中考英语-第十一节-句子种类、简单句和主谓一致ppt课件.pptx

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1、第一部分 语法精讲精练第十一节句子种类、简单句和主谓一致01中 考 导 航 02考 点 突 破03课 堂 小 测04中 考 模 拟 演 练目录导航 中 考 导 航 考点广东省卷近五年中考统计高频考点2014 2015 2016201720181.感叹句 2.特殊疑问句 3.祈使句 4.There be句型 考情分析:从近五年考查情况来看,句子种类和简单句是考查的重点,主要考查感叹句、祈使句、there be句型及由how引出的特殊疑问词组的辨析。2018年题量减少后本节未出题,但备考时还是应重视本节的复习。另主谓一致虽不要求考查,但是这个知识点对写作以及构建完整的知识体系有不小的辅助作用,故将

2、此知识点作为拓展知识点并入到there be句型这个考点中。2019年备考时要重点备考感叹句的引导词是what还是how,注意祈使句的否定形式,there be句型,以及能正确选用由how引出的特殊疑问词组。考 点 突 破 感叹句()感叹句表示说话人的喜悦、气愤、惊讶等强烈的情绪。感叹句一般是由what或how开头。what用来强调名词,how则强调形容词、副词或动词。1.感叹句的基本句型(1)What(a/an)形容词名词主语谓语!(2017、2016、2014年考)What a clever boy he is!他是个多么聪明的男孩啊!What cold weather it is!多冷的

3、天气啊!What beautiful flowers they are!(它们是)多么漂亮的花啊!在感叹句中,what a/an常用来修饰单数可数名词,若该名词前面的形容词为元音音素开头,则用what an。what是用来修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词。但有些不可数名词(rain,surprise,breakfast,lunch等)前面有形容词修饰,从而使抽象名词具体化时,则要用what a/an。(2)How形容词/副词主语谓语!(2015、2013年考)How kind you are!你心肠真好!How fast they are working!他们干得真快啊!how还可以修饰动词构成感

4、叹句,但动词不提前。如:How well she dances!她跳得多好呀!(how 修饰动词)2.选用what和how的高效方法判断感叹句的引导词是what还是how,先把主谓和其他部分去掉,如果最后一个词是名词用what,是形容词或副词用how。若没有主谓则看句末一词来定。句末一词是名词用what,是形容词或副词用how。如:What a smart man he is!(主谓是he is,把它们去掉,最后一词是man,名词,故用what)他是多么聪明的人啊!How excellent he is!(主谓是he is,把它们去掉,最后一词是excellent,形容词,故用how)他多么优

5、秀啊!What exciting news!(本句没有主谓,最后一词是news,名词,故用what)多么令人兴奋的消息啊!()1.(2017广东)Aamir Khan played the part of a great father in the movie The Tale of Fatherly Love._excellent actor he is!A.WhatB.What a C.What anD.How母题训练C()2.(2016广东)It is reported that cancer can be controlled at a temperature lower than 1

6、10 below zero.Really?_ nice surprise!A.HowB.What C.What aD.What an 母题训练C()3.(2015广东)So far,Su Bingtian is the only Chinese who finished the 100meter race in less than 10 seconds._ he runs!A.How slow B.How fast C.What a slow D.What a fast 母题训练B()4.(2014广东)Do you know Wang Feng?He can remember 100 gro

7、ups of numbers in five minutes.Yes._man he is!A.What a smartB.How smartC.What a stupidD.How stupid母题训练A()5.(2013广东)Mo Yan won the Nobel Prize for Literature last year._ excellent he is!A.How B.WhatC.What aD.What an母题训练A()6.Our classmates are going to Fantawild Adventure(方特欢乐世界)after the exams._excit

8、ing idea!A.What B.What an C.How anD.How()7._ waste of time it is to spend too much time on computer games!A.How a B.What a C.What D.How中考预测BB()8._ weather it is!We can go boating on the Dongchang Lake.A.How bad B.How good C.What goodD.What bad()9._beautiful flowers they are!Lets go to take some phot

9、os.A.What B.What a C.What an D.How中考预测CA()10._exciting news!Weve never had such a long vacation before.A.What B.What aC.What anD.How中考预测A特殊疑问句(how引出的特殊疑问词组)()特殊疑问句是用疑问词引导的疑问句。它不用yes或no来回答,而应该根据实际情况用较为完整的句子作答。常用的特殊疑问词有:who,whom,whose,which,what,when,where,why,how以及how引出的词组how many,how long,how often,

