形式二、一般过去时的根本用法1、在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。Eg He didnt finish his homework yesterday. We visited the factory last week.2、表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。因此在这类句子中，经常使用always，often，once a month等表示
2、事情发生频度的时间状语。 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢送。*表示过去经常性的、习惯性的动作也可以用used to do 来表示。强调现在已经不这样了Eg I used to get up early in the morning.3、有些句子，虽然没有表示过去确定时间的状语，但实际上是指过去发生的动作或存在的状态
3、的话，也要用过去时。Eg I didnt know you were in Paris. 我不知道你在巴黎。 因为在说话时，我已经知道你在巴黎了。这句话指的是说话之前，所以只能用过去时表示。实际上，这句话暗指：But now I know you are here. I thought you were ill. 我以为你病了呢。 这句话应是在说话之前，我以为你病了。但是现在我知道你没病4、wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。Eg I thought you might have
4、some. 我以为你想要一些。 Christine was an invalid all her life.含义：她已不在人间。Christine has been an invalid all her life.含义：她现在还活着Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. 含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去5、 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。 动词want, hope, wonder, think, int
5、end 等。Eg Did you want anything else 您还要些什么吗？I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。 情态动词 could, would。Eg Could you lend me your bike 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？6、特殊句型：It is time for sb. to do sth “到时间了；“该了。Eg It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time that sb. did sth. “时间已迟了；“早该了，Eg It is time you went
6、 to bed. 你早该睡觉了。 would had rather sb. did sth. 表示“宁愿某人做某事。Eg Id rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。三、小结：与一般过去时连用的连词有：last night, yesterday, last week, some years ago, in 1995, the other day, at that time, just now等.过去进展时一、过去进展时的根本构成：was /were + 现在分词二、 过去进展时的根本用法：1、过去进展时主要表示过去某个时刻或某一阶段正在进展的动作，常与表示过去时间的状
7、语then，at thisthat time， yesterday，at nine，last night等连用。但在不少情况下，没有表示时间的状语，这时需要通过上下文来表示。Eg What were you doing at nine last night？ 昨晚九点时，你在做什么？ I called you yesterday afternoon but there was no answer. 昨天下午我打 给你，但是没有人接 。I was visiting a friend of mine most of the afternoon. 我昨天下午大局部时间，都在一个朋友家里。 We we
8、re watching TV from seven to nine last night. 昨天晚上七点到九点的时候我们在看电视。 What was he researching all day last Sunday 上周日他一整天都在研究什么？ My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.我哥哥骑自行车的时候从车上摔下来，受伤了。 It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站的时候天正在下雨。When I got to the top of the m
9、ountain, the sun was shining. 当我到达山顶的时候，阳光灿烂。2、当两个一长一短的动作在过去某时间同时发生时，用过去进展时表示较长的动作。过去进展时可用于主句，也可用于从句。Eg It was raining hard when I left my office. 当我离开办公室时，雨下得正大。When you called，I was eating. 你打 时，我正在吃饭。When I was cleaning the windows， my brother was sweeping the floor.当我在擦窗户的时候，我弟弟在拖地。 Some student
10、s were playing football，while others were running round the track. 一些学生在踢足球，同时别的学生正在跑道上跑步。 We were walking along the river whensuddenly It rained. 我们沿着河边散步，突然下起雨来。 They were watching TV when the lights went out. 停电时，他们刚好在看电视。注意：同上例3、过去进展时表示过去将来的动作 现在进展时可以表示将来的动作，同样，过去进展时也可以表示从过去某时间看来将要发生的动作。常用在间接引语中
11、。Eg He was leaving early the next morning. 他第二天一早就要离开此地了。She asked him whether he was coming back to lunch.她问他晚饭是否准备回来吃。4、在复合句中，如果主要动作与背景动作都是延续的或同时发生的，那么主从句的动词都可用过去进展时。Eg While he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper.他边等车边看报。 (两个动作都是延续的) He was cleaning his car while I was cooking. 他擦
12、车时我在做饭。(两个动作同时进展被动语态一、被动语态在各种时态中的构造一般现在时：be donebe随人称变化 一般过去时：was/were done 一般将来时：will be done 现在进展时：be being done前面的be随人称变化，后面的being固定 过去进展时：was/were being donebeing固定 现在完成时：have/has been done 过去完成时：had been done 过去将来时：would be done将来完成时：will have been done 将来进展时：will be being donebeing固定 将来完成进展时：w
