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1、Paragraph writingII.Means to develop a paragraph1.列举法(details)2.举例法(example)3.叙述法(narration)4.对比法或比较法(comparison&contrast)5分类法(classification)6因果分析法(cause and effect)7.定义法(definition)8.重复法(repetition)作作者者运运用用列列举举法法，是是通通过过列列举举一一系系列列的的论论据据对对topic topic sentencesentence中中摆摆出出的的论论点点进进行行广广泛泛、全全面面地地陈陈述述或或
2、解解释释，将将各各种种因因素素一一一一列列出出，如如原原因因、症状、优点、缺点、特点等。症状、优点、缺点、特点等。列举的模式通常是：列举的模式通常是：topic sentence-example 1 topic sentence-example 1 -example 2 -example 2 -example 3 -example 31列举法列举法(details)常用语列举的过渡词有：常用语列举的过渡词有：to begin with,secondly,besides,lastly to begin with,secondly,besides,lastly for one thing,for
3、another.,finally for one thing,for another.,finally first,second,third,moreover first,second,third,moreover1列举法列举法(details)Eating wild animals gives rise to a lot of negative effects.In the first place,as many wild animals carry parasites,when we eat them,the parasites enter our bodies,thus causing
4、a lot of illness.The severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS)is a case in point.It was reported that the virus derived from a delicious animal and the disease has claimed thousands of lives throughout the world and brought great damages to peoples properties.In the second place,since animals are an i
5、ndispensable part of our environment,the extinction of some animals may disturb the natural balance.Last but not the least,eating wild animals is cruel.After all,wild animals are our friends.作者通过举出作者通过举出具体事例具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内来阐述、说明主题句的内容。容。常用于举例的词语有：常用于举例的词语有：to illustrate,an illustration/an example,fo
6、r example/for instance,particularly/in particular,such as,like等等2.举例法举例法(example)There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes.For example,those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games.For another example,if they prefer to exercise alone,they can have a run or take
7、 a walk in the morning or in the evening.Besides,people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter.In short,no matter what their interests are,people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.Example 1 本段采用了三个事例来说明主题句中的关键词组different forms of exercises，这三个例子分别由连接词
8、for example,for another example 和 besides引出，最后由引导的结尾句总结全段内容。Analysis Books are of various kinds and different contents.We have history books recording past events,geography books dealing with the earth,mathematics books focusing on space and numbers,language books studying the means of communication
9、 and literary books reflecting social problems.In a word,we have various books dealing with different things in the world.Example 2 本段落中，作者成功地运用了有关的实例，很好地围绕着支配思想展开了段落。该段落的主题句是第一句，其中“various kinds and different contents”是支配思想。在 段 落 展 开 中，作 者 用 了“history books”、“geography books”、“mathematics books”、“l
10、anguage books”和“literary books”五个具体实例，展开了支配思想“of various kinds”。同时，作者又举了五个实例来展开另一个支配思想：“of different contents”。这些不同的内容包括：“dealing with the earth”、“recording past events”、“focusing on space and numbers”、“studying the means of communication”和“reflecting social problems”。Analysis Exercise找出下列段落的主题句、支配思
11、想和扩展段落的句子 In order to prevent non-smokers from being affected,measures must be taken to reduce the chances of smoking.A lot of work can be done concerning this.For example,in some public places,such as in theatres,cinemas,smoking should be forbidden.Even on the train or plane people should not allow
12、ed to smoke.Doctors,teachers,government leaders should take the lead not to smoke.Above all,the harmfulness and dangers caused by smoking should be made known to all through newspapers,broadcast,or TV programs.Also,the growing of tobacco and the production of cigarettes should not be encouraged.Only
13、 in this way can we effectively reduce the chances of smoking.Topic sentence：_The controlling idea：_Example 1：_ Example 2：_ Example 3：_Example 4：_Exercise 1找出下列段落的主题句、支配思想和扩展段落的句子 In order to prevent non-smokers from being affected,measures must be taken to reduce the chances of smoking.A lot of wor
14、k can be done concerning this.For example,in some public places,such as in theatres,cinemas,smoking should be forbidden.Even on the train or plane people should not allowed to smoke.Doctors,teachers,government leaders should take the lead not to smoke.Above all,the harmfulness and dangers caused by
15、smoking should be made known to all through newspapers,broadcast,or TV programs.Also,the growing of tobacco and the production of cigarettes should not be encouraged.Only in this way can we effectively reduce the chances of smoking.Exercise 2 There are many kinds of programs on TV that people like t
16、o watch.Often,important political and social events can be watched on TV while they are happening.Many people like to watch them.Many people for example,watched the landing of the astronauts on the moon.A second kind of program that many people like to watch is called a talk show.On this kind of sho
17、w,one person interviews several famous people.In the conversations,you can learn many interesting things about important people in theatre,politics,sports,and other fields.A third kind of program that many people like to watch is a program in a foreign language.There are some TV channels which broad
18、cast all of their programs in Spanish,French,or some other language.These programs are watched by many people who speak those languages.Students who are studying foreign languages sometimes watch these programs to learn the language better.Topic sentence：_The controlling idea：_Example 1：_ Example 2：
19、_ Example 3：_Exercise 2 There are many kinds of programs on TV that people like to watch.Often,important political and social events can be watched on TV while they are happening.Many people like to watch them.Many people for example,watched the landing of the astronauts on the moon.A second kind of
20、 program that many people like to watch is called a talk show.On this kind of show,one person interviews several famous people.In the conversations,you can learn many interesting things about important people in theatre,politics,sports,and other fields.A third kind of program that many people like t
21、o watch is a program in a foreign language.There are some TV channels which broadcast all of their programs in Spanish,French,or some other language.These programs are watched by many people who speak those languages.Students who are studying foreign languages sometimes watch these programs to learn
22、 the language better.使用举例法时需要注意使用举例法时需要注意（1）要精选例子要精选例子。即即要让例子恰如其分，能有要让例子恰如其分，能有力而准确地说明问题。在构思阶段，可以多想出力而准确地说明问题。在构思阶段，可以多想出几个例子，然后根据支配思想的要求，选择那些几个例子，然后根据支配思想的要求，选择那些最贴切、最生动和最易于表达清楚的例子来扩展最贴切、最生动和最易于表达清楚的例子来扩展段落。一般来说，段落。一般来说，每一基本思想举二至三个例子每一基本思想举二至三个例子就足够了。就足够了。（2）在举出若干实例来支持主题句中的支配思）在举出若干实例来支持主题句中的支配思想后，
23、作者可用一句话来想后，作者可用一句话来概括概括总结总结实例所揭示的实例所揭示的主题，以期给读者留下更加深刻的印象。主题，以期给读者留下更加深刻的印象。Summary 作者通过举出作者通过举出具体事例具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内来阐述、说明主题句的内容，严格地讲，容，严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种举例法也是列举法的一种，它们，它们的区别在于：的区别在于：列举法列举法:侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；举例法举例法:侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点，侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少。且事例可多可少。举例法和列举法可以结合使用：举例法和列举法可以结合使用：即用举例法来列即用举例法来列出例子，用例子充实列举的说明。出例子，用例子充实列举的说明。Summary Write a paragraph to develop the topic sentence by providing examples.Notice the controlling idea.Colors can influence our mood.Assignment