《Unit李观仪新编英语教程第三第五册.pptx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Unit李观仪新编英语教程第三第五册.pptx（87页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、Teaching objectivesUnderstanding the various aspects related to the usage of words.Cultivating a sense of appropriateness in styleLearning to use analogy as an expository means.第1页/共87页I.Preparation1)Topic“Hit the Nail on the Head”Denotation:original meaning force(the nail)into the right place;make
2、something unmistakably clear.Connotation:implied meaningexactly right in words or action.第2页/共87页Advice by the author:English learners should try to get the words,phrases and sentences completely right for their purposes in writing.第3页/共87页 Denotative meaning(外延/指示意义)refers to the essential and inex
3、tricable part of what language is,is regarded as the central factor in verbal communication.第4页/共87页Denotative meaning+HUMAN+ADULT+MALE-+HUMAN+ADULT MALE-+HUMAN ADULT+FEMAL-Boy-+HUMAN ADULT+MALEBull-HUMAN+ADULT+MALEmanwomengirl第5页/共87页Connotative meaning(内涵/隐含意义)refers to the implied or communicativ
4、e meaning,over or above the words denotative meaning.第6页/共87页 e.g.milk-nutritious,healthy pig-dirty,simple swallow-alert,auspiciousConnotative meaning第7页/共87页Connotative meaningGrin BeamSmileSmirk the most common word?the difference on meaning?the relationship among them?第8页/共87页Hyponymy(上下义关系)super
5、ordinate（上义词）hyponyms（下义词）co-hyponym（共下义词）第9页/共87页I.Preparation2)Author3)Source Alan Warner(1912-),English teacher at Makerere College(麦大),Kampala(坎帕拉),Uganda.Selected from A Short Guide to English Style(Warner,1960),which tells how to write clean English how to see English style todayhow to develop
6、 English style第10页/共87页The Rivals by Richard Brinsley SheridanOne heroine in the drama is called Mrs.Malaprop who likes to show herself talented in use of words,though having little learning.While things go contrary to her wishes,her words are unbearably funny and laugh-evoking.第11页/共87页On the educa
7、tion of children:“As she grew up,I would have her instructed in geometry,that she might know something of the contagious countries”,she said.Mrs.Malaprop misused geography as geometry,then further misused contiguous as contagious.第12页/共87页The poor matching derives the term Malapropism resulting from
8、 using Homophony.第13页/共87页HomophonyOne semantic relationship between words which sounds alike but are written differently and often have different meanings.e.g.know-threw-bare-meet-flower-sew-dear-right-第14页/共87页Malapropism Ludicrous misuse of words,esp.for one resembling it.(用词错误、用语错误、飞白，尤指误用发音相似而意
9、义全非的词)e.g.You get up at the crank of dawn and dont talk to me,just sitting there being unspeakable.crank/crack at the crack of dawn 第15页/共87页You cant tell a book by its lover.lover/coverMarge and I are insufferable friends.insufferable/inseparatable 第16页/共87页MalapropismDo you want me to strangle a c
10、ouple of eggs for you?strangle/scrambleI ate in a restaurant today,and the food was abdominal.abdominal/abnormal第17页/共87页At school,I took a course in domestic silence.silence/scienceHome wasnt built in a day.Home/Rome第18页/共87页Chinese style vs.English styleGood written Chinese employs well-known set
11、phrases and sayings to connect the piece of writing with the Chinese literary tradition.“以神传意”Good written English avoids these and calls them clichs.It uses well-known phrases in a piece of written English so as to be in order and logic.“以形达意”Good written Chinese uses more empty words and repeats w
12、ords that have the same meaning or purpose to give balance and elegance to its sentences.For example,Chinese uses things like 也也,但是却,因为所以.But If you do a similar thing in English,you add flab and reduce clarity.vivid and refinedformalist and inelegant第19页/共87页ChinglishWetwowhoandwho？咱俩谁跟谁阿Howareyou?