13、ill have been being done 现在完成进展时：have been being done 过去将来完成时：would have been done 过去完成进展时：had been being done 过去将来进展时：would be being done 过去将来完成进展时：would have been being done二、被动语态的根本用法：被动语态表示一种主语与谓语之间的关系，当主语是动作的承受者时， 就需要用到被动语态，汉语中所说的，“汽车被撞坏了“钢笔被修好了 等句子就是一种被动语态的句子，在汉语中常用“被“由等词来表示这种被动语态。在英语中那么用动词的被动
14、语态形式来表示。被动语态中还可用 by 短语加在句后表示被动语态中动作的发出者。也就是谓语动词动作的逻辑上的主语，被动语态常用在以下情况。 1、不知道谁是谓语动词动作的执行者时，或者没有必要说出谁是执行者时。 Eg The glass was broken last night. 玻璃昨天被打破了。 His bike has been stolen. 他的自行车被偷了。 He was asked to go there once more. 他被要求再去那儿一次。 The bag was put into the box. 袋子放在了箱子里。 2、为了强调或突出动作的承受者时。Eg The p
15、lan has been sent to the headmaster. 方案已经送给校长了。 Killington was elected the President of U.S.A. 克林顿被选为美国总统。 Five people were hurt in the explosion. 五个人在这次爆炸中受伤。 A new building was set up in a short time. 新大楼短期就建成了。 3、被动语态也可以说出动作的执行者，构成如下： 动作承受者 + be + 过去分词 + by + 动作执行者。 Eg The picture was praised by
16、everybody. 照片得到了大家的好评。 The classroom was cleaned by us. 教室被我们清扫过。 The bridge was built by workers from Shanxi. 这座桥是山西的工人建的。 The little boy was found by the police. 小孩被警察找到了。 三、特殊现象1、不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：appear, die disappear, end (vi. 完毕), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand,break out, co
17、me true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.Eg After the fire, very little remained of my house.比拟： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。 (错) The price has been risen. (对) The price has risen. (错) The accident was happened last week. (对) The accident happened last week. (错) The p
18、rice has raised. (对) The price has been raised. (错) Please seat. (对) Please be seated.要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。2、不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer fr
19、om, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong toEg This key just fits the lock. Your story agrees with what had already been heard.3、系动词无被动语态：appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turnEg It sounds good. The steel feels cold The method proved
20、(to be ) effective. It has gone bad.4、当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。Eg (对) She likes to swim.(错) To swim is liked by her.5、“be+过去分词并不一定都是被动语态，有时是系表构造。当“be+过去分词表示动作时为被动语态，be是助动词，be后面的过去分词是主要动词，动作的对象是主语；当“be +过去分词表示主语所处的状态时为系表构造，be是连系动词。be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分方法如下： 如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否那么为系表构造。Eg Th
21、e glass is broken 玻璃杯碎了。系表构造The glass was broken by the boy玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。被动语态如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。Eg The magazine is published in Shanghai这家杂志出版于上海。被动语态The door is locked 门锁着。系表构造The door has already/just been locked门已经/刚刚被锁上。被动语态The shop is opened这家商店开门了。系表构造The shop is opened at 8 a.m. everyday这家
22、商店每天上午八点开门。被动语态 被动语态除用于一般时态与完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表构造中的系动词be只有一般时态与完成时态。Eg The machine is being repaired 机器正在修。A new school will be built here 这里将要建一所新学校。 6、carry,cut,drive,iron,keep,lock,open,pick,read,sell,shut,tear,wash,wear,write等等。这类动词既能作及物动词，也能作不及物动词。作不及物动词时，形式上虽为主动，却表示被动意义。Eg Meat cuts easily.肉
23、容易切。 His novel sells well. 他的小说畅销。 The car drove easily. 这车很容易开。 Your pen writes quite smoothly. 你的笔写起来很滑。The coat dries easily 这种外衣容易干The door wont lock 这门锁不上Food can keep fresh in a fridge食物在冰箱里能保鲜在上述句子中，主语通常指物，起动作承受者的作用，也可以说是不及物动词的逻辑宾语。但是有时也有用人称主语的。Eg 比拟：The girl does not photograph well.这女孩不上像。T
