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1、精选建筑构造理论知识点绪论建筑物按使用功能分类1)居住建筑:住宅、宿舍、公寓等。 2)公共建筑:教育建筑、托幼建筑、医疗建筑、观演建筑、体育建筑、办公建筑、商业建筑3)工业建筑 4)农业建筑 建筑物主要组成部分1)楼地层 提供使用者在建筑物中活动的各种平面; 将荷载传递到支承它们的垂直构件上去。 2)墙或柱 支承荷载及自重; 分隔空间(墙体); 围合与保护(墙体)。 3)基础 建筑物的垂直构件与支承建筑物的地基直接接触的部分。 4)楼电梯 建筑物上下楼层之间联系的交通枢纽。 5)屋盖 支承屋面荷载; 围护作用(防水、隔热保温); 与建筑造型息息相关。 6)门窗 提供交通(门);通风采光(窗)。
2、 建筑物层数在民用建筑中: 1.公共建筑超过24m的,除了单层的以外,均为高层建筑 ;2.住宅建筑:层数在13层的被称之为低层住宅;层数在46层的被称之为多层住宅;层数在79层的被称之为中高层住宅;层数在1030层的被称之为高层住宅。影响建筑构造的因素1)外界环境的影响 (1)外界作用力 (2)地理气候条件 (3)建筑技术条件 (4)建筑经济因素建筑构造设计原则1)坚固适用 2)技术适宜 3)经济合理 4)美观大方 墙体与基础6.1 墙体类型及设计要求墙体的作用 1.承重作用:活、恒荷载 2.围护作用:抵御风、雨、雪等侵袭 3.分隔作用:把建筑物分隔成若干个小空间。砌体结构特点优点:经济 省材
3、料(钢筋、水泥、模板); 省人工(施工快捷构造简单) ; 缺点:整体性差抗震性差; 空间布置不够灵活; 墙体承重方案1、 横墙承重 (1)优点:a.横墙多横向刚度大抵抗外力较强; b.纵墙非承重纵墙上开窗自由。(2)缺点:a.横墙多材料费造价较高; b.板的布置平面布置不够灵活。(3)适用于:开间尺寸较小的建筑物。 如:宿舍、小型办公楼2、 纵墙承重(1)优点:a、横墙少材料省经济;b、板的布置空间划分较为灵活(2)缺点:a、横墙少横向刚度差抵抗外力较差;b、纵墙承重纵墙上门窗洞口开设受限制。(3)适用于:开间尺寸较大的建筑物。3、纵横墙混合承重(1) 优点:平面布置灵活,建筑物刚度较好。(2
4、) 不足:楼板类型较多,施工相对较麻烦。(3) 适用于:开间、进深变化较多的建筑。4、局部框架承重外墙保温做法与特点1.外保温1)技术成熟,适用范围广;2)热桥”部位少,隔热保温效果明显;3)集保温、防水一体,具有多功能性。2.内保温优点:1)对于材料防水、耐气候要求不高;2)施工方便,不需搭设脚手架;3)对既有建筑改造,多采用内保温。缺点:1)热桥部位多,热损失较大。2)不便于二次装修和吊挂饰物3)占用室内空间。3.夹芯保温 优点:1)选材要求不高2)对施工季节的要求不高。缺点:1)墙体偏厚;2)构造较复杂(内外墙之间需连接件连接);3)热桥部位多,热损失较大。6.2 块材墙构造 砌筑砂浆的
5、种类和标号1.水泥砂浆:水泥+砂+水 特点:强度高、防水性能好、水硬性材料 适用范围:潮湿环境或水中的砌体、墙面或地面等。 石灰砂浆:石灰+砂+水 特点:气硬性材料、强度低、硬化时间长、耐水性差 适用范围:强度要求不高、不受潮湿的砌体和抹灰层。混合砂浆:水泥+石灰+砂+水 特点:强度不如水泥砂浆、气硬性材料、由于加入了石灰膏,改善厂砂浆的和易性(流动性,粘聚性、保水性)、节约水泥用量。 适用范围:常用在墙体“防潮层”以上。勒脚 (1)作用:防止雨水侵蚀墙面(2)做法:抹灰勒脚、贴面勒脚、石材砌筑墙身防潮层的3种构造做法: 1、防水砂浆防潮层 2、油毡防潮层3、细石混凝土防潮层门窗过梁 作用:承
6、担门窗洞口上部荷载,并将它传到两侧构件上。 种类: 1、钢筋砖过梁 2、砖拱过梁 3、钢筋混凝土过梁墙身加固的三种措施 1、增加壁柱和门垛 2、增设圈梁 3、增设构造柱构造柱的设置位置:建筑物四角; 内外墙交接处;楼梯间四角处;某些较长的墙体中部6.3 隔墙构造隔墙的分类1、块材隔墙:普通砖、空心砖、加气混凝土等轻质块材砌筑而成。2、轻骨架隔墙(立筋隔墙):由骨架和面板两部分组成,骨架有木骨架和金属骨架之分;面板有板条抹灰、钢丝网板条抹灰、胶合板、纤维板、石膏板等。3、板材隔墙:指各种轻质板材的高度相当于净高,不依赖骨架,可直接装配而成。6.4 变形缝伸缩缝(1)定义:在长度或宽度较大的建筑中
7、,由于冬夏之间温度变化的影响,建筑构件会因热胀冷缩而产生裂缝或受到破坏。 (2)断开部位:基础以上墙体、楼板、屋顶等全部断开。(3)缝宽:2030mm。沉降缝(1)定义:建筑中,由于高度、荷载、结构以及地基承载力的不同,致使建筑物各部分沉降不均匀,墙体拉裂。 (2)断开部位:基础到屋顶全部断开。(3)缝宽: 见下表防震缝(1)定义:针对地震时容易产生应力集中而引起建筑物结构断裂。 (2)断开部位:基础可断可不断。(3)缝宽:多层框架中,高度不超过15m时可采用70mm,超过15m时,6、7、8、9度相应每增加高度5m、4m、3m、2m,宜加宽20mm。6.5 墙面装饰 1、抹灰涂料类墙面装修
8、2、抹灰粘贴类墙面装修 3、抹灰钉挂类墙面装修 4、抹灰裱糊类墙面装修6.6 基 础 基础与地基1、基础:传递上部建筑荷载的承重构件,基础是建筑物的组成部分。2、地基:承受由基础传下的荷载的土层。 人工加固地基的方法 1.压实法 2.换土法 3.桩基基础的埋置深度基础埋深:室外地面到基础底面的垂直距离。深基础:基础埋深大于5m。浅基础:础埋深介于0.5m-5m之间。 影响基础埋置深度的因素1、地基土层的构造2、地下水位的深度3、冻结深度 4、相邻建筑物基础的埋置深度5、建筑高度基础的类型 1、按基础的构造形式 条形基础、独立基础、联合基础、桩基础2、按基础受力特点 刚性基础、柔性基础3、按基础