13、howoldareyou?怎么是你，怎么老是你？Youdontbirdme,Idontbirdyou.你不鸟我，我也不鸟你Ifyouwantmoney,Ihaveno;ifyouwantlife,Ihaveone!要钱没有，要命一条 YouGiveMeStop!你给我站住！knowisknow;noknowisnoknow.知之为知之，不知为不知.WATCHSISTER表妹youmeyoume.彼此彼此第20页/共87页 Warm-up questions1.Does the title strike you as a bit unusual?2.Have you ever heard of
14、the English proverb“Hit the nail on the head”?What does it mean?3.Whose job involves hitting nails?Is the text concerned about the carpenter?Then,whats the major concern of the author?4.What similarities does the author recognize in the job of a carpenter and the work of a writer?第21页/共87页2.Have you
15、 ever heard of the English proverb“Hit the nail on the head”?What does it mean?Suggested Answer(SA):It means exactly right in words or action.(The author advises that the English students should try to get the words,phrases and sentences completely right for their purposes in their writing.)3.Whose
16、job involves hitting nails?Is the text concerned about the carpenter?Then,whats the major concern of the author?（stylistic matter,how to choose the right word from the extensive vocabulary of the English language）第22页/共87页4.What similarities does the author recognize in the job of a carpenter and th
17、e work of a writer?（a.The process the writer chooses the right word is similar to the way a carpenter hammers a nail.b.Like the carpenter who needs to drive home every nail if he wants his work properly done,a writer needs to put efforts in choosing the right word if he wants to be accurate and conc
18、ise.）第23页/共87页AnalogyOne kind of comparison,derives from the Greek word“analogia”,which means“proportion”,or“according to ratio”.It compares two things,which are alike in various respects,for the purpose of explaining or clarifying some unfamiliar or complex idea or object by showing how the idea or
19、 object is to a familiar one.similar第24页/共87页ExercisesChessboard Rules of the game The piecesA new-born babyCarpenterthe phenomenon of universethe worldThe laws of NatureLiterature creationThe first balloon flight (invented by Benjamin Franklin)第25页/共87页AttentionYou should not take time to mention t
20、he difference between the two subjects,because that will blur the focus and distract the reader.InsteadSimilarities onlyDevelop as much as many parallel similarities as you canDraw a similar conclusion from the other第26页/共87页Notice:Analogy and simile often overlap,yet simile is more artistic,analogy
21、 is done in an extended way to explain a thought process and a line of reasoning.第27页/共87页5.Learn more about English proverbs and idioms:(very important because of their specific cultural connotations)hit the nail on the head:exactly right in words or actions.to play by ear:to play a tune which one
22、has heard,remembered,or invented but not seen written in notes.见机行事 in hot water:into trouble related to anger or punishment.water off a ducks back:have no effect.to keep an ear to the ground:listen to what will happen attentively.注意舆论动向第28页/共87页to bark up the wrong tree:attack to the wrong target.找
23、错对象 to fly off handle:lose ones temper,fly into a rage.暴跳如雷 to twist someones arm:force someone to do something.taking candy from a baby:be insatiably avaricious 贪得无厌 to laugh up ones sleeve：laugh secretlya Black Sheep:en evil member of the herda dark horse:unknown competitor who may wina white lie:
24、harmless lie第29页/共87页Section I(paragraphs 1-3)1.An analogy between the unskilled use of the hammer and the improper choice of words(Paragraph 1)2.The significance of finding the right words(Paragraphs 2-3)Organization of the Text第30页/共87页Step 1:the use of analogy-How does the author introduce the su
25、bject?-What expository means is used in the first paragraph?-Can you explain the difference between“comparison”and“analogy”?第31页/共87页Step 2：To read the passage on page7 with the following questions in mind:1.WHAT is the purpose of drawing an analogy?2.WHEN is it often used?3.HOW is it different from