10、how soon,how far等。在这里重点讲解how引出的疑问词组的辨析。辨析:how引出的疑问词组(1)how often意为“多久一次”,提问频率。表示频率的副词有always(总是),usually(通常),often(常常),sometimes/at times(有时),seldom(很少、不常),hardly(几乎不),never(决不、从来不)等;短语有once a day/week/month/year(每天、周、月或年一次);twice a day/week/month/year(每天、周、月或年两次);three times a day(每天三次);以every开头的短语

11、也表示频率,例如every day/week/month/year(每天、周、月或年);every five minutes(每五分钟),every two hours(每两小时)等。(2)how far意为“多远”,提问两地之间的距离。(2013年考)表示两地间距离的短语常见的有five kilometers(五千米),a few miles(数英里),ten minutes walk(十分钟的步行路程),three hours ride(三小时的车程)等。(3)how long有两种用法 how long意为“多长时间、多久”,提问一段时间,这是其主要用法。表示一段时间的短语有:“for一

12、段时间”意为“长达”,如for four days(长达四天);“since时间点或时间状语从句”意为“自从以来”,如since 1968/yesterday/two days ago(自从1968年/昨天/两天前以来)等。how long意为“多长”,提问事物的长度。使用时要注意与how far的区别。how far强调某两个地点之间的距离,在疑问句中一般会出现两个地点。how long提问单个事物本身的长短,与距离无关。如:How long is the Great Wall?长城有多长?Around 6,700 kilometers long.约6,700千米长。How long is

13、the sofa?沙发有多长?Its two meters long.两米长。(4)how soon意为“多久以后”,对“in一段时间”提问,意为“之后(内)”,表示从现在到将来动作发生时为止的一段时间,常与一般将来时态连用。如in some weeks(数周后)。(2010年考)(5)how much有两种用法意为“多少钱”,对价格或价钱提问,相当于“Whats the price of sth.?”意为“某物多少钱?”。如:How much is the bike?Whats the price of the bike?自行车的价格是多少?$50.五十美元。意为“多少”,对不可数名词的数量

14、提问,有时how much接的不可数名词可省略。如:How much bread would you like?你要多少面包?Five kilos of bread.五公斤。(6)how many意为“多少”,对复数名词的数量提问,有时how many接的复数名词可省略。如:How many watches do you want?你要几块手表?Two(watches).两块。()1.(2013广东)_is it from the village to your farm?About 10 minutes walk.A.How oftenB.How soon C.How longD.How f

15、ar()2.(2010广东)_will you come back?In an hour.A.How soonB.How often C.How farD.How long母题训练DA()3._do you visit your grandparents?Twice a month.A.How oftenB.How long C.How soon D.How far()4.Kate,do you know _ it is from here to the gym?About twenty minutes walk.A.how longB.how far C.how soon D.how oft

16、en中考预测AB祈使句()用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫作祈使句。祈使句最常用于表达命令,朗读时用降调。祈使句因对象(即主语)是第二人称,所以通常都省略。巧学妙记祈使句无主语,主语you常省去;动词原形谓语当,句首加dont否定变;朗读应当用降调,句末常标感叹号。1.肯定结构(1)Do型,即:动词原形(宾语)其他成分。如:Please have a seat here.请这边坐。有的祈使句在意思明确的情况下,动词可省略。如:This way,please.Go this way,please.请这边走。(2)Be型,即:Be 表语(名词或形容词)其他成分。如:Be a good

17、 boy!要做一个好孩子!(3)Let型,即:Let 宾语 动词原形 其他成分。如:Let me help you.让我来帮你。2.否定结构否定结构(2016年考年考)(1)Do型和Be型的否定式都是在句首加dont构成。如:Dont forget me!不要忘记我!Dont be late for school!上学不要迟到!(2)Let型的否定式有两种:“Dont let 宾语 动词原形 其他成分”和“Let 宾语 not 动词原形 其他成分”。如:Dont let him go./Let him not go.别让他走。(3)有些可用no开头,用来表示禁止性的祈使句。如:No smoki