9、所使用的材料 砖基础、毛石基础、混凝土基础、灰土基础、三合土基础、钢筋混凝土基础等。 楼 梯 楼梯的尺度1、踏步尺寸(1)公共楼梯每段楼梯的步数不超过18级,不少于3级。(2)踏面高度。如:住宅不超过175x260mm,商业建筑不超过160x280mm。(3)梯段宽一般按每股人流550mm +(0150mm)。2、平台宽度平台深度不应小于其楼梯的宽度。3、楼梯栏杆扶手室内楼梯栏杆扶手高度900mm;室外楼梯栏杆扶手高度为10501100mm。4、楼梯净空高度梯段下面的净高2200mm;平台处净高2000mm。7.2 预制装配式钢筋混凝土楼梯 分类:1.梁承式 2.墙承式 3.悬臂式7.3 现浇
10、整体式钢筋混凝土楼梯分类:1. 板式 2. 梁板式楼地层 8.1 概述 楼板层的构成 面层:美观、保护、分布荷载作用; 结构层:承重及传递荷载; 附加层:功能层(隔热保温、隔声); 顶棚层:保护楼板、安装灯具、遮掩各种水平管线设备。 地坪层的构成 面层:美观、保护、分布荷载作用 附加层:防水、防潮、保温、隔热、管道; 垫层:地坪的结构层,一般用混凝土; 基层:素土夯实。 楼板的类型1、木楼板 优点:自重轻,保温性能、隔声效果好; 不足:耐火性、耐久性较差、不利于可持续发展。2、砖拱楼板 优点:节省钢材、水泥和木材; 不足:结构所占空间大、顶棚不平整、刚度与强度较差、施工麻烦。 3、钢筋混凝土楼
11、板 优点:强度高、刚度好,耐久,防火,便于工业化生产和机械化施工等。4、钢楼板 优点:自重轻、施工快捷 不足:钢材耗用量大、不经济、隔声较差8.2 钢筋混凝土楼板 现浇式钢筋混凝土楼板 定义:在施工现场支模、扎筋、浇灌混凝土而成型的楼板结构。优点:整体性好、刚度大(利于抗震)不足:造价较高( 人工材料)。适宜于:平面形状不规则、需预留孔洞的建筑。现浇式楼板的分类根据板其传力方式的不同: 可分为单向板和双向板。根据板其构造方式的不同: 可分为梁板式楼板(梁板式楼板根据其梁布置形式,可分为肋梁楼板和井式楼板。)和无梁楼板。单向板:当长宽比2时是单向板,这时是短跨方向受力,长跨方向的受力可以忽略不计
12、。双向板:当长宽比2时,这时长短跨方向都受力。装配式钢筋混凝土楼板 定义:将构件预制加工,然后到现场安装(不再整体现浇)。 优点:经济( 人工材料)。 缺点:整体性差。 适用于:建筑平面形状规则,尺度符合模数要求的建筑物。板的类型:空心板、槽形板、实心板装配整体式钢筋混凝土楼板定义:将楼板中的部分构件预制,然后到现场安装,再以整体浇筑其余部分连接而成的楼板。 优点:整体性较好,施工简单。 板的类型:叠合楼板8.3 地坪与地面构造 整体地面的分类 水泥砂浆地面 优点:构造简单、坚固耐用、价格低廉; 缺点:导热系数大,表面易起尘。 细石混凝土地面 优点:表面刚性好、不易起灰; 水磨石地面 优点:良
13、好的耐磨性、耐久性、质地美观,表面光洁,不起尘,易清洁;缺点:施工较复杂。8.4 阳台与雨蓬 阳台支撑构件的布置形式1.挑板式 :出挑不宜过多,一般为1.2m左右。但阳台长度可任意调整,施工较麻烦。 优点:板底平整,造型简洁。 2.挑梁式:一般为2.0m左右。屋 顶 9.2 平屋顶构造 影响屋顶坡度的因素 屋顶防水材料、 地区降雨量大小、 屋顶结构形式、 建筑造型要求、 经济条件 屋顶坡度形成方式 材料找坡(垫置坡度) 定义:屋顶结构层的楼板水平搁置,利用轻质材料(如:水泥焦渣、石灰炉渣)垫置坡度。 优点:顶棚平整;缺点:增加了屋顶荷载,且多费材料和人工;适宜于:当屋顶坡度不大、需设保温层。
14、结构找坡(搁置坡度) 定义:将屋面板倾斜搁置,形成所需排水坡度,不在屋面上另加找坡材料的一种做法。优点:构造简单施工方便节省人工和材料经济;缺点:室内顶棚面是倾斜的,空间不够完整;。屋顶排水方式 无组织排水 定义:又称自由落水,指屋顶雨水直接从檐口落下到室外地面。优点:构造简单施工方便节省人工和材料经济; 缺点:外墙脚常被飞溅的雨水侵蚀,影响到外墙的坚固耐久,并影响人行道的交通; 适宜于:少雨地区、一般低层建筑;不宜于:临街建筑、高度较高的建筑。 有组织排水 定义:指屋顶雨水通过排水系统的天沟、雨水口、雨水管等,有组织地将雨水排至地面或地下管沟的一种排水方式。优点:减少了雨水对建筑物的不利影响
15、。缺点:构造较复杂,造价相对较高。由于具体条件不同:分外排水(挑檐沟外排水、女儿墙外排水、挑檐沟女儿墙外排水)和内排水两种类型。内排水适用范围 :如高层建筑不宜采用外排水,因为维修室外雨水管既不方便也不安全;严寒地区的建筑不宜采用外排水,因为低温会使室外雨水管中的雨水冻结;某些屋顶宽度较大的建筑,无法完全依靠外排水排除屋顶雨水。屋顶防水的构造做法(重点)1.刚性防水屋面定义:利用刚性防水材料(防水砂浆抹面、细石混凝土浇捣而成),形成连续致密的构造层来防水。优点:构造简单造价经济; 缺点:对温度变化和结构变形较为敏感;适宜:温差较小的地区。 不适宜:高温、有振动、基础有较大不均匀沉降的建筑。刚性
16、防水层采用的防开裂措施 :配筋 设置分仓缝 2.柔性防水屋面定义:利用防水卷材与粘结剂结合,形成连续致密的构造层来防水的屋顶。具有一定的延伸性和适应变形的能力。优点:造价经济、整体性好、不易渗漏。缺点:施工操作较为复杂,技术要求较高。柔性防水屋面防水卷材搭接做法: 热熔法 冷贴法 3.涂膜防水屋面定义:指用液态无定形高分子材料,直接涂刷在屋面基层上形成一层不透水的薄膜层。优点:防水性好、施工方便;不足:价格较贵;成膜后要撒细沙作保护层;对温度、结构引起的基层开裂,无能为力。9.3 坡屋顶构造 坡屋顶的结构系统1.横墙承重 优点:构造简单、施工方便、节约材料,利于屋顶的防火和隔音; 适宜于:开间
