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1、继发性肾小球肾炎继发性肾小球肾炎IgA肾病或肾小球肾炎肾病或肾小球肾炎病病因因发发病病机机制制:粘膜损伤 IgA形成 含IgA的大分子的免疫复合物沉积于肾小球病变特点:病变特点:免疫病理:以IgA为主的免疫球蛋白和C3沉积于系膜区。光学显微镜:局灶性或弥漫性的,除膜性肾小球肾炎以外的各型肾小球肾炎。临临床床表表现现:可出现血管炎和紫癜及各型肾炎综合征。狼疮性肾炎狼疮性肾炎病病因因发发病病机机制制:自身免疫性疾病。含抗核抗体、抗细胞浆抗体、抗球蛋白抗体、抗细胞膜抗体等多种免疫复合物,沉积于肾小球病变特点:病变特点:免疫病理:含IgG、IgA、IgM、C3、C4、C1q的多种免疫复合物,沉积于肾小
2、球的各个部位。光学显微镜:局灶性或弥漫性的,各型肾小球肾炎。临临床床表表现现:可出现全身(心、肝、脑、关节、皮肤等)多系统病变及各型肾炎综合征。各型GN的演变关系毛细血管内增生性毛细血管内增生性GN 膜增生性膜增生性GN局灶性局灶性GN系膜增生性系膜增生性GN 微小病变性微小病变性GN正正正正常常常常肾肾肾肾小小小小球球球球新月体性新月体性新月体性新月体性GNGN硬化性硬化性硬化性硬化性GNGNFSGS膜性膜性GNKEY WORDglomerulinephritis,Endocapillary proliferative GN,Membranous GN,Mesangioproliferati
3、ve GN,Membranoproliferative GN,Crescentic GN,Minimal change GN,Focal GN,Sclerosing GN三、急性肾小管坏死(acute tubular necrosis)由于休克或中毒导致的肾小管上皮细胞坏死,主要侵犯各段肾小管,主要临床表现为少尿、无尿和肾功能衰竭。概念:病因发病机制:休克,血压降低,肾缺血,肾小管缺血性坏死;毒性物质在肾小管浓缩,直接伤害肾小管上皮细胞。病理变化:肾小管上皮凝固性坏死,细胞碎片堵塞管腔,肾间质水肿;后期;肾小管上皮再生。肾小球缺血 肾小球滤过率 肾小管上皮坏死 细胞碎片堵塞 尿液返流 肾间质水
4、肿 少尿或无尿 后期,再生的肾小管上皮功能不全 多尿和等比重尿休克或中毒 肾缺血临床病理联系:CONCLUSIONAcute tubular necrosis:tubular epithelial cells show diffuse coagulation necrosis,caused by renal ischemia or poisoning,often occur acute renal failure.KEY WORD:Acute tubular necrosis四、肾盂肾炎(pyelonephritis)病原体感染直接引起的化脓性炎,主要侵犯肾盂粘膜和肾间质,主要临床症状有急性感
5、染的全身症状、血尿、白细胞尿或脓尿、下尿路刺激征。概念:病原体:大肠杆菌、链球菌、葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌、霉菌等感染途径:上行性(大肠杆菌为主);血源性(少见,烈性化脓菌为主)诱发因素:下尿路梗阻;重病体弱,长期卧床患者病因发病机制:急性肾盂肾炎:脓性卡它性炎;肾的蜂窝织炎;肾脓肿上行性感染者,近肾盂处严重,肾皮质轻,单肾发病或双肾分布不均血源性感染者,双肾弥散分布,以肾小球为中心形成小脓肿。慢性肾盂肾炎;淋巴和单核细胞浸润;肉芽组织形成,结缔组织增生;厚壁脓肿;肾盂变形;瘢痕肾形成。病理变化:机体对微生物感染的全身反应;病变波及血管导致血尿;间质化脓性病变的细胞成分入尿导致尿异常;下尿路刺激征(
6、尿频、尿急、尿疼)多见于上行感染者。临床病理联系:CONCLUSIONPyelonephritis:is a suppurative inflammation,is caused by infection of suppurative bacterium.The pelvis,interstitium and tubules is major injury site.Morphology:focal suppurative inflammation(phlegmonous inflammation or abscesses).Its clinical manifestations includ
7、e:fever,malaise,flank pain,dysuria,frequency and urgency,pyuria and white cell casts.五、过敏性间质性肾炎(allergic interstitial nephritis)概念:各种过敏因素导致的非化脓性炎症,主要侵犯肾间质,主要的临床症状是肾功能损伤乃至肾功能衰竭。病因发病机制:药物和其他过敏原导致IV型变态反应病理变化:急性过敏性间质性肾炎:双肾肾间质弥漫性水肿,淋巴、单核及多少不等的嗜酸性白细胞浸润,肾小管上皮细胞变性 慢性过敏性间质性肾炎:双肾肾间质淋巴和单核细胞浸润,纤维化,肾小管弥漫萎缩。临床病理联
8、系:肾间质弥漫性病变导致肾小管弥漫性损伤,严重损伤肾功能。CONCLUSIONAllergic interstitial nephritis:is a nonsuppurative inflammation,is caused by drug allergy.The interstitium and tubules is major injury site.Morphology:mononuclear cells(lymphocytes and mono-phagocytes)and/or eosinocytes diffuse infiltrate in interstitium of bo
9、th kidneys,so often occur acute renal failure.KEY WORD:Pyelonephritis,Allergic interstitial nephritis六、肾脏肿瘤(1)肾细胞癌(renal cell carcinoma)组织发生:近端肾小管上皮细胞病理特点:位于肾皮质,切面黄色;富含透明胞浆的癌细胞呈巢索状排列。生物性特性:中老年好发;因血管丰富,可早期血行转移至肺、骨。CONCLUSIONRenal cell carcinoma:Histogenesis:proximal tubular cells.Morphology:clear-can
10、cerous cells and trabecularism.Clinical features:renal neoplasm and hematuria occur in 60th and 70th decades of men.Behavior:malignant tumor,often hematogenous metastasis.(2)肾母细胞瘤 (nephroblastoma,Wilm tumor)组织发生:肾胚芽组织病理特点:肾内巨大肉瘤样肿块;由未分化的胚芽组织、间胚叶性间质和幼稚的肾小球和肾小管组成生物学特性:婴幼儿好发;早期血行转移至肺、肝等CONCLUSIONNephro
11、blastoma(Wilms tumor):Histogenesis:renal blastem.Morphology:blastem tissue,abortive glomeruli and tubules,mesenchymal tissue.Clinical features:renal neoplasm and hematuria occur in 2-4 years childhood.Behavior:malignant tumor,often hematogenous metastasis.七、尿路上皮肿瘤组织发生:移行上皮细胞病理特点:移行上皮乳头状瘤:与正常移行上皮相似的肿
12、瘤组织呈乳 头状伸出性生长移行上皮癌:有一定异型性的癌组织呈伸出性和浸润性生长;依癌组织的异型性,分为I、II、III级生物学特性:中老年好发;易复发;以局部浸润和淋巴路转移常见CONCLUSIONUrothelial tumors:Histogenesis:transitional cells.Morphology:papilloma and various grades carcinoma.Clinical features:hematuria occur in adult and old men.Behavior:benign papilloma easily recur and become malignant,transitional carcinoma which is often multi-focus growth,and progresisive infiltration,invasion and destruction of the surrounding tissue.KEY WORD:Renal cell carcinoma,Nephroblastoma,Urothelial tumors