26、“comparison”?第32页/共87页Step 3：to identify the use of comparison and the use of analogy in para.1 ComparisonA clumsy man a skillful carpenterA good writer a skillful carpenterAnalogy A writer choosing the right word A carpenter hammering a nail第33页/共87页Step 4:Sum up the main points:Analogy is a specia
27、l kind of comparison and a more concrete way to explain things.The purpose of analogy is to explain something abstract and remote.With analogy,of the two things being compared,one is usually a familiar subject,which helps to explain the other,which is usually a difficult and abstract subject,somethi
28、ng hard to define.第34页/共87页1.Semantic differences between words having the same root(Paragraphs 4-7)(1).Example 1(human vs.humane)(Paragraph 4)(2).Example 2(anxiety vs.eagerness)(Paragraph 5)(3).Example 3(singularity vs.singleness)(Paragraphs 6 7)Section 2(paragraphs 4 10):The various aspects in wor
29、d usage第35页/共87页2.Wrong choice of words caused by failure to recognize their connotations(Paragraph 8)Examples:imprison,contain,sum up,epitomize and distill3.Stylistic differences between synonyms(Paragraph 9)Examples:in my childhood vs.when I was a child;love to watch vs.love watching;die vs.expire
30、;poor vs.in indigent circum-stances4.The abundance of specific words in English for general notions(Paragraph 10)第36页/共87页the importance of a good control and command over known words(A good writer is not measured by the extent of his vocabulary,but by his skill in finding the word that will hit the
31、 nail cleanly on the head.)Section 3:Conclusion(Paragraph 11):第37页/共87页V.Key Points of the TextParagraph 1knock over:hit to fall 捶翻drive something home:force(the nail)into the right place;make something unmistakably clear 把（钉子等）打入；使明确无误E.g.(1).He slammed the door and drove the bolt home.他砰地关上门，把门闩插好
32、。他砰地关上门，把门闩插好。(2).drive ones point home 讲讲清清楚楚自自己己的的观点观点(3).a voice that drives home each word 字字字清晰的说话声字清晰的说话声第38页/共87页(4).To drive home his policy,the president wrote his second letter.为为了了阐明他的政策，总统又写了第二封信。阐明他的政策，总统又写了第二封信。(5).You must drive it home to John that we dont have enough money.你必须使约翰明白我
33、们钱确实不够。你必须使约翰明白我们钱确实不够。deft:effortlessly skillful 熟练的hit it squarely on the head:hitting it directly on the head.Also hit the(right)nail on the head:(informal)be exactly right in words or action 正中要正中要害；猜中；说得好，做得好害；猜中；说得好，做得好第39页/共87页E.g.:(1).Your criticism really hit the nail on the head.你的批评确是一针见血
34、。你的批评确是一针见血。(2).In so saying,you hit the right nail on the head.你这样说确是击中要害。你这样说确是击中要害。squarely:meaning“directly”,may be used both literally and figuratively.E.g.:(1).The boxer hit his opponent squarely on the jaw.(2).We must face the difficulty squarely.第40页/共87页a word that is more or less right:a w
35、ord that is almost right,but not completely right 差不多恰当的词语差不多恰当的词语clean English:English that is exact(precise)and clearQuestion 1:Which phrase in this paragraph marks a contrast between a clumsy man and a skillful carpenter?SA:On the other hand.第41页/共87页Question 2:Which sentence in Paragraph 1 estab
36、lishes the link between the driving of a nail and the choice of a word?SA:So with language;the good craftsman will choose words that drive home his point firmly and exactly.第42页/共87页Paragraph 2Question 1:What does the word“this”in Sentence 1 refer to?SA:Getting the word that is completely right for
37、the writers purpose.scrupulous writers:writers who are thorough,exact,and who pay careful attention to details 一丝不苟的作家第43页/共87页scrupulous:correct even in the smallest detail;exact;painstaking;meticulous 严格认真的,审慎的unscrupulous:不择手段的,肆无忌惮的,the opposite of scrupulous,seems to be more often used to descr