17、尺寸较小的房间,如住宅、宿舍、旅馆客房等建筑。2.屋架承重 优点:可以形成较大的内部空间。 适宜于:有较大空间的建筑,如食堂、教学楼等。3.梁架承重 坡屋顶的构造1、平瓦屋面的构造冷摊瓦屋面 优点:构造简单、施工方便、造价经济。 不足:雨雪易从瓦缝中飘入室内,保温效果差。 适宜于:质量要求不高的建筑。木望板屋面 优点:防水、保温隔热效果较好。不足:耗用木材多、造价高。 适宜于:质量要求较高的建筑中。钢筋混凝土挂瓦板瓦屋面 钢筋混凝土板瓦屋面 2、波形瓦屋面3、新型屋面9.4 屋顶的保温与隔热 保温材料类型 散料类 膨胀蛭石、膨胀珍珠岩、矿棉、炉渣 整体类 轻骨料如炉渣、矿渣、陶粒、蛭石、珍珠岩
18、与石灰或水泥,胶结的轻质混凝土。 板块类 加气混凝土板、泡沫混凝土板、膨胀珍珠岩板、膨胀蛭石板、矿棉板等。保温层设在防水层的上面(倒铺法)优点:防水层受到保温层的保护,防水层耐久性增强。 缺点:对保温层则有一定的要求,应选用吸湿性小和耐气候性强的材料,如聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料板、聚氨酯泡沫塑料板 。 加气混凝土板和泡沫混凝土板因吸湿性强,故不宜选用。工业厂房 工业建筑分类按用途分:主要生产厂房、辅助生产厂房、动力用厂房、储存用房屋、运输用房屋、其它按层数分:单层厂房、多层厂房、混合层次厂房按生产状况分:冷加工车间、热加工车间、恒温恒湿车间、洁净车间、其它特种状况的车间工业建筑的特点:厂房应满足生产工
19、艺要求、 厂房内部有较大的通敞空间、采用大型的承重骨架结构、结构构造复杂,技术要求高排架结构组成:1、横向骨架:屋架、柱子、柱基础; 作用:承受屋顶、天窗架、外墙及吊车荷载。2、纵向连系构件:屋面板、连系梁、吊车梁等 作用:保证横向骨架的稳定性。3、围护结构:外墙、屋顶、地面、门窗、天窗5、其他:散水、明沟、坡道、吊车梯等厂房内的起重运输设备1、单轨悬挂式吊车2、梁式吊车3、桥式吊车厂房生活间的组成生产卫生用室:浴室、厕所、存衣室。生活卫生用室:休息室、吸烟室、厕所、女工卫生室、小吃部、保健站等。行政办公室:办公室、会议室、学习室、值班室、计划调度室等。生产辅助用室:工具室、材料库、计量室等。
20、厂房生活间的布置方式 毗连式 独立式 厂房内部式厂房高度的定义由地坪面到屋顶承重结构下表面的垂直距离。如屋顶承重结构是倾斜的,则厂房高是由地坪面到屋顶承重结构最低点的垂直距离。 厂房屋顶排水方式1、多脊双坡屋顶 2、缓长坡屋顶厂房天然采光一、侧窗采光 二、顶部采光 三、混合采光天窗构造一、矩形天窗优点:光线均匀,防雨较好,窗扇可开启以兼作通风; 缺点:构件类型多,自重大,造价高。 适用于:冷加工车间广泛应用。二、平天窗优点:采光效率高,布置灵活,构造简单,适应性强。缺点:注意避免眩光,及时清理积灰。适用于:冷加工车间广泛应用。三、矩形通风天窗定义:炎热地区的热加工车间,为了利用穿堂风促进厂房通
21、风和换气,采用不设窗扇而采用挡雨板的通风天窗。优点:厂房通风量大,散热快,构造简单,施工方便。缺点:防寒、防雨、防风的能力差。四、下沉式天窗定义:把屋面板下移铺在屋架的下弦上,从而利用屋架上下弦之间的空间构成天窗。优点:矩形通风天窗相比,省去了天窗架和挡风板,降低了高度、减轻了荷载,缺点:增加了构造和施工的复杂程度。通风天窗的类型1.矩形通风天窗 2.下沉式通风天窗 请您删除一下内容,O(_)O谢谢!2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全,电大期末考试必备小抄,电大考试必过小抄After earning his spurs in the kitchens of The Westin, The
22、Sheraton, Sens on the Bund, and a sprinkling of other top-notch venues, Simpson Lu fi nally got the chance to become his own boss in November 2010. Sort of. The Shanghai-born chef might not actually own California Pizza Kitchen (CPK) but he is in sole charge of both kitchen and frontof- house at thi
23、s Sinan Mansionsstalwart. Its certainly a responsibility to be the head chef, and then to have to manage the rest of the restaurant as well, the 31-year-old tells Enjoy Shanghai. In hotels, for example, these jobs are strictly demarcated, so its a great opportunity to learn how a business operates a
