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1、严复：信 达 雅Faithfulness,fidelity,truthfulness Smoothness，expressiveness Elegancy第1页/共116页 德国译学教授 Wolfram Wilss 在 The Science of Translation：Problems&Methods一书中说：Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning,but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another lan
2、guage.Translating is always meaning-based,i.e.it is the transfer of meaning instead of form from the source language to the target language.第2页/共116页 翻译不只是在另一种语言中寻找意义相似的其他词语，而是寻找表达事物的适当方式。翻译始终立足于语义，也就是说，是语义从源语到译语的转换，而不是形式。第3页/共116页 翻译不是一种语言中的词语和语句结构到另一种语言的词语和语句结构的简单转换，也不是在另一种语言中寻找与一种语言中对等的词语和语句结构然后将
3、其串接成句的过程。在英汉翻译中，如果把眼光盯着原文的词语和语句结构这些属于语言层次的东西，结果翻译出来的只是一种文字层次的转换，徒具其形，原文的内容和意义不可能得到很好的表达。第4页/共116页 这说明了翻译是语义的翻译，不是语言形式的翻译，是运用另一种语言的适当方式来表达一种语言所表达的内容，而不是在另一种语言中寻找与一种语言中含义相似的某些词语或结构。翻译必须跳出原文语言层面的束缚，必须着眼于传达原文的内容和意义。第5页/共116页 换句话说，翻译的基本单位应该是语篇，而不是词语结构。根据系统功能语言学家的观点，语言的实际使用单位是语篇这样的言语单位，而不是词语结构这样的语法单位。实际使用
4、的语篇有可能是一个句子、一个句段、一个句群，也有可能是一个词语。翻译作为语言交际的一种形式，其实质是用一种语言的语篇材料代替另一种语言与其意义对等的语篇材料。翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的内容和意义准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。第6页/共116页Examples 第7页/共116页I can see three different types of composers in musical history,each of whom creates music in a somewhat different fashion.第8页/共116页译文1:我能看到音乐史上有三种不同的作曲
5、家，他们中每一个人以某种不同的方式创作音乐。译文2:我发现音乐史上有三类作曲家，他们各自的音乐创作方式有所不同。第9页/共116页The traditionalist type of composer begins with a pattern rather than with a theme.The creative act with Palestrina is not the thematic conception so much as the personal treatment of a well-established pattern.第10页/共116页译文1:传统主义型作曲家始于
6、某种格调而非某种主题。帕莱斯特里纳的创作行为不太像对固定格调进行个性化处理的主题概念。译文2:传统型作曲家是从形式出发而不是从主题出发进行创作的。帕莱斯特里纳的创作不是主题的构思，而是对固定形式的个性化处理。第11页/共116页 Find yourself.Be yourself.Popularity will come-with the people who respect you for who you are.发现自我，如实地表现自我，你自然会为人们所喜欢为那些尊重你的真正个性的人们所喜欢。第12页/共116页 Where do you expect Shanghai to be in
7、five years?你预计今后五年上海的发展目标如何？第13页/共116页Public opinion plays a vital and healthy role in the political realm.译 文 1:公 共 舆 论 在 政 治 领 域 起 着 生 命 力 的、健 康 的 作 用。译 文 2:舆 论 在 政 治 领 域 起 着 极 其 重 要 的、有 益 的 作 用。第14页/共116页什么是好的译文？What is good translation?第15页/共116页 翻译的两类问题：一类是译文语义基本符合原文，但汉语表达有欠正确；另一类是汉语表达尚有可读性，但译文
8、语义不符原文。目前翻译界普遍接受的，也是作为一般翻译学习者必须努力掌握的标准，简而言之是两条：忠实(Faithfulness)和流畅(Smoothness)。第16页/共116页Jobs and work do much more than most of us realize to provide happiness and contentment.第17页/共116页译文1:职业和工作带来很大的幸福和满足，而我们大多数人并不意识到这一点。译文2:职业和工作对于获得幸福和满足起了很大的作用，我们大多数人对此却认识不足。第18页/共116页For Nat Nakasa the pledge h
9、e was required to sign-to leave his country and never return proved too much;he committed suicide in New York.第19页/共116页译文1：纳特.纳卡萨不得不发誓离开祖国，不管情况如何永不返家，并自杀于纽约。译文2：对纳特.纳卡萨来说，要他签字保证离开祖国永不返回是难以接受的：他在纽约自杀了。第20页/共116页In the wake of his mothers death some thirty-six years later,Hemingway turned back to the
10、 adventure and tried to write a novel about it.第21页/共116页译文1：在他母亲去世36年之后，海明威又想起了那次历险奇遇，并试图写一部小说。译文2：大约36年过后，在他母亲去世后的不久海明威又想起了那次遭遇的险情，并试图就此写一部小说。第22页/共116页 外语腔是初学翻译者不知不觉地会在汉语译文中表现出来的一种不当倾向。翻译时所要表达的内容来自外语原文，原文的词语和结构形式随着内容一起进入到我们的大脑，于是原文的语言形式被带入译文，造成了译文的外语腔。第23页/共116页 The only concession he made to the
11、 climate was to wear a white dinner jacket.译文1：他对气候的唯一让步就是穿了一件白色的短餐衣。译文2：气候变化，他仅稍稍作了一点变通，赴宴时穿了件白色的短礼服。第24页/共116页If certain animal psychologists are right,a dog adopts his family in a most literal way-taking it for granted that the family is the band of dogs he belongs to.第25页/共116页译文1：假如某些动物心理学家的分析正
12、确，狗在很大程度上代表着它的家人理所当然这一家也就属于狗帮了。译文2：假如有些动物心理学家的分析正确，狗对于他所在家庭的认同是非常实际的它理所当然地认为这一家人就是它所归属的一群狗。第26页/共116页 现代西方著名翻译理论家 Eugene A.Nida 在其理论著述中经常谈到读者反应的问题。他认为：翻译的服务对象是读者，要评判译文质量的优劣，必须看读者对译文的反应如何，同时必须把这种反应与原作读者对原文可能产生的反应进行对比，看两种反应是否基本一致。除了忠实和流畅这两项基本标准之外，好的译文还必须保持原文的风格，包括民族风格、时代风格、语体风格、作者个人的语言风格等。文艺作品的翻译尤其要求这
13、样做。译者不能破坏或改变原文的风格，不能以译者的风格代替原作的风格。第27页/共116页不要把假大空语言翻译成英文 第28页/共116页建筑工人们表示：一定要树雄心、立壮志，大干、苦干300天，力争在今年年底，完成高速公路的建设任务。The building workers said that they must work diligently and painstakingly,with great ambition and lofty aspiration,for 300 days,in order to complete the construction task of the expr
