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1、语境法语境法Contextclues 构词法构词法Word formation猜测词意中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有：中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有：super-(超超)mini-(极小的极小的,微小的微小的)micro-（极微小的）（极微小的）re-（再，反复）（再，反复）mis-（误，恶）（误，恶）im-（不）（不）un-（不，非）（不，非）in-（不，非）（不，非）non-（不，非）（不，非）-able（能（能的的）-less（不，无）（不，无）-wards(向向)superman microwavenonnatural mispronounce homeless nonsmoker reb
2、uild eastwards Can you guess the right meanings?Mary,of course you are overweight.You eat too much junk food.Even worse,you excercise infrequently.“Even when a man is said to be a best friend,”Rubin writes,“the two share little about their innermost feelings.”(2003NMET)With their shining brown eyes,
3、wagging tails,and unconditional love,dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence.1.(05(05重庆卷重庆卷)Its true that lighthouse were built in out-of-the-way place.2.When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago,how could they even begin to picture mo
4、dern life?3.When he reached the place with his army,he found an impassable river in front of him.Word-formation（合成形容词）（合成形容词）（词性变化）（词性变化）（复合法，转化法，派生法）（复合法，转化法，派生法）（词的派生）（词的派生）How to guess the meaning of words?1、定义描述、定义描述 A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects is called a carpe
5、nter.His uncle is a zoologist,an expert who does research on animals.The herdsman,who looks after sheep,earns about 650 yuan a year.We are on the night shift-from midnight to 8 a.m.-this week.In some countries where there is very little rain,the farmers have to irrigate,or water,their fields.All wha
6、les fall into two groups,those with teeth and those without,Dolphins belong to odontoceti,that is to say,they are toothed whales.定义或释义关系常由定语从句或定义或释义关系常由定语从句或be called，be known as,be defined as等词汇或破折号来表示等词汇或破折号来表示；或由或由is,that is(to say),in other words，to put it another way引出引出 一些具体的解释性的短语放在生词后一些具体的解释
7、性的短语放在生词后做它的同位语，用逗号隔开，构成同做它的同位语，用逗号隔开，构成同位关系。位关系。小小 结结2.同义词同义词 Mother was tall,fat and middle-aged.My aunt was an old woman,almost as plump as mother,and much shorter.反义词反义词Though Toms face has been washed quite clean,his neck still remains grubby.John usually wastes a lot of money on such useless t
8、hings,his wife,however,is very thrifty.Ex.In the past the world seemed to run in an orderly way.Now,however,everything seems to be in a state of turmoil.If you agree,write“yes”;if you dissent,write“no”.Some human actions are learned,but quite a few other actions are innate.Although a large number of
9、 people considered him to have stolen the money,I was sure that he was innocent of the theft.由由and或或or，like,as as,the same as等连接的两个词构成同义等连接的两个词构成同义关系；关系；表转折关系的词常有如表转折关系的词常有如but,while,however,instead of,rather than,unlike,yet,otherwise,though，on the contrary等。等。小小 结结3、因果关系、因果关系Rubber can be made to s
10、tretch more than nine times its normal length because it is very elastic.The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow.Ex.Since I could not afford to purchase the original painting,I bought a replica.An inexperienced eye could not tell the difference.Hes such
11、 a shrewd businessman that he loses no money in any trade.She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long.常用关联词常用关联词(如如becausebecause，asas，sincesince，forfor，soso，thusthus，as a resultas a result，so,so so,so that,such that,such that that thereforetherefore等等)表示前因后果。表示前因后果。小小
12、结结(06陕西卷陕西卷)The homeless people may have become jobless and then been unable to pay their rent and so no longer have a roof over their heads.In paragraph 2,“a roof over their heads”most probably means _.A.a cap B.a car C.a home D.a covering4、举例归纳法、举例归纳法Cars must have certain safety devices such as s
