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1、 国际贸易理论与实务（英文版）国际贸易理论与实务（英文版）（第三版）（第三版）BasicIdeaofBilingualTeaching Master professional knowledge and skills;Improve professional English significantly.(through the integration of professional instruction and English language teaching.)I.Learning ObjectivesII.Course OutlineIII.Pedagogical(教学法的教学法的)D
2、evicesnTextbooknOther textbooks for referencenGrading systemnOther references(monograph,journals,data sources)IntroductiontoThisCourseI.LearningObjectivesofThisCourse 1.Comprehend the basic theories and policies of international trade,grasp the basic provisions of import and export contracts,underst
3、and the process of negotiation and formation of the contract,be familiar with the details of performing the contract;2.Enhance capability in reading professional literatures,obtaining the latest professional information,communicating professionally with the help of English;3.Change the way of studyi
4、ng English from a theoretical approach to a hands-on(实际操作的实际操作的)applied approach,consolidate and improve English proficiency.Youarerequiredto Read the TextbookRead Newspapers/Journals Answer the Questions and Do the Exercises in the WorkbookYouarerequiredtohave NOT ROTE LEARNINGTheoriesn Ch.1 Introd
5、uction to International Trade (3hours)n Ch.2 Classical Trade Theory (3hours)n Ch.3 Neoclassical Trade Theory (2hours)n Ch.4 Post-Hecksher-Ohlin Theory of Trade (2hours)PoliciesnCh.5 Import Protection Policy:Tariffs (2hours)nCh.6 Import Protection Policy:Non-tariff Barriers (2hours)nCh.7 Export Promo
6、tion and Other Policies (2hours)nCh.8 Arguments against Free Trade (2hours)OtherissuesininternationaltradeworldnCh.9 Regional Economic Integration (4hours)nCh.10 GATT&WTO (4hours)II.CourseOutline Internationaltradepractice:(Ch.11-18)nCh.11 International Trade Terms (4hours)nCh.12 Quality,Quantity,Pa
7、cking and Pricing(4hours)nCh.13 International Cargo Transportation (4hours)nCh.14 International Marine Cargo Insurance(4hours)nCh.15 International Payment(6hours)nCh.16 Inspection,Claim,Force Majeure and Arbitration(4 hours)nCh.17 Negotiation and Formation of Contract(4hours)nCh.18 Implementation of
8、 International Sales Contract(4hours)Quizzes:2hours Review(Q&A):2hours Journalsn国际贸易国际贸易n财贸经济财贸经济n国际贸易问题国际贸易问题n对外经贸实务对外经贸实务n世界经济世界经济n中国人民大学报刊复印资料（外贸）中国人民大学报刊复印资料（外贸）DatasourcesnWTO:WorldTradeReportnWorldBank:WorldDevelopmentReportChapter1IntroductiontoInternationalTradenReasons for International Tra
9、denDifferences between International Trade and Domestic TradenBasic Concepts Relating to International Trade1.ResourcesreasonsnNo nation has all of the commodities that it needs nCoffee:Colombia,Brazil:major grower of coffee beans，the USA:major consumer nCopper:Peru,ZairenDiamonds:South Africa Uneve
10、n distribution of resources leads to international trade1ReasonsforInternationalTradecoffeecopperdiamond2.Economicreasons nDevelopment of manufacturing and technology economic benefits another incentive for international trade.Gain economically by tradingn China has been able to export large quantit
11、ies of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries.n Economic theory:produce and export the products which a country has comparative advantage.(more in Ch.2)3.OtherreasonsnNot have enoughofaparticularitem (China:oil producer,consumes more than produce
12、s)nInnovation or a variety of style (the USA:largest auto producer,still import from Japan,Germany)nPolitical objectives (support the government of another country)2DifferencesbetweenInternationalTradeandDomesticTrade 1.MorecomplexcontextnTransacted in foreign languages(5651 kinds,English:73 countri
