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1、Chapter3 credit instrumentMain content of this chapter-the three important negotiable instrument:bill of exchange,promissory note and check.n nThe function of a negotiable instrumentn nThe characteristics of each instrumentn nThe essentials of each instrument 3.1 outlineInstrument is a kind of certi
2、ficate in writing which aims at obtaining a certain amount of proceeds.It clearly records currency to certain extend,circulating among participants,facilitating the transfer of credits,acting as payment and credit tools in merchandise exchange.There are two categories of property:Real property(不动产):
3、the property like land and house,which can not be moved from one place to another,.Personal property(动产):It could be taken away by the owner of property.The personal property can be classified into chose in action(权利财产)and chose in possession(占有财产)A chose in action is property which does not physica
4、lly exist and consequently can not be effectively protected by physical means,only by court action.therefore,it is often referred to intangible property such as bill of exchange,bill of lading,patents,copyrights,share and life policies(人寿保险单).A chose in possession is property with a physical existen
5、ce,such property can therefore be physically possessed and protected,such as Books in your book shelf or clothes in your wardrobe.The proof of title to a chose in action is certificate of title,or document of title,sometimes also called broad instrument,which can be transferred from one holder to an
6、other by some legal actions.Generally,the title can be transferred from transferor to transferee in three ways:Negotiation,semi-negotiation,and assignment.票据的概念及特性票据的概念及特性当国际贸易结算从现金结算过渡到非现金结算时,其使用的以抵消国际间债权债务关系的信用工具就是票据。票据是指由出票人签发并无条件承诺由自己或委托他人支付一定金额的有价证券,包括汇票(bill of exchange)、本票(promissory)和支票(cheq
7、ue)。票据的特性票据的特性1、设权性。指票据权利的发生,必须以票据的设立为前提。票据是一种表示具有财产价值的权利的文本。票据权利的产生必须作成票据;票据权利的转让必须交付票据;票据权利的行使必须提示票据。票据的权利在票据作成之前并不存在,是在票据作成时同时产生的。2、无因性。是指票据是一种无须过问原因的证券。这里所指的原因是票据上的权利与义务发生的原因。票据的作成和票据权利的发生当然存在原因关系。票据权利与义务总是在一定原因的基础上产生。但是,票据一旦作成以后,其权利与义务就与其原因相脱离,具有独立性。即,票据权利与义务产生的原因是否有效,不会影响票据权利义务的存在,票据关系与原因关系(非票
8、据关系)相互独立。票据上的权利的内容,完全根据票据上所记载的内容确定,而不能根据非票据关系加以解释。譬如,一张由A商签发的命令C商支付100万美元给B商的汇票,B商又将它转让给了D商,那么这张汇票的签发与转让一定有基础关系。但是,D商要实现票据的权利,只需要对付款人C商提示票据,而无须说明票据取得的原因。票据的无因性为票据的流通与转让提供了安全保障。中国的票据法规定:“票据债务人不得以自己与出票人或者与持票人前手之间的抗辩事由,对抗持票人。”3、要式性。票据是一种要式不要因的有价证券。所谓要式性,是指票据的作成必须具备法定形式,才能产生法律效力,即所记载的必要项目必须齐全且合乎规范。各国票据法
9、都规定票据必须具备的必要项目,有绝对必要项目和相对必要项目。对于绝对必要项目而言,当事人必须在票据上记载,否则票据无效;对于相对必要项目而言,当事人是否记载,不影响票据的法律效力。此外,当事人在汇票上所记载的事项必须合乎法律规定,不然也会影响汇票的法律效力。票据的要式性除了要求票据作成,即出票行为必须符合法律规定外,实质上对票据的转让、承兑、保证等行为都有要求,各国票据法对票据行为都制定相应的法律条款,只有票据行为均符合票据法的规定,该票据才称得上是要式齐全的票据。4、文义性。是指票据上的一切权利义务均以票据上记载的文字为依据,不受票据上所载文字以外的事由影响。票据的签章人只对票据上所载文字负