24、he girl has not been photographed well.这女孩的照片没拍好。 7、某些感觉动词的主动态表示被动意义。Eg This shirt feels much softer than that one.这件衬衫比那件衬衫摸起来柔软得多That book smells old. 那本书有一股霉味。 These oranges taste nice. 这些橙子味道很好。 以上这些动词都不能用进展时表示。假设用进展时，那么表示主动含义。Eg The child is smelling the paint.小孩正在闻油漆的气味。8、动词get, come, go之后接过去分
25、词，表示被动意义。get的这种用法局限于口语与非正式的书面语言，更强调动作的结果而非动作本身，并常用来表示突发性的、出乎意料的偶然事件。而come与go常接含否认意义的过去分词。Eg After working selflessly in here for several years, Mr Li got promoted at last.李先生在此地无私地干了好几年，终于得到提升。 They got delayed because of the holiday traffic.由于节日交通阻塞，他们被耽误了。 The buttons on my coat came undone.我上衣的扣子
26、松开了。 The womans complaints went unnoticed.那位女士的投诉无人理睬。 9、在need (want, require, deserve, etc.)doing句型中，动名词(doing)相当于动词不定式的被动式(to be done)，在意思上没有多大差异。 Eg The garden needs watering.The garden needs to be watered.花园需要浇水。 The problem requires studying with great care.The problem requires to be studied wi
27、th great care. 这个问题需要仔细研究。 These jobs want doing at once.These jobs want to be done at once.这些工作需要马上就做。 用法相似的构造还有bear doing, stand doing, be worth doing,习惯不用动词不定式。Eg That wont bear thinking of. 那是不堪想象的。 The little girl cant stand criticizing. 小女孩经不起批评。 The food is not worth eating. 这种饭菜不值一吃。 Its wel
28、l worth making the effort to learn how to do it.很值得花一番功夫去学会怎么做这事。 值得注意的是，在be worth doing句型中，只能用动名词的主动式，而在be worthy to be done中，才能用动词不定式的被动式，两者不可混淆。 10、在某些性质形容词动词不定式的句型中，其动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。difficult, easy, hard, comfortable, pleasant, fit, unfit, light , heavy, good, safe, dangerousEg The question is
29、easy to answer.这问题容易答复。 That book is difficult to understand.那本书难懂。 在这种句型构造中，动词不定式与主语的关系实际上是一种逻辑上的动宾关系，可以说是动词不定式作主语变换来的，相当于Its easy to answer the question.与Its difficult to understand that book.由于把动词宾语放在主语位置，所以与不定式的关系构成一种被动关系。 11、有些动词不定式不管用主动形式还是被动形式，动词不定式与主语的关系都是被动的。Eg Nobody was to blame (to be bl
30、amed) for the accident.这个事故，谁也不能责怪。 The house is to let (to be let).这房子出租。 There are a lot of books to read (to be read).有许多书要读。 Those cars are to rent (to be rented).那些汽车出租。 12、带双宾语的动词的主动语态与被动语态谓语动词带双宾语时，既可将间接宾语转化成主语，也可以将直接宾语转化成主语。当用直接宾语作主语时，要根据动词的习惯配搭，要在间接宾语前补上介词 to 或 for. (直接宾语指物，间接宾语指人)give, buy
31、, sell, take, bring, make, hand, pass, keep, send, write, sing, find, mend, read，show 等带双宾语的动词，改为被动语态，它们的句型主要有以下几个：give sth to sb. = give sb sth. buy sth for sb. = buy sb sth.sell sth to sb. = sell sb sth. Take sth to sb. = take sb sth.bring sth to sb. = bring sb sth. make sth for sb. = make sb sth.
32、hand sth to sb. = hand sb sth. Pass sth to s b. = pass sb sth.keep sth for sb. = keep sb sth. end sth to sb. = send sb sth. write sth to sb. = write sb sth. sing sth for sb. = sing sb sth.find sth for sb. = find sb sth. mend sth for sb. = mend sb sth.read sth for/to sb. = read sb sth. show sth to sb
33、. = show sb sth.Eg He passed me some paper.(主动)Some paper was passed to me by him.被动 You must keep some fruit for him.(主动)Some fruit must be kept for him.被动 She gave me a bookI was given a bookA book was given to me13、短语动词变位被动语态 许多有不及物动词与介词，副词构成的短语动词，相当于及物动词，可以有宾语，也可以变被动语态。但是短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，
34、不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或者副词。Eg We should speak to old men politelyOld men should be spoken to politely14、带有复合宾语的动词变为被动语态 宾语加上宾语补足语以其构成复合宾语。变被动语态直把宾语变为被动语态的主语，宾语补足语保存在原处，变成主语补足语。Eg I heard Jane playing the piano in her room.Jane was heard playing the piano in her room15、被动语态后动词形式的选择主动句中在感官动词see, hear, watch, feel ,notice等，及使役动词let, make ,have等后跟省略to的不定式，变为被动语态时，应加上不定式符号to.Eg He makes the girl stay at homeThe girl is made to stay at home Last Sunday we heard them sing Peking Opera in the theatreThey were heard to sing Peking Opera in that theater last Sunday.第 17 页