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1、替代 省略 插入语一，替代替代是指为了避免重复，用相应的词替代上文中出现的某个单词或词组，这种现象叫替代。that/one/it ;do/does/did;so;not that，one，it 等替代上文中的名词that 指上文出现过的不可数名词单数或可数名词,特指,表示“the+n.”,其复数为those.The population of China is larger than _ of Germany.The book on the desk is easier than _ on the shelf.The students in this class work harder tha
2、n _ in that class.thatthatthoseone用来代替上文出现过的单数可数名词,表示泛指,复数为ones.可用“an/a+n.表示.A stone bridge is usually stronger than _ made of wood.it用来代指具体的,特定的上文提及的东西,与上文是同名同物I bought a pen yesterday,but I lost _ afterwards.oneitdo 替代上文中出现过的动词(词组)A horse runs faster than a cow does.(runs)This student studies hard
3、er than that one does.(studies)-Did you read this novel?-Yes,I did.(read this novel)so代替上文出现过的内容用作下列动词的宾语,代替一个宾语从句:I think,believe,suppose,imagine,guess,expect,hope及Im afraid so 等.-Do you think she will come?-I think so.(I think shell come.)so+do,does,did/can等/系v.+sb./sth.表示某人或某事也是如此。-Its fine today
4、.-_ yesterday.so+sb./sth.+do,does,did/can等/系v.表示某人或某事确实如此。-You are late again -_.So was itSo I amI think/believe/suppose/imagine/guess/Im afraid/expect/hope not代替一个否定的宾语从句。-Is she right?-I think not/I dont think so.-Will it rain tomorrow?-I hope not.注意点(1)think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect,guess后的
5、否定词not,简略问答有两种:I think not或I dont think so.我认为不这样.(2)I hope not(否),I hope so(肯)I dont hope so.(3)Im afraid not.Im not afraid so.二、插入语二、插入语常插入一些单词,短语或句子,用来补充某些含义,语法上称它们为“插入语”.它起到解释说明的作用,如果去掉,对句子本身影响不大.然而有些插入语是不可去掉的,比如:for example,in other words 等.单词(多是副词)单词作插入语位置比较灵活,可位于句末,句中,句首.常见的有though,however,th
6、erefore,personally,luckily,obviously,consequently,fortunately等,常用逗号与句子分开.I had thought he couldnt come.He came,though.Personally,I think hes too selfish.Her mother was seriously ill.Consequently,she left school短语现在分词短语,不定式短语,介词短语都可作插入语,起到补充说明的意思,常见的插入语短语有:for example/by the way/generally speaking to
7、 be frank/believe it or not/on the contrary 句子do you think/believe/suppose,do you know,I believe,whats more,lets say,that is to say多位于句末,也可位于句中.As far as I know,He is very clever.据我所知,他很聪明.Who do you think will go there?你认为谁会去那儿?注意点插入语do you think/believe/suppose/know用于特殊疑问句中时,其语序是:疑问词+do you think+
8、主+谓?What do you think you are doing?How do you suppose they can answer these questions?Whom do you think he really loves?When do you expect they will come back?三，省略 1.感官动词或使役动词（如：notice,hear,let,make)等后接不定式作宾补时省略to,被动时to不能省略。即:notice/hear sb.do sth.sb.be noticed/heard to do sth.2.在prefer to do rathe
9、r than do cannot help but do,nothing but do 等句型中常省略to。3.to代替不定式以免重复，常用此结构的动词：refuse,want,seem,mean,intend,expect,hope,fear,fail,wish,would like/love,tell等I couldnt find him,though I wanted to.(find him)-Would you like to come to the party?-Id love/like to.(come to the party)I meant to write to you,b
10、ut forgot to.(write to you)-You hurt him.-I didnt mean to.(hurt him)4.应注意状语从句、定语从句中的省略。状语从句中，如果谓语含动词be,主语又与主句主语一致或主语是it,从句中主语和be一齐省略。5.注意not,so,neither,nor的“替代性”省略 6.used to be 中be 不能省略不定式的完成式后保留to have -You ought to have finished your work.-I know I ought to have.不定式的否定式后保留to -Did you want to give a talk on this subject?-I prefer not to.