13、es official language,2 billion population)nUnder international or foreign laws,customs and regulationsnNumerous culture differences nForeign currency transactions USD/$GBP/JPY/J￥CAD/C$EUR/HKD/HK$CHF/SF CNY/RMB￥(Confederation Helvetica,海尔维第联邦海尔维第联邦)2.Moredifficultandriskyn Information on foreign coun
14、tries may be difficult to obtain.n Political risks:war,expropriation(征收征收)or confiscation(没收没收)of the importers company,imposition of an import ban after the shipment of the goods,transfer risk (imposition of exchange controls,foreign currency shortages),etc.n Economic risks:insolvency(破产破产)of the b
15、uyer,protracted default (拖欠债务拖欠债务),non-acceptance,changing exchange rate,changing standards and regulations within other countries.3.HigherskillsrequiredBroader range of professional skillsn clear customs for export or importn make international paymentn insurance n market surveyn commodity inspecti
16、on3BasicConceptsRelatingtoInternationalTradenVisible trade and invisible tradenFavorable balance of trade and unfavorable balance of tradenGeneral trade system and special trade systemnValue of international trade and volume of international tradenCommodity composition of international tradenGeograp
17、hical composition of international tradenDegree of dependence on foreign trade1.Visibletradeandinvisibletrade(1)Visibletrade:tradeingoodsnCustoms formalities have to be carried out.nTransactions are observable.nIn 2011,US$18.2 trillion,81.25%of the total value of international trade.nTheStandardInte
18、rnationalTradeClassification(SITC):n国际贸易标准分类国际贸易标准分类n10 sections,67 divisions,262 groups,1023 sub-groups and 1924 basic headings.nSection 0-5:Primary goods;nSection 6-9:Manufactured goods(2)Invisibletrade:tradeinservicesnDifficult to obtain accurate estimates of the value of the transactions of trad
19、e in servicesNo agreed definition of traded servicesWays of measuring these transactions not precise nEstimates are obtained by examining foreign exchange records and/or through surveys of establishments.nUsual customs records or data are not available for valuing these transactions.nMay be underest
20、imated or overvalued.nDuring the 1980s,exports of commercial services outgrew merchandise exports.nTotal value of commercial services in2011 was US$4.2 trillion,18.75%of the total value of international trade.Its growth rate is getting more and more rapid.nToday,especially in developed societies,ser
21、vices account for large portions of national outputs.nThe United States was the worlds largest exporter and importer of commercial services.nIn 2011,exports of travel:US$1063 billion,25.3%exports of transport:US$855 billion,20.4%.Commericalservicesin2011:topfiveexportersandimporters(US$billion)RankE
22、xporterValueShareRankImporterValueShare1UnitedStates57814%1UnitedStates39110%2UnitedKingdom2747%2Germany2847%3Germany2536%3China2366.1%4China1824%4UnitedKingdom1714%5France1614%5Japan1654.3%Source:WTO,World Trade Report 2012,P25.nA growing concern for the need to establish some general guidelines fo
23、r international transactions in services.nConsequently,discussions on service trade were included in the last completed round of trade negotiations(theUruguayRound)of theGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT),now theWorldTradeOrganization.nAchieving a GeneralAgreementonTradeinServices(GATS)was a ma
24、jor focus of theUruguayRound of GATT negotiations.nDefines trade in services as the supply of a service through any of four modes.Cross border supply of services(or“Mode 1”).Onlytheserviceitselfcrossesnationalfrontiers.TELECOMMUNICATION Consumption abroad(or“Mode 2”).Thesupplyofaservice“intheterrito
25、ryofoneMembertotheserviceconsumerofanotherMember”.TRAVEL Commercial presence(or“Mode 3”).ThesupplyofaservicethroughthecommercialpresenceoftheforeignsupplierintheterritoryofanotherWTOmember.BANKING Presence of natural persons(or“Mode 4”):The admission of foreign nationals to another country to provid
