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1、英语国家概况期末考试题型及复习要点I.Fill in the blanks.（20 points，1 point for each)II.Multiple choice questions。（20 points，1 point for each）III.True or False。（10 points,1 point for each)IV.Explain the following terms：（25 points,5 points for each）V.Answer the questions。（25 points，5 points for each）填空、选择和判断正误部分：关注所学英美
2、国家内容中的重点史实和重要知识要点。名词解释部分：1.British Commonwealth Also known as the Commonwealth of Nations.a)It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain.b)It was established in 1931，replacing the former British Empire.c)Member nations are joined together economically and have
3、 certain trading arrangements.d)Today there are about 50 member countries within the Commonwealth 2。Lake PoetsThe Lake Poets are a group of English poets who all lived in the Lake District of England and were inspired by it to create romantic works at the turn of the 19th century.The three poets of
4、the Lakes School were William Wordsworth，Samuel Taylor Coleridge，and Robert Southey。3.Black Death It was a disease or plague spread by rat fleas in 14th century。It spread through Europe in the middle of 14th century and reached England in the summer of 1348。Many people died and the population of Eng
5、land shrank.It caused labor shortage and other social problems.4.Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar(100 BC 44 BC）was a Roman general，historian and statesman.He invaded Britain（55BC），crushed the army of his political enemy Pompey(48BC)，pursued other enemies to Egypt,where he installed Cleopatra as que
6、en(47BC），returned to Rome，and was given a mandate by the people to rule as dictator until he was murdered（44BC).5.King Arthur A RomanoBriton warrior，between AD 400 and AD 600，King Arthur was a legendary British leader of the late 5th and early 6th centuries，who，according to medieval histories and ro
7、mances,led the defence of Romano Celtic Britain against Saxon invaders in the early 6th century。The details of Arthurs story are mainly composed of folklore and literary invention，and his historical existence is debated and disputed by modern historians.6.Margaret Thatcher She was the first woman Pr
8、ime Minister in British history.She had her administration for two terms（1979-1990）.She gained her reputation as the iron lady for her tight control of Britainsmonetary policy.Mrs.Thatcher really gained prosperity of Britain in 1980s.Under ten years of her ministry，Britain was beginning to come to t
9、erms with the loss of much of its heavy industry and the increasing reliance of finance，communications,oil，insurance,tourism，accounting and other service industries.7.Elizabeth I Elizabeth I（1533 1603）was Queen regnant of England and Ireland from 1558 until her death。Sometimes called The Virgin Quee
10、n,Gloriana，or Good Queen Bess，Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.Despite her own Protestant background，she succeeded in putting to rest the religious issue。Furthermore,her government was effective in reducing the power of the old nobility，expanding the power of her governm
11、ent,and effecting common law and administration throughout England。Outside of England，the English reached farther than before through trade and adventure.The Elizabethan Era also witnessed the English Renaissance，the cultural and artistic movement that was associated with the pan-European Renaissanc
12、e originating in northern Italy in the 14th century。8.Grammar School A grammar school is one of several different types of school in the history of education in the United Kingdom and some other English speaking countries。Originally meant to educate the young in Latin grammar and that of another Eur
13、opean language。These schools in modern UK are intended to teach a highly academic curriculum and teach students to deal with abstract concepts.9.The American Revolution Also known as the War of Independence or Revolutionary Way，it began in 1775 and concluded in 1783.It ended two centuries of British
14、 rule for most of the North American colonies and created the United States of America.10.The Great Lakes These are the most important lakes in America,extending about 1600 kilometers and forming a section of the boundary between the United States and Canada.The Great Lakes include Lake Michigan,Lak
15、e Michigan,Lake Superior，Lake Huron,Lake Erie and Lake Ontario。11.Cold War a)In the post war period the difference between Russia and the US increased and led to a new kind of war，a war,without fighting，which was called the Cold War.b)The Cold War was marked by international tension and hostility ar
16、ousing from various military，diplomatic，social,propagandistic，and economic pressures employed by one side against the other to gain advantage economically in terms of security，or in terms of world opinion。c)The Cold War was ended with the dissolution of the USSR in 1991.12.Electoral College The Elec