24、cross the board. It was a task that management back in sunny California evidently felt he was ready for, and a vote of confi dence from a company that, to date, has opened 250 outlets in 11 countries. And for added pressure, the Shanghai branch was also CPKs China debut. For sure it was a big step,
25、and unlike all their other Asia operations that are franchises, they decided to manage it directly to begin with, says Simpson. Two years ago a private franchisee took over the lease, but the links to CPK headquarters are still strong, with a mainland-based brand ambassador on hand to ensure the bus
26、iness adheres to its ethos of creating innovative, hearth-baked pizzas, a slice of PR blurb that Simpson insists lives up to the hype. They are very innovative, he says. The problem with most fast food places is that they use the same sauce on every pizza and just change the toppings. Every one of o
27、ur 16 pizza sauces is a unique recipe that has been formulated to complement the toppings perfectly. The largely local customer base evidently agrees and on Saturday and Sunday, at least, the place is teeming. The kids-eat-for-free policy at weekends is undoubtedly a big draw, as well as is the spac
28、ious second-fl oor layout overlooked by a canopy of green from Fuxing Park over the road. The company is also focusing on increasing brand recognition and in recent years has taken part in outside events such as the regular California Week. Still, the sta are honest enough to admit that business cou
29、ld be better; as good, in fact, as in CPKs second outlet in the popular Kerry Parkside shopping mall in Pudong. Sinan Mansions has really struggled to get the number of visitors that were envisaged when it first opened, and it hasnt been easy for any of the tenants here, adds Simpson. Were planning
30、a third outlet in the city in 2015, and we will probably choose a shopping mall again because of the better foot traffic. The tearooms once frequented by Coco Chanel and Marcel Proust are upping sticks and coming to Shanghai, Xu Junqian visits the Parisian outpost with sweet treats. One thing the ce
31、ntury-old Parisian tearoom Angelina has shown is that legendary fashion designer Coco Chanel not only had style and glamor but also boasted great taste in food, pastries in particular. One of the most popular tearooms in Paris, Angelina is famous for having once been frequented by celebrities such a