38、ibe people who do not care about honesty and fairness in getting what they want,or who are completely without principles.Also by hook or(by)crook:to win by hook or crook第44页/共87页Paragraph 2Question 2:Do you agree with the author that there is a great deal of truth in the seemingly stupid question“Ho
39、w can I know what I think till I see what I say”?Why or why not?第45页/共87页Paragraph 2SA:Yes,I do.It sounds irrational that a person does not know what he himself thinks before he sees what he says,but,as a matter of fact,it is quite true that unless we have found the exact words to verbalize our own
40、thoughts we can never be very sure of what our thoughts are,without words,our thoughts cannot be defined or stated in a clear and precise manner.第46页/共87页Paragraph 3that constitutes his limitation:that makes or forms his shortcoming or inability in certain respectsconcept vs.conception:A concept is
41、an idea of a category or kind that has been generalized from particular instances.Thus,the concept of“cat”arises form the many cats we see.Concept also refers to a widely held idea of what something is or should be:The concept of government of many small nations has been influenced by the legislativ
42、e and judicial institutions of Britain.第47页/共87页The meaning of conception is much like this second sense of concept,but differs in that the idea of what a thing is or should be is here held by an individual or small group and is often colored by imagination and feeling:A childs conception of the uni
43、verse is formed by his limited experience and his own fancies.第48页/共87页your conception of the man is clearer and sharper:your idea of the man is clearer and more distinctsharp:a word that has a variety of meaningsE.g.:a sharp(thrill)voice 刺耳的语声 sharp(harsh)words a sharp(severe)pain第49页/共87页Paragraph
44、 3Question:What is the significance of finding the right words?SA:Words are many and various;they are subtle and delicate in their different shades of meaning.The exact use of language gives us mastery over the material we are dealing with.第50页/共87页Paragraph 4human vs.humane:human:relating to or cha
45、racteristic of humankind or peopleE.g.:human action:action taken by man 人的行为 To err is human;to forgive,divine.犯错人皆难免；宽恕则属超凡。（犯错是人，宽恕是神）human killer:a person or a machine that kills humans 杀人凶手；杀人机器第51页/共87页humane:having or showing compassion or benevolence;characterized by kindness,mercy,sympathyE.
46、g.:humane action:merciful action 人道的行为humane killer:that which kills but causes little pain;instrument for painless slaughter of animals 牲口无痛屠宰机，牲口麻醉屠宰机Paragraph 5far afield:far away from home;to or at a great distance;very far away 向远处,远离第52页/共87页Paragraph 6cowardice:lack of courage 怯懦,胆小rife:wides
47、pread,common（流行的，普遍的）.Rife is an adjective used with something negative.E.g.:(1).Crime and violence were rife in this city before liberation.(2).Typhoid fever(Poultry flu)is rife.目目前伤寒（禽流感）流行。前伤寒（禽流感）流行。(3).Corruption(Unemployment)is still rife in that country.那个国家依然贪污成风那个国家依然贪污成风（失业遍地）。（失业遍地）。(4).T
48、he whole city is rife with rumors.满满城谣言纷纷。城谣言纷纷。第53页/共87页(5).This article is rife with error.这篇文这篇文章错误百出。章错误百出。(6).The country was rife with disease and violence.那个国家当时疾病和暴力横行。那个国家当时疾病和暴力横行。(7).Diseases used to be rife in that country.singularity vs.singleness:singularity:strangeness,oddity,peculiar
49、ity 奇特,特性,非凡E.g.:singularity of mind 思想奇特；标新立思想奇特；标新立异异singleness:complete devotion to;holding steadfastly toE.g.:singleness of mind 思想专一思想专一,专心致专心致志志第54页/共87页Paragraph 7malapropism:an often amusing misuse of a word,such that the word incorrectly used sounds similar to the intended word but means so
50、mething quite different 词语误用（尤指误用发音相似而意义全非的词）hold to:(cause to)follow exactly,keep to(something such as a promise);adhere to坚持，遵守，忠于坚持，遵守，忠于 E.g.:(1).Whatever your argument,I shall hold to my decision.第55页/共87页(2).The priest held to his beliefs in spite of cruel treatment.(3).He holds to a simple li