17、toral College consists of the popularly elected representatives（electors）who formally elect the President and Vice President of the United States。The electors are directed by the Constitution to vote in their respective states，and Congress is authorized to count their votes。To win,a presidential can
18、didate must have a majority in the Electoral College.13.Watergate Scandal The Watergate scandal was a political scandal during the 1970s in the United States resulting from the breakin of the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington，D。C。Effects of the
19、scandal eventually led to the resignation of the President of the United States，Richard Nixon,on August 9，1974，the only resignation of any U。S.President.It also resulted in the indictment,trial，conviction and incarceration of several Nixon administration officials.14.New Deal The New Deal is a term
20、for the domestic reform programme of the administration of Franklin D。Roosevelt.The New Deal is generally considered to have consisted of two phases.The first phase(1933-1934）attempted to provide recovery and relief from the Great Depression through programmes of agricultural and business regulation
21、,inflation and price stabilization.The second phase of the New Deal（19351941），while continuing with relief and recovery measures，provided for social and economic legislation to benefit the mass of working people。15.Great Society The Great Society was a set of domestic programs proposed or enacted in
22、 the United States on the initiative of President Lyndon B。Johnson。Two main goals of the Great Society social reforms were the elimination of poverty and racial injustice。New major spending programs that addressed education，medical care,urban problems,and transportation were launched during this per
23、iod.The Great Society in scope and sweep resembled the New Deal domestic agenda of Franklin D。Roosevelt，but differed sharply in types of programs enacted.简答题部分：1.What is the United Kingdom geographically and politically composed of？It is a union made up of four constituent countries：England,Scotland
24、。Wales,and Northern Ireland，plus several overseas territories。2.How did the English Civil War breakout？What were the consequences of the war?1）Charles began to take violent action。He went to the House of Commons with several soldiers to arrest Pym and other leaders；but they had escaped to London.All
25、 London was arming to defend parliament against the King。Charles escaped to the North，hoping to find supporters in the more backward districts。Thus the Civil War began.2）Consequences:With the Civil War over and the king a prisoner in Parliaments hands，the Presbyterians,who stood for the interests of
26、 Anglican noblemen and High Churchmen were willing to come to terms with Charles。They controlled both the House of Lords and the House of Commons.3.How did the English Industrial Revolution proceed from the mid-18thcentury to the mid-19thcentury and beyond？How has it impacted British society?1)The I
27、ndustrial Revolution in Britain first started in its ageold wool textile industry。In the mid1750s，Britain enjoyed all conditions that would favour adoption of new devices and efficient methods of production in the industry。Within half a century，a number of key inventions came into being，greatly acce
28、lerating the speed of production。James Watt marking a high point in this development。This,in turn,propelled the cotton industry to boom during roughly the last third of the 18thcentury。During the same period，there were equally transformative innovations in coal，iron and steel industries。2)Industrial
29、ization resulted in the growth of large urban areas in north and central England，where huge numbers of migrant workers stood out as a single and unitary working class,which contrasted with an emerging middle（commercial)class and the age-old aristocracy class.4.What were the distinct features of the
30、Victorian era that made it different from other times？a)From 1837 to 1901，Queen Victoria had the longest reign in British history，presiding over,first，a kingdom and then an empire。The cultural，political，economic，industrial and scientific changes that occurred during her reign were so remarkable that
31、 the world of 1901 bore little resemblance to that 0f 1837。b)In the political arena，the agenda was increasingly liberal with a number of shifts in the direction of the widening of the franchise and gradual political reform。c)In social life,movements for justice，freedom and other strong moral values
32、occupied an increasing portion of public attention。d)The impetus of the Industrial Revolution had already occurred,but it was during the Victorian period that the full effects of industrialization were most felt，leading to the mass society of the 20th century.e)The Victorian era also marked the apex