13、eat belt,headlights,and good brakes.On the farm they mainly raise poultry,such as chickens,ducks and geese,for their eggs and meat.The new couple bought a lot of household appliances,such as washing machine,fridge and microwave oven ect.Difined most broadly,folklore includes all the customes,belief
14、and tradition that people have handed dowm from generation to generation.常用常用such as,like，for example,for instance等引出例等引出例子，可根据例子隶属的类别归纳子，可根据例子隶属的类别归纳出总称词即词义出总称词即词义。小小 结结5、生活经验、生活经验,生活常识生活常识,逻辑推理逻辑推理 When a doctor performs an operation on a patient,he usually gives an anaesthetic to make him unconsc
15、ious,because he does not want his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to him.When you throw a stone into still water of a lake,you will watch a ripple spread in rings on the surface of water.Metal expands when heated and contracts when cooled.Ex.One of symptoms caused by the peculiar i
16、llness is a high fever.Because this chemical liquid is highly volatile,we must keep it in a bottle which has a tight lid.In the strong wind,the beggar shivered with the terrible cold.小小 结结根据自身的直接或间接的经验，或运用自根据自身的直接或间接的经验，或运用自己已有的常识将生词推测出来。己已有的常识将生词推测出来。因此平时因此平时多了解英美国家的风俗习惯，宗教信仰，多了解英美国家的风俗习惯，宗教信仰，社会生活
17、等，可以帮助加深对文章的理解，社会生活等，可以帮助加深对文章的理解，遇到生词，猜测词义的能力自然就提高了。遇到生词，猜测词义的能力自然就提高了。（05 福建卷）福建卷）Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming.The phrase“mopping up”in the paragraph means_.A.cleaning up B.taking in C.wiping out D.giving out
18、What does“in the public eye”mean?A.公众熟悉的公众熟悉的,出名的出名的Tips:in public在公众场合在公众场合 the public大众大众 eye眼睛眼睛GuessB.在群众的眼里在群众的眼里 C.公开的公开的 D.令人眼热的令人眼热的Mr Zhang often appears Mr Zhang often appears in public.But he is not famoushe is not But he is not famoushe is not in the public eyein the public eye.6.6.根据生词所
19、在的上下文猜测词义根据生词所在的上下文猜测词义例题：例题：Tom cannt find his sneahers.Tom cant find his white sneakersTom cant play tennis now because he cant find his white sneakers.A.money b.bowls C.shoesl）Jane is usually prompt.Alate Bon time Cpleased Jane is usually prompt for her classesJane is usually prompt for all her c
20、lasses，but she arrived in the middle of her first class.2）Tom saw an owl last night Aa bird Ban animal Cthe sun Tom saw an owl in a tree last nightTom saw an owl last night but it flew away when he got near 推理题The ashes of the Great Wall are falling down。I think the Greatwall is now like an 80 years
21、 old man.In some places it is still standing,but really unless there is some good medicine,most of it wont be standing in the next fifty or one hundred years.A.If people dont take medicine,the Great Wall will fall down.B.B.The Great Wall is like an 80 year-old man,who needs medical care.C.C.We must
22、take some measures to pretect the GreatWall,or most of the Great Wall will break dwon in 50 or 100 yearsD.D.The Great Wall is falling down,and it will disappear in the future.小小 结结所谓所谓“词不离句，句不离章词不离句，句不离章“讲的就是对讲的就是对于词语或句子的正确理解依赖于一定的情于词语或句子的正确理解依赖于一定的情景。所以在猜测生词词义或句意时，景。所以在猜测生词词义或句意时，一一定要认真读懂与生词密切相关的前后
23、句子，定要认真读懂与生词密切相关的前后句子，对词或句子进行合情合理的推测，排除肤对词或句子进行合情合理的推测，排除肤浅的表义，选择蕴含在其中的深意。浅的表义，选择蕴含在其中的深意。1.There are some glaciers moving down the mountain valleys.A glacier is a river of ice.A.雪山雪山 B.树枝树枝 C.冰河冰河 D.冰冰 2.He is a resolute man.Once he made up his mind to do something,he wont give it up halfway.A.weak
24、 B.firm C.kind D.clever 小试身手3.Mr.Brown is now working at Princeton University far away from home.For this reason he has to rent a room near the office where he works.A.租用租用 B.借出借出 C.购买购买 D.参观参观 4.The official asked the man what his occupation was.The man told him that he worked as an engineer.A.work
25、 B.study C.name D.interest5.The old woman has a strange habit to keep over 100 cats in her house.Her neighbor all call her an eccentric lady.A.爱猫的爱猫的 B.古怪的古怪的 C.闲不住闲不住 D.动物保护主义者动物保护主义者 6.In many countries there are two financial extremes,from penury to great wealth.A.便士便士 B.温饱温饱 C.非常贫困非常贫困 D.虚弱虚弱 7.