26、e services.TEACHINGSupplierConsumer23 41OneservicemaybesuppliedinfourwaysThroughanofficemaintainedintheclientscountryThroughavisittohimbyhisforeignclientBymailByapersonalvisittothatcountryServices of a professional adviserOthersbytheirnaturecannot:nA tourist can only enjoy a foreign countrys beach b
27、y going there.nStreet cleaning services must be supplied on the spot.2.FavorablebalanceoftradeandunfavorablebalanceoftradenThe difference between the monetary value of EXPORTS and IMPORTS of output in an economy over a certain period.nFavourable balance of trade:trade surplus,positive balance of tra
28、de,EXPORTS IMPORTS.nUnfavorable balance of trade:trade deficit,negative balance of trade,EXPORTS Imports(favorable balance of trade).nGold flow into the country(Amount=Exports-Imports).nMoney supply would rise.nPrices of products would rise.(balance of trade altered till zero)Exports decrease,import
29、s increase.3AdamSmithsTheoryofAbsoluteAdvantagenAdam Smith published TheWealthofNations in 1776 in London.nAdams two main areas of contribution:absolute advantage and the division of labor.nAbsolute advantage:ability to produce the same products asotherswithfewerlaborhours.1.Assumptionsofthetheoryof
30、absoluteadvantagen(1)Only two countries and two products in the world.n(2)Each country has a fixed endowment of resources.n(3)Factors of production are completely mobile within a country.n(4)Factors of production are completely immobile between countries.n(5)A labor theory of value is employed.n(6)T
31、he level of technology is fixed for both countries,although the technology can differ between them.n(7)Costs of production are constant.n(8)There is full employment.n(9)The economy is characterized by perfect competition.n(10)There is no government imposed obstacles to economic activity.n(11)Interna
32、l and external transportation costs are zero.2.ChallengetoMercantilismn(1)A nations wealth was reflected in its productive capacity.(ability to produce final goods and services)n(2)Specialization would generate productivity gains.Increased division and specialization of labor would generate producti
33、vity gains.Conclusion:A country should specialize in and export those goods it produced more efficiently because absolute labor required per unit was less than that of the prospective trading partner.n(3)Free environment.Growth in productive capacity was fostered best in an environment where people
34、were free to pursue their own interests.A government policy of laissez faire would best provide the environment for increasing a nations wealth.(laissez faire leiseifer:allowing individuals to pursue their own activities within the bounds of law and order and respect for property rights)3.Example La
35、borrequirementsandabsoluteadvantageinBritainandPortugalClothWinePriceratioinautarkyBritain1hr./yd.4hrs./bbl.1W:4C(or1C:1/4W)Portugal2hrs./yd.3hrs./bbl.1W:2/3C(or1C:2/3W)Absoluteadvantage:Britain in cloth,Portugal in wine.Exchangeratio:1W:3CBritain:ObtainingwineinPortugalforonly3yardsofclothperbarrel
36、insteadof4yardsathome.Portugal:Acquiringclothforacostofonly1/3barrelofwineinsteadof2/3barrelofwineathome.1.TheconceptofcomparativeadvantagenDavid Ricardo,in his 1819 work entitled On the Principles of Political Economy and TaxationnComparative advantage:The ability of a country to produce a particul
37、ar good at a lower relative cost than another country.nComparative advantage can be determined by relative labor productivity,relative cost or opportunity cost.4DavidRicardosTheoryofComparativeAdvantage(1)DeterminedbyrelativelaborproductivityIf(QA/L)/(QB/L)inCountryIisHIGHER thaninCountryII,thenCoun