14、essway within this year.第29页/共116页The builders vowed that they will do their best to complete the expressway within this year.建设者们发誓，一定要竭尽全力，在年内建成这条高速公路。第30页/共116页直译Literal TranslationWord for word translation 第31页/共116页意译Free Translation 第32页/共116页Armed to teeth.Tooth for tooth Eye for eye第33页/共116
15、页Passive Voice被动语态的翻译第34页/共116页Americans prefer to discipline themselves rather than be disciplined by others.第35页/共116页The police court is presided by a magistrate,who tried the cases without a jury.第36页/共116页More than 50,000 computers at websites were infected by a computer virus that is spreading
16、 rapidly around the world.第37页/共116页The mobile phone boom is driven by the young adults.第38页/共116页The USA is reputed to be a classless society.第39页/共116页It is believed that nuclear power is among the greatest innovations of our time.But it is also feared it will bring the end of the world.第40页/共116页
17、The trend toward informal dress was strongly influenced by the boom in e-business,which was also an attempt to compensate for the rising stress of working life.第41页/共116页Present-day concern with music is shown by the existence of over 100 summer schools in music in England which cater for all grades
18、 of musicians from the mere beginner to the skilled performer.第42页/共116页A stream of new residents,highly-skilled and well-qualified,are attracted by new and sophisticated industries growing in and around Los Angeles,who have moved into their new homes and gardens scattered over a vast area of suburb
19、s.第43页/共116页The telephone was invented in 1876 by a Scottish immigrant,Alexander Graham Bell,who was fascinated by“sound”.第44页/共116页The bandages were covered with blood.第45页/共116页Changes are being introduced to make the department operate more efficiency.第46页/共116页The four men were all involved in o
20、rganizing and carrying out the murders.第47页/共116页This exercise is designed to develop the shoulders and back muscles.第48页/共116页定语从句的翻译第49页/共116页The sun warms the earth，which makes it possible for plants to grow.太阳温暖了大地，这才使植物有可能生长。第50页/共116页She was very patient towards the children，which her husband
21、seldom was.她对孩子们很耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。第51页/共116页Lanterns,which date back thousands of years,can be seen all over the world wherever Chinese exist.第52页/共116页The times of opening of pubs are regulated by law,where betting is forbidden and children are not allowed on the premises.第53页/共116页The move to download
22、digital music via the Internet may be opposed by the music industry,which fears piracy of their label.第54页/共116页Like the press in most other countries,American newspapers range from the sensational,which feature crime,sex,and gossip,to the serious,which focus on factual news and the analysis of worl
23、d events.第55页/共116页E-commerce is a challenging and dynamic area where change,growth and innovation are the norm.第56页/共116页词性转译第57页/共116页名词转译为动词第58页/共116页New York City was a bitter disillusionment to some immigrants.第59页/共116页Iraqi war is a drain on American resources.第60页/共116页One thing that often l
24、eads people to move in affluent times,is the desire for better climate,more attractive scenery,more agreeable living.第61页/共116页比较级的翻译第62页/共116页California on the whole has a climate mildest all the year round than that of any other places in the Continental United States.第63页/共116页Music whose meaning
25、 is slightly different with each hearing has a greater chance of remaining alive.第64页/共116页It would perhaps be more natural,as well as in better conformity with the will of God,if there were more celibates and if those who were married had larger families.第65页/共116页There are more cars per persons in
26、 the USA than in any other country in the world,and more in Los Angeles than any other city in the USA.第66页/共116页American presidents tend to be judged less by the good deeds they set in motion than by how well they respond to crisis.第67页/共116页Hitlers mistake gave Roosevelt the victory;just as at Wat