18、ng!禁止吸烟!No fishing!禁止钓鱼!()1.(2016广东)Tommy,_ play basketball in the street next time.You may get hit by a car.A.doB.dont C.must D.mustnt母题训练B()2._run in the hallways,Mike.Sorry,Ms.Clark.A.Dont B.Please C.NoD.Not中考预测AThere be句型()1.There be 句型的结构There be句型表示“某处有(存在)某人或某物”,其结构为:There be(is,are,was,were)

19、名词地点状语。(1)There is第三人称单数可数/不可数主语地点状语(介词短语)。如:There are four apples on the tree.树上有四个苹果。(3)There is第三人称单数可数v.ing地点状语(介词短语)。如:There is a bird singing in the tree.树上有一只鸟正在唱歌。(4)There are复数主语v.ing地点状语(介词短语)。如:There are some birds singing in the tree.树上有一些鸟正在唱歌。2.各种句式(1)否定句:There be句型的否定句式的构成和含有be动词的其他句型

20、一样,在be动词后加上“not”。也可用“no”来表示,即:no n.(名词)not a/an/any n.(名词)。注意:no n.(可数名词单数)not a/an n.(可数名词单数);no n.(可数名词复数)not any n.(可数名词复数);no n.(不可数名词)not any n.(不可数名词)。如:There is an orange in her bag.There isnt an orange in her bag.There is no orange in her bag.There are some oranges in her bag.There arent any

21、 oranges in her bag.There are no oranges in her bag.There is some juice in the bottle.There isnt any juice in the bottle.There is no juice in the bottle.(2)一般疑问句及其回答(2017年考)在“There is/are”的疑问句中,要把be动词放在there之前,并将句号变问号。(难点:句中出现的some要改成any。)肯定回答为“Yes,there is/are.”,否定回答为“No,there isnt/arent.”。结构分析:Be动

22、词there主语?There is an apple on the tree.Is there an apple on the tree?肯定回答:Yes,there is.否定回答:No,there isnt.There are five pens on the desk.Are there five pens on the desk?肯定回答:Yes,there are.否定回答:No,there arent.There is some water in the cup.Is there any water in the cup?肯定回答:Yes,there is.否定回答:No,ther

23、e isnt.3.注意事项There be句型中be动词的形式要和其后的主语在人称和数上保持一致。(2015、2011年考)(1)如果句子的主语是单数可数名词,或是不可数名词,be动词用is或was。如:There is a basketball in the box.盒子里有一个篮球。There is a little milk in the glass.玻璃杯里有一点儿牛奶。(2)如果句子的主语是复数名词,be动词就用are或were。如:There are many birds in the tree.树上有许多鸟儿。There were many people in the stree

24、t yesterday.昨天街上有许多人。(3)如果有两个或两个以上的名词作主语,be动词要和最靠近它的那个主语在数上保持一致,也就是我们常说的“就近原则”。如:There is an orange and some bananas in the basket.篮子里有一个橘子和一些香蕉。There are some bananas and an orange in the basket.篮子里有一些香蕉和一个橘子。【拓展知识】主谓一致“主谓一致”是指句子成分之间或词语之间在语法形式上的协调关系。主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在“人称”和“数”的方面的一致关系,这种一致关系常由三种不同的原则所支

25、配,即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。1.语法一致主语和谓语通常是在语法形式上取得一致,即主语是单数形式时,谓语动词也采用单数形式;主语是复数形式时,谓语动词也采用复数形式。(1)由and或bothand连接两个或三个名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式(若连接的是不可数名词,谓语动词也用复数形式)。如:Tom and Mike are good friends.汤姆和迈克是好朋友。(2)用one,every one,each one,any one,each,either,neither等of复数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:Every one of the students

26、is studying hard.每个学生都在用功读书。(3)不定代词either,neither,each one,the other,another,anybody,anyone,anything,someone,somebody,something,everyone,everybody,everything,nobody,no one,nothing等在句中作主语时,谓语动词用单数。如:Is there anything wrong with your bike?你的自行车有什么毛病吗?(4)不定式、动名词作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。如:To teach is to learn.教

27、学相长。(5)在下列结构中,谓语动词的形式和前面的A部分保持一致:Awith/besides/but/except/as well as/including/rather than/likeB谓语动词如:The boy with his parents goes to the museum once a week.那个男孩同他的父母每周去一次博物馆。(6)由“some(of)/plenty of/a lot of/lots of/most(of)/the rest(of)/all(of)/half(of)/分数或百分数of名词”等短语作主语时,谓语动词常与of后的名词保持数的一致。如果所修饰的