10、责,即使票据权利与实际不一致,仍以票据记载为据。票据债权人不得以所载文字以外的事由来主张权利,票据的债务人同样也不得以所载文字以外的事由来对抗债权人。5、流通转让性。流通转让性是票据的基本特性。所谓流通转让性,是指票据权利可以背书或交付而转让,这与民法的规定有所不同。首先,票据转让不以通知债务人为必要。一般而言,民法上以财产权利为内容的债权大多可以转让,但是以通知债务人为必要条件,否则债务人仍向原债权人清偿债务,而不能向受让人支付。但票据的转让,持票人可以仅凭交付或背书完成,无须通知债务人,债务人被提示票据时,应当对受让人承担付款义务,而不能以不知票据转让为由拒绝承担票据的付款责任。例如,A承
11、担对B的债务1万元,而C同时承担对A的债务1万元,对于A而言,可以将对C的债权转让给B用以清偿对B的债务,但必须事先通知C,不然C没有义务支付1万元给B.但若是C作为债务人签发一张以A为债权人的票据,A转让票据给B以清偿对B的债务,当B持票提示C付款,C就不能以未收到转让通知为由而拒绝付款给B.其次,票据受让人取得票据全部权利,即受让人可以以自己的名义对票据上的所有当事人起诉。善意的并给付对价的受让人的票据权利优于其前手,不受其前手权利缺陷的影响.(所谓对价,是指可以支持一项简单交易之物.在关于票据的交易中,是指受让人受让票据时所支付的相对应的代价,可以是货物,劳务,金钱,过去的债权等)而民法
12、上的债权转让,受让人与转让人的法律地位相同,受让人与转让人的法律地位相同,受让人受让的债权受其前手权利缺陷的限制。例如,A向B购买一批彩电,价值100万元,B将该笔应收帐款,即债权转让给C,C作为受让人有权要求A付款。但是B所提供的彩电不符合合同的规定,A有权拒绝付款给B,但是B的权利转让给C,当C向A收款时,根据民法的规定,C受让的债权受其前手权利缺陷的影响。由于B未能提供正确的商品,不能完全履行其义务,相应其享有的权利是有缺陷的,因此,A有权拒绝付款给B,同样可以拒绝付款给C。但是,若在A与B的交易中,A因为B的请求签发一张以B为收款人的本票,而B作为票据债权人将本票转让给C,C作为善意的
13、并给付了对价的持票人,在向A提示本票并要求A付款时,A有义务付款,即使A与B的交易存在同样的问题,其原因就在于C受让的票据权利可以超越其前手权利缺陷的限制。如果票据不曾转让,B直接向A主张权利,A当然可以以B未能提供正确的商品拒绝付款给B,但是,票据转让后,C提示票据主张权利时,C的权利就受到各国票据法的保护,获得了优于其前手的权利。票据的流通转让性所强调的对受让人票据权利的保护,在对票据偷窃以后受让人权利保护方面表现得尤其突出。例如,一张以A为收款人的票据,不慎被他人所偷,B在不知情的情况下支付对价受让该票据,B同样受到票据法的保护,享有票据完全的权利,到期可以提示要求债务人付款,若债务人拒
14、不付款,则B可以以自己的名义起诉债务人,而A不可以以偷窃为由强迫B归还票据,A的行为是没有法律依据的,但是,若A所拥有并被偷窃的是自行车,B在不知情的情况下受让并支付对价,A就有权要求归还自行车,其行为是受到法律支持的。票据的上述特性,尤其是票据的流通转让性,无因性和要式性,强调保护持票人的权利,促进票据的流通,使票据成为国际贸易结算的主要工具。票据权利的取得与行使票据权利的取得与行使一、票据权利(一)票据权利的概念与分类票据权利是指持票人根据票据的记载,以取得票据金额为目的凭票据向票据行为人所行使的权利,是金钱债权。票据权利是由票据行为所产生的,与票据行为人的票据义务相对应。票据行为人在发生
15、票据行为后,承担了票据的义务,同时,相对应 的当事人,即持票人B就享有票据的权利,即持票据向A提示请求其付款的权利。如A签发一张票据给B,票据行为人(即出票人A)成为票据的义务人,承担了对票据付款的责任,而对应的当事人,即持票人B就享有票据的权利,即持票据向A提示请求其付款的权利。票据就其性质而言就是金钱债权,是以获取金钱为票据就其性质而言就是金钱债权,是以获取金钱为目的的请求权。根据权利行使的先后顺序,票据目的的请求权。根据权利行使的先后顺序,票据可以有第一次请求权和第二次请求权。可以有第一次请求权和第二次请求权。第一次请求权,一般称为付款请求权,是指持票人第一次请求权,一般称为付款请求权,
16、是指持票人向票据主债务人或其他付款义务人的委托人请求向票据主债务人或其他付款义务人的委托人请求根据票据上所记载的金额付款的权利。付款请求根据票据上所记载的金额付款的权利。付款请求权包括对汇票付款人、支票付款行以及本票出票权包括对汇票付款人、支票付款行以及本票出票人的请求权。人的请求权。所谓第二次请求权,一般称为追索权,是指持票人在向主债务人行使付款请求权未能实现时,就可以向票据的次债务人请求偿付票据金额及相关费用的权利。追索权包括对所有担保付款义务行为人(如背书人、保证人、汇票和支票的出票人等)的请求权。(二)票据权利的取得和行使。行使票据权利,必须首先取得并占有票据。票据权利的取得主要有两种
17、方式,即原始取得和继受取得。票据原始取得,是指持票人不经由他人而直接从出票人处取得票据.出票是设立票据权利的票据行为,通过出票行为,收款人占有票据从而取得票据权利的方式是最基本的原始取得方式.票据的继受取得,是指持票人从票据的前手权利人通过背书转让或仅凭交付程序受让票据,从而取得的票据权利.另外,也可以因继承、赠与等取得票据。票据的取得,都应当遵循公平和诚实信用的原则,一旦背离这一原则,取得票据者就不能享有票据权利。各国票据法均有这方面的规定。中国票据法第12条规定:“以欺诈、偷盗或胁迫等手段取得票据的,或者明知有前列情形,出于恶意取得票据的,不得享有票据权利;持票人因重大过失取得不符合本法规
18、定的票据的,也不得享有票据权利”。这里所谓恶意取得票据,是指明知票据转让人不是票据上的真正权利人,对票据没有处分权而受让的行为。如如A A为某一票据的收款人,其所持有的票据被为某一票据的收款人,其所持有的票据被B B偷得,偷得,C C明知明知B B持有的票据为偷盗所得,仍受让票据,持有的票据为偷盗所得,仍受让票据,C C就是恶意取得票据,不得享有票据权利。就是恶意取得票据,不得享有票据权利。所谓重大过失取得票据,是指受让人虽不是明知,所谓重大过失取得票据,是指受让人虽不是明知,但是凭在一般业务交往以及日常生活中所积累的但是凭在一般业务交往以及日常生活中所积累的基本经验和习惯,稍加注意就可以知道