27、erloo it was less Wellington who won than Napoleon who lost.第68页/共116页Charles is more cautious than decisive.第69页/共116页If you ask my opinion,Id say he is a man who is more brave than wise.第70页/共116页After all those years of working together,he is more than a friend to me.第71页/共116页He felt more than s
28、hrilled to come across such a gorgeous beauty.第72页/共116页I was busy and less than delighted to have company that day.第73页/共116页The plan is nothing more than a castle in the air.第74页/共116页He is more handsome than wise.第75页/共116页It is not easy to impart knowledge any more than it is to acquire knowledg
29、e.第76页/共116页It may be that when his life at last comes to an end he will leave no more trace of his sojourn on earth than a stone thrown into a river leaves on the water.第77页/共116页动词转译名词第78页/共116页The world will be a dull place indeed when all the different nationalities behave exactly alike.第79页/共11
30、6页Anti-war demonstrations,black civil rights protests,womens rights activities,and rebellion by young people against traditional authority characterized the 1960s.第80页/共116页Population grew both as a result of natural increase and of continued immigration.第81页/共116页In the twentieth century,radio and
31、later television supplemented the print media.第82页/共116页形容词、副词和名词的互相转译第83页/共116页After the World War II,the United States enjoyed unprecedented prosperity.第84页/共116页Americans are far more race-conscious than class-conscious.第85页/共116页Variety is a key characteristic of the United States,both geographi
32、cally and culturally.第86页/共116页介词(词组)转译为动词第87页/共116页The most effective safeguard of democracy is the Supreme Court,for one of its objects is to protect the individual against the government.Any individual who has a grievance against the government can apply to it for help.第88页/共116页Many people are u
33、nder the illusion that the main issue of the Civil War was the abolition of slavery,but a more basic reason is the agricultural Southern States suspected the treat to their rights from industrial Northern States,one of which was the right to own the slaves working on their plantation.第89页/共116页同义反译法
34、第90页/共116页Leave me alone!Go away第91页/共116页We must live up to the Partys expectation.第92页/共116页You have aroused my curiosity.And now you must gratify it.第93页/共116页Appearances are often deceptive.不能以貌取人。第94页/共116页She was irritated at being denied the opportunity to get a pay rise.第95页/共116页He denied h
35、er nothing.第96页/共116页He denied himself nothing.第97页/共116页Shallow and conceited,he is the last person our company wants.第98页/共116页It escapes your notice that she has changed so much.第99页/共116页Her name escapes me.第100页/共116页Nothing escapes your attention.第101页/共116页The computer is beyond repair.You mi
36、ght as well buy a new one.第102页/共116页While she liked his works,she pointed areas where improvement was possible.第103页/共116页I cant agree with you more.第104页/共116页We could not make any more mistakes.我们大错特错了。第105页/共116页You cannot be too careful in proofreading.第106页/共116页Anybody less like a dictator th
37、ey would not find.第107页/共116页拆句第108页/共116页Rising crime rates,drug abuse,and the increase in illegitimate births raised fears of social breakdown.第109页/共116页There is lethal combination of high costs and high-ticket prices at work in Broadway and fundamentally,a review in a newspaper can shut down a s
38、how.第110页/共116页省略成分的重要补齐译法 英语的句子间、句子成分间存在紧密的语法关系，省略现象多。因为往往可以通过上下文清楚地表明省略部分的含义；而汉语中独立小分句多，重复的意思常常通过重复的词语在另一句中加以阐述，即重复现象多，所以英译中时，经常需要把英语中省略的部分重复补齐译出。第111页/共116页Populations increase and decrease relatively not only to one another,but also to natural resources.第112页/共116页 Some theatres concentrate on the classics and serious dramas,some on light comedy,some on musicals.第113页/共116页代词的翻译 第114页/共116页Race in USA is no longer just an issue of color,but also one of ethnicity.第115页/共116页2023/3/13感谢您的观看！第116页/共116页