32、s Chanel and writer Marcel Proust. Now Angelina has packed up its French ambience, efficient service, and beautiful, comforting desserts and flown them to Shanghai. At the flagship dine-in and take-out space in Shanghai, everything mimics the original tearoom designed from the beginning of the 20th
33、century, in Paris, the height of Belle Epoque. The paintings on the wall, for example, are exactly the same as the one that depicts the landscape of southern France, the hometown of the owner; and the small tables are intentional imitations of the ones that Coco Chanel once sat at every afternoon fo
34、r hot chocolate. The famous hot chocolate, known as LAfricain, is a luxurious mixture of four types of cocoa beans imported from Africa, blended in Paris and then shipped to Shanghai. Its sinfully sweet, rich and thick as if putting a bar of melting chocolate directly on the tongue and the fresh whi
35、pped cream on the side makes a light, but equally gratifying contrast. It is also sold in glass bottles as takeaway. The signature Mont-Blanc chestnut cake consists of three parts: the pureed chestnut on top, the vanilla cream like stuffing, and the meringue as base. Get all three layers in one scoo
36、p, not only for the different textures but also various flavors of sweetness. The dessert has maintained its popularity for a century, even in a country like France, perhaps the worlds most competitive place for desserts. A much overlooked pairing, is the Paris-New York choux pastry and N226 chocola
37、te flavored tea. The choux pastry is a mouthful of airy pecan-flavored whipped cream, while the tea, a blend of black teas from China and Ceylon, cocoa and rose petals, offers a more subtle fragrance of flowers and chocolate. Ordering these two items, featuring a muted sweetness, makes it easier for
38、 you to fit into your little black dress. Breakfast, brunch, lunch and light supper are also served at the tearoom, a hub of many cultures and takes in a mix of different styles of French cuisines, according to the management team. The semi-cooked foie gras terrine, is seductive and deceptive. Its g
39、enerously served at the size and shape of a toast, while the actual brioche toast is baked into a curved slice dipped with fig chutney. The flavor, however, is honest: strong, smooth and sublime. And you dont actually need the toast for crunchiness. This is the season for high teas, with dainty cups