19、票据转让基本经验和习惯,稍加注意就可以知道票据转让人没有票据处分权,但是因为疏忽未加注意而受人没有票据处分权,但是因为疏忽未加注意而受让票据的行为。让票据的行为。如上例中,如果C确实不知道B偷盗取得该张票据,但是C和B之间关系密切,对B的不良财务状况非常了解,若B转让巨额票据给他,C就理所应当怀疑B的票据债权人身份,此时C依然受让该票据,就可以推定C是重大过失取得票据,不得享有票据权利。中国票据法第10条和第11条规定,“票据的取得,必须给付对价,即应当给付票据双方当事人认可的相对应的代价”,“因继承、赠与可以依法无偿取得票据的,不受给付对价的限制,但是,所享有的票据权利不得优于其前手”。这意
20、味着,票据的取得应当给付对价,若票据取得是无对价或者无相当对价,持票人仍然享有票据权利,但是其票据权利不得优于其前手,不能超越其前手权利缺陷的限制。可见,票据权利的取得有两方面的限制:以恶意或者有重大过失取得票据的,不得享有票据权利;无偿或无相当代价取得票据的,不得享有超过其前手的票据权利。持票人若要取得完整的票据权利,必须是善意取得并给付对价的持票人。3.1.1 negotiation(流通转让流通转让)Negotiation means that the title can be transferred merely by delivering the certificate of tit
21、le or by endorsement on the certificate completed by delivery.This kind of document of title is named in negotiation instrument,or in short term,instruments,being used for obtaining a certain sum of money.流通转让:指不受其它权益约束的转让之权Strictly speaking,a negotiable instrument is an unconditional order or promi
22、se to pay an amount of money,easily transferable from one person to another.Bill of exchange,promissory note and cheque are good example.(see P 41)A negotiable instrument has three vital significant features:1)The transferee in good faith and for value can acquire a better title than that held by al
23、l his prior parties.A person taking a transfer of a negotiable instrument in good faith and for value,call also holder in due course or bona fide transferee,is unaffected by any defects of the Title of the transferor or any other prior parties.2)The holder need not give notice of the transfer to pri
24、or parties,especial to original debtor,to establish their title.3)The holder can sue in their own names.Functions of a negotiable instrument(1)As a means of payment.(2)As a credit instrument(3)As a transferable instrumentParties to a negotiable instrument:(1)Drawer:A drawer is the person who draws a
25、 bill of exchange or a check upon the drawee for the payment of a certain amount of money.(2)drawee:A drawee is the person upon whom a bill of exchange or a check is drawn.He is also known as the addressee of a draft.(3)payee:A payee is the person to whose order the drawer is to make payment or to w
26、hom the money is to be paid.(4)Acceptor:if and when drawee agrees and assents to the order in writing addressed to him on a bill of exchange by signing his name on its face,indicating that he will pay on due date,the drawee will become an acceptor.(5)endorser:When a payee or a holder signs his name
27、on the back of an instrument for the purpose of transferring it to another person,he is called an endorser.He is the liable to his subsequent endorser,his endorsee or any subsequent holder of the instrument.(6)endorsee:An endorsee is the person to whom an instrument is endorsed.He is the holder of a