26、Mrs.Smith is loquacious while her husband is the silent type.A.活泼的活泼的 B.好动的好动的 C.多嘴多舌的多嘴多舌的 D.可爱的可爱的 8.Those new comers were not used to the life in the suburbs which was so different from that inside the city.A.town B.capital C.countryside D.house 9.This boy is not stupid,on the contrary,no one cou
27、ld be more intelligent.A.勤奋的勤奋的 B.愚蠢的愚蠢的 C.聪明的聪明的 D.情报情报10.Children are always boasting.They say things like “My Dads car is bigger than your Dads,”“My Mom is smarter than yours.”and“My family has more money than yours.”The word“boasting”means _.A.骄傲骄傲 B.吹牛吹牛 C.顽皮顽皮 D.幼稚幼稚Passage 1 Tens of thousands
28、 of baby penguins face starvation after two giant icebergs broke off the Antarctic ice sheet and blocked their parents road to the feeding areas.Adeline and emperor penguins nesting on the Ross island rookeries are now forced to walk long distances over the icebergs to obtain food for their chicks,b
29、orn during the November-December breeding season.What does the underlined word“obtain”probably mean?A.eat B.get C.sell D.buyBPassage 2 A mans position among the black-tent people depends on his ancestors,relatives,and fellow tribesmen.If they are honored,he is also honored.If they are disgraced,he t
30、oo is disgraced.Therefore one carefully guards the honor of his family,his lineage(宗系宗系),and his tribe.The word“disgrace”means _ in this text.A.honor B.endanger C.proud D.shame Passage 3 The ruler had been so cruel and dishonest that after the revolution he was banished.A few members of the Senate(参
31、议院参议院)opposed this decision,but the majority voted that the ruler should leave the country for ever.The underlined word“banished”mean_.A.killed by stoning B.sent away C.imprisoned D.punished by whipping Passage 4 My first job was to drive the oxen that ploughed the cane fields.I would walk behind an
32、 ox,guiding him with a broomstick.For$1 a day,I worked eight hours straight,with no food breaks.It was very tedious work,but it prepared me for life and taught me many lasting lessons.Because the plantation owners were always watching us,I had to be on time every day and work as hard as I could.What
33、 does the underlined word“tedious”probably mean?A.interesting B.tiresome C.relaxing D.challengingPassage 5 Although he often had the chance,Mr.Brown was never able to steal money from a customer.This would endangered his position at the bank,and he did not want to jeopardize his future.The word“jeop
34、ardize”means _ in this text.A.protect B.endanger C.continue D.stopPassage 6 After a four-year relationship with a major fortune 100 company beginning as a sales trainee and ending as a regional sales manager,I left the company at the height of my career.Many people were astounded that I would leave
35、after earning a six-figure income.And they asked why I would risk everything for a dream.The underlined word“astounded”means _.A.very sad B.very sorry C.very pleased D.greatly surprised But its a two-way street.I just heard about a thousand Shenzhen office workers who have gone to Bangalore to train
36、 in software.Meanwhile,all the Indian IT majors are setting up a strong presence in China.What does the writer mean by“its a two way street”?A.China and INdia have different traffic rules.B.B.Tea trade works wonders in both India and ChinaC.C.Chinese products are popular in both China and IndiaD.D.The exchanges between India and China benefit both