38、tryIhasacomparativeadvantageinProduct A.(2)DeterminedbyrelativecostIfaLA/aLBinCountryIisLOWERthaninCountryII,thenCountryIhasacomparativeadvantageinProduct A.(3)DeterminedbyopportunitycostIfQB/QAin inCountryIisLOWERthaninCountryII,thenCountryIhasacomparativeadvantageinProduct A.2.ExampleTable2-3Labor
39、requirementsandabsoluteadvantageinBritainandPortugalpriortodivisionoflaborWineClothPriceratioinautarkyPortugal80hrs./bbl.90hrs./yd.1W:8/9C(IC:9/8W)Britain120hrs./bbl.100hrs./yd.1W:6/5C(1C:5/6W)Table2-4Comparativeadvantagedeterminedbyrelativelaborproductivity,relativecostandopportunitycostWine(toclot
40、h)WineCloth(towine)ClothRelativelaborproductivityRelativecostOpportunitycostRelativelaborproductivityRelativecostOpportunitycostPortugal9/88/98/98/99/89/8Britain5/66/56/56/55/65/6 Portugal:a comparative advantage in wine;Britain:a comparative advantage in cloth.Ricardos theory of comparative advanta
41、ge holds:nThe relative cost differences arising from technology differences give rise to trade.nA country can benefit from export if only it has a comparative advantage in the production of the exporting product.nA country may have no absolute advantage in all products.However,it surely has a compar
42、ative advantage in a particular product.nTherefore,any country will have a product to export and gain from international trade.Twowaystoillustratethegainsfromtrade:Intermsoflabortimesaved(at 1W:1C)Britain:100 hours to produce 1C,exchange for 1W which requires 120 hours to produce at home,thus saves
43、20 hours.Portugal:80 hours to produce 1W,exchange 1C which requires 90 hours to produce at home,thus saves 10 hours.1W:1.1C?(2)Intermsofmoregoodsobtained Portugal would gain 0.125 barrel more of wine;Britain would gain 0.2 yard more of cloth.Table2-5WineandclothobtainedbyPortugalandBritainafterdivis
44、ionoflaborWineClothPortugal(80hrs+90hrs.)/80=2.125bbl.Britain(100hrs+120hrs.)/100=2.2yds.Table2-6MorewineandclothobtainedbyPortugalandBritainaftertradingat1W:1CWineClothPortugal1.125bbl.1yd.Britain1bbl.1.2yds.3.Analysisofthetheoryofcomparativeadvantagebyusingmoderntools(1)ToolstobeusedProductionposs
45、ibilitycurve(frontier)PPFY0X1X2BXProductionpossibilitycurve E FC DAY1Y2 A graph that reflectsall the combinationsof productsthat a country can produce given its resources are fully utilized.A straightline of slope represents the opportunitycostsofproduction are the sameat the various levels of produ
46、ction.A0 BXYPPFofCountryIA0BXYPPFofCountryIITheslopeoflineABintheleftfigureissmallerthantheslopeoflineABintherightfigure,indicatingthattheopportunity costsofgoodXinCountryIaresmallerthaninCountryIIandCountry Ihasacomparative advantageingood XwhileCountyIIhasacomparativeadvantageingoodY.Communityindi
47、fferencecurvesAnillustrationofvariouscombinationsoftwocommoditiesthatyieldthe same level of well-beingforthecommunity(orcountry)asawhole.The(negativeofthe)slopeatanypointonanindifferencecurveiscalledthemarginal rate of substitution.(MRS=MUX/MUY)Theindifferencecurveisdown-slopingandconvextotheorigin,
48、meaningadiminishing MRS.CIC1CIC2CIC3XYY1Y2Communityindifferencecurves0X1X2AB(2)EquilibriumanalysisGeneralequilibriuminautarkynThe equality of supply and demand in all markets of an economy simultaneously.nIn autarky,a country achieves general equilibrium at the point where its CIC is tangent to the
49、slope of its PPF(MRT).nMRT(Transformation):The rate at which a producer is able to substitute a small amount of one input-variable for a small amount of another.nMRT=(MCX/MCY)=(PX/PY)=(MUX/MUY)=MRS CIC2CIC1XX1X2 Y2 Y1B 0P X/Y PwY Equilibrium points and gains inautarkyandwithtradeforCountryIIwhenoppo
50、rtunitycostsofproductionarethesame.A ECountry II Introduction of trade Y0 X1Y1CIC1CIC2Y2 X2PwPX/YX AEquilibrium points and gains in autarkyand with trade for Country I whenopportunity costs of production are thesame.Country I EY0 X1Y1CIC1Y2 PwPX/YEquilibrium points and gains in autarkyand with trade