33、 of the British Empire attained through constant wars and colonial consolidation worldwide.5.What are the characteristics of the British Constitution？1）Constitutional monarchy.2）Parliamentary sovereignty.3）Representative democracy。4）The rule of law.6.What are the functions of Parliament？1）To legisla
34、te；2)To vote the taxation and expenditures of the government；3）To examine government policies and administration,and to debate major political issues of the day。7.In terms of cultural geography，what is the image of the Midwest in the American mind？In the American consciousness，the Midwest exists as
35、one coherent region:the American heartland of family farms and small towns;perhaps naively provincial and optimistic,but largely the moral and social centre of the nation,mediating between the extreme forces of other parts of the country。8.What were the chief causes of the Great Depression?The cause
36、s of the Great Depression can be found in the unbalanced economy both domestic and international of the twenties:the tendency to use profits for speculation rather than for productivity;an unregulated banking system and a lack of supervision of the stock market；declining income for the farmer,loss o
37、f jobs through automation and inadequate wages for the industrial worker,a lack of balance in international trade patterns;and a political philosophy that limited the role of government in reacting to the economic and social needs of most of the American people.9.What are the six related but distinc
38、t principles well located and clearly stated in the U。S.Constitution？1）Federalism；2）A vigorous executive;3）A supreme national court；4）Checks and balances;5）A limited government；6)A mixed government。10.What is Agribusiness？Agribusiness is a term coined to reflect the largescale nature of agricultural
39、 enterprise in the modern U.S。economy。As such,agribusiness refers to the entire complex of farmrelated businesses,from an individual farmer to a multinational farm products，commodity dealers，firms that manufacture farm equipment，food processors,grocery chains and many other business.In many ways,agr
40、ibusiness correctly describes changes in American farms in the late 20th century.11.What are the goals and purposes of U。S。education？Purposes：1)The chief aim of education in early colonial times was literacy in order that people might be able to read and write the Bible and laws.2)The new purpose is
41、 to fulfill the obligations of citizenship。3)To facilitate the development of each individual to the maximum extent of his or her capability for his or her own benefit and that of society.4)Education in America has traditionally served the purpose of bringing students together，that is，of“Americaniza
42、tion.”Goals：1)Education should help lessen differences in social backgrounds as well as those of ethnic or racial origin。2)Education is viewed as a tool that should be made available to all individuals。3)Education，particularly college education，is certainly expected to provide equal opportunity for
43、all individuals to“better themselves”and“rise in the world.”12.How many categories can American higher education system be basically divided into?What are they？Public colleges/universities，private colleges/universities，religiously affiliated colleges,and proprietary colleges，community colleges。13.th
44、e American Civil War The American Civil War(18611865），also known as the War Between the States,was a civil war in the United States of America。Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the U。S。and formed the Confederacy.Led by Jefferson Davis,they fought against the U。S。federal gove
45、rnment（the Union）。The Union won a decisive victory。The American Civil War was the deadliest war in American history，producing more than 970000 casualties.The war ended slavery in the United States，restored the Union，and strengthened the role of the federal government。The social，political，economic an
46、d racial issues of the war brought changes that helped make the country a united superpower。14。Why doe U。S。higher education enjoy such a high reputation around the world？The United States has an extremely competitive and highly selective system。This advanced university system has become widely imita
47、ted internationally,and it is also the one most sought after by foreign students。Indeed,for a very long time，America has led the world in higher education，quantitatively at least。15.What was Alexander Hamilton s plan for the development of the new Republic？Alexander Hamilton advocated a means of eco
48、nomic development in which the federal government would nurture infant industries through overt subsidies and protective tariffs。He also urged the federal government to create a national bank to facilitate the flow of currency for business。He believed that the United States should pursue economic growth through diversified shipping,manufacturing and banking。