28、是可数名词的复数,则谓语动词用复数;如果所修饰的是不可数名词或可数名词的单数,则谓语动词用单数。如:Most of the students in our class were for the plan.我们班多数学生赞成这个计划。(7)“a number of名词复数”作主语时,谓语动词用复数;“the number of名词复数”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。如:A number of trees are cut down.许多树木被砍伐了。The number of students in our class is 32.我们班的学生人数是32。(8)none作主语指代不可数名词时,谓语动词

29、用单数形式;指代可数名词时,谓语动词可用单数形式,也可用复数形式。如:Is there any milk in the cup?杯子里有牛奶吗?No,there is none.没有,一点也没有。None of them has/have arrived.他们当中还没有人到达。(9)表示成双成套的名词,如:trousers,shoes,glasses,compasses等作主语时,谓语动词用复数。如:My glasses were broken.我的眼镜坏了。注意:如果这类词被a pair/two pairs修饰,谓语要和pair的形式保持一致。如:This pair of compasses

30、 is made in Beijing.这副圆规是在北京制造的。Five pairs of shoes have been sold out in the morning.早晨卖出去了5双鞋。(10)由“a kind of,this kind of,many kinds of”或“名词of this kind”,以及由与kind意义相似的type,sort等词构成的类似短语作主语时,谓语动词与of前的名词保持数的一致。如:A kind of birds has been discovered by them.一种鸟类已被他们发现。2.意义一致(1)表示时间、价格、距离、重量等复数名词作主语,表

31、达一个整体概念时,谓语用单数。如:Two years is quite a long time.两年是相当长的一段时间。(2)集体名词作主语时,若作为一个整体来看待,谓语动词用单数;若强调整体中的每一个成员时,谓语动词用复数。通常有这几个名词:family,class,team,group等。如:His family isnt very large.他家成员不多。(3)表示学科的、以s结尾的名词如:physics,politics,maths或不可数名词news作主语时,谓语动词用单数。如:The news makes us happy.这消息让我们很高兴。(4)疑问代词who,which,w

32、hat和不定代词all,more,most,some,any,none等作主语时,谓语根据情况来决定单、复数形式。如:Most of the water is polluted.大部分水被污染了。(5)police等表示“总称”的名词作主语时,是复数概念,谓语动词用复数,常见的有:people,police,cattle等。如:The police are running after a thief.警察正在追赶一个小偷。(6)“the形容词”作主语,表示“一类人”时动词用复数;表示“一类事物”时动词用单数。如:The poor were not able to buy it.穷人买不起这个。

33、The beautiful is not the useful.好看的不一定实用。3.就近原则(1)由or,not,eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut also连接的并列结构作主语,随后的动词形式通常按照“就近原则”处理。如:Either Tina or Carol is sure to know the answer.蒂娜或卡罗尔肯定知道答案。Not only my father but also their fathers are coming.不但我的父亲会来,而且他们的父亲也会来。Neither Jane nor I am going.简和我都不去。(2)t

34、here be并列主语结构中,be动词与邻近的主语保持一致。如:There is an apple and two oranges on the table.桌子上有一个苹果和两个橙子。()1.(2017广东)Is there any outdoor learning in your school?_.We learn outdoors once or twice every month.A.Yes,there isB.No,there isntC.Yes,it isD.No,it isnt母题训练A()2.(2015广东)_ there any living things on other

35、planets?I have no ideas.Maybe we can know more about that in the future.A.Is B.AreC.HasD.Have母题训练B()3.(2011广东)David,there _ a dictionary and some books on your desk.Please put them away.OK,Mum.Ill do it right away.A.isB.areC.hasD.have母题训练A()4.Is there a watermelon on the table?_.A.Yes,there is B.Yes

36、,it is C.No,there is D.No,it isnt()5._ any milk in the fridge?No.Youd better buy some.A.Is there B.Are there C.Has D.Have中考预测AA()6.There_some flowers on the teachers desk just now,but now there _nothing on it.A.have;hasB.were;wasC.were;isD.has;has中考预测C课 堂 小 测15BBABA610BDBCD1115CDACA中考模拟演练15CBACA 610ADAAB1115ACDDA 1620ACACB2125DDBBA2630CABAA

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