28、n instrument,which has been transferred by The endorser.(7)Accptor for honor:the person who himself is not a party liable on a bill of exchange but with the consent of the holder may intervene and accept the bill supra protest.(8)guarantor:a guarantor is the person who guarantees the acceptance and
29、payment of a bill of exchange,through he is not a party liable thereto.The obligation of the guarantor are the Same as those of the guaranteed.(9)holder:a holder is the possessor of an instrument,namely the payee,the endorsee,or bearer.He may sue,if needed,on the instrument in his own name.(10)Holde
30、r for value:A holder for value is the person who possesses an instrument for which value has been given by himself or by some other person.(11)Holder in due course:the person who is in possession of an instrument that is(1)complete and regular on its face;taken before maturity without notice of its
31、previous dishonour;(3)taken in good faith and for value and(4)taken without notice of any infirmity in the instrument or defect in the title of the person negotiating it.He is also called a bona fide holder,who may claims payment from allParties liable on the instrument.Essentials of a negotiable in
32、strument:(1)An unconditional order or promise in writing to pay a sum certain in money.(2)Addressed by one person to another(3)Payable to bearer or to order(4)Payable on demand or at definite future time.3.1.2 semi-negotiation(交付转让交付转让)交付转让:指要受已经存在的其它权益约束的转让之权。A title certificate which can be transf
33、erred in the way of semi-negotiation is quite similar to the negotiable instrument.In general,title is transferable just by delivering the certificate or by endorsement on the certificate completed by delivery,needless to give notice of the action to prior party to recognize the transferees title.Ho
34、wever,the transferee can not acquire a better title than his prior party,i.e.any defect in the transferors title is also transferred.The good examples for semi-negotiable certificate of title are bill of lading,not negotiable crossed cheque and demand draft.3.1.3 assignment(过户转让过户转让)过户转让:指所有权的变更需另填具
35、一份书面证书,证明这种转让并通知责任当事人。Assignment,one type of transferring legal title,is effected by sending the appropriate transfer form signed by the transferor and relevant certificate to the organization which issued the securities for details of the new ownership to be entered on the register.A new certificate is then issued in favor of the transferee.The certificate of title like share,life policies,should be transferred in the form of assignment.