40、 of fine china and little pastries that appeal to both visual and physical appetites. But there is one high tea with a difference, and Pauline D. Loh finds out just exactly why it is special. Earl Grey tea and macarons are all very well for the crucial recuperative break in-between intensive bouts o
41、f holiday season shopping. And for those who prefer savory to sweet, there is still the selection of classic Chinese snacks called dim sum to satisfy and satiate. High tea is a meal to eat with eye and mouth, an in-between indulgence that should be light enough not to spoil dinner, but sufficiently
42、robust to take the edge off the hunger that strikes hours after lunch. The afternoon tea special at Shang-Xi at the Four Seasons Hotel Pudong has just the right elements. It is a pampering meal, with touches of luxury that make the high tea session a treat in itself. Whole baby abalones are braised
43、and then topped on a shortcrust pastry shell, a sort of Chinese version of the Western vol-au-vent, but classier. Even classier is the dim sum staple shrimp dumpling or hargow, upgraded with the addition of slivers of midnight dark truffles. This is a master touch, and chef Simon Choi, who presides
44、unchallenged at Shang-Xi, has scored a winner again. Sweet prawns and aromatic truffles whats not to love? His masterful craftsmanship is exhibited in yet another pastry a sweet pastry that is shaped to look like a walnut, but which you can put straight into the mouth. It crumbles immediately, and t
45、he slightly sweet, nutty morsel is so easy to eat youll probably reach straight for another. My favorite is the dessert that goes by the name yangzhi ganlu, or ambrosia from the gods. The hotel calls it chilled mango cream with sago, pomelo and birds nest made with ingredients that resonate with eve
46、ry female soul. It does taste like ambrosia, with the sweet-sour fragrance of the mango forming the first layer of taste and sensation, and the pomelo sacs and sago pearls providing the tactile contrast. The birds nest its the ingredient that gilds the lily, since it is supposed to nourish and nurtu
47、re a perfect complexion. For those unfamiliar with this exotic ingredient, the birds nest is not a bundle of twigs, but is, instead, the dried secretion that cave swifts use to build their nest. Technically, its bird saliva, but the Chinese believe that it has collagen-boosting properties essential to beauty. To me, it just tastes good, adding a slight gelatinous crunch to the